Pub Date : 2020-02-20DOI: 10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000570
Y. Sumida, Masashi Yoneda, K. Tokushige, M. Kawanaka, H. Fujii, M. Yoneda, Kento Imajo, H. Takahashi, YuichiroEguchi, M. Ono, Y. Nozaki, H. Hyogo, M. Koseki, Y. Yoshida, T. Kawaguchi, Y. Kamada, T. Okanoue, A. Nakajima
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. The grade of hepatic fibrosis is known to be closely associated with over-all or liver-related mortality in NAFLD. In order to detect early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is essential to identify advanced hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD. To avoid invasive liver biopsies, several modalities have developed for evaluating hepatic fibrosis, including elastography (FibroScan and magnetic resonance elastography) and noninvasive tests (NITs) such as fibrosis-4 index and NAFLD fibrosis score. Patients with type 2 diabetes is twice at higher risk for incident HCC compared to the non-diabetic population. Although type 2 diabetes is also associated with fibrosis progression of NAFLD, the precise prevalence of advanced hepatic fibrosis in type 2 diabetes remains unknown. To detect or prevent the development of HCC in type 2 diabetes, mining patients with advanced fibrosis (stage 3/4) is important. It is estimated that approximately 17% of patients with type 2 diabetes receiving liver biopsies had advanced fibrosis. Population-based data are essential because of excluding selection bias. In this review, we review estimated prevalence of advanced hepatic fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes by using non-invasive elastography.
{"title":"Estimated Prevalence of Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis by Elastography in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","authors":"Y. Sumida, Masashi Yoneda, K. Tokushige, M. Kawanaka, H. Fujii, M. Yoneda, Kento Imajo, H. Takahashi, YuichiroEguchi, M. Ono, Y. Nozaki, H. Hyogo, M. Koseki, Y. Yoshida, T. Kawaguchi, Y. Kamada, T. Okanoue, A. Nakajima","doi":"10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000570","url":null,"abstract":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. The grade of hepatic fibrosis is known to be closely associated with over-all or liver-related mortality in NAFLD. In order to detect early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is essential to identify advanced hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD. To avoid invasive liver biopsies, several modalities have developed for evaluating hepatic fibrosis, including elastography (FibroScan and magnetic resonance elastography) and noninvasive tests (NITs) such as fibrosis-4 index and NAFLD fibrosis score. Patients with type 2 diabetes is twice at higher risk for incident HCC compared to the non-diabetic population. Although type 2 diabetes is also associated with fibrosis progression of NAFLD, the precise prevalence of advanced hepatic fibrosis in type 2 diabetes remains unknown. To detect or prevent the development of HCC in type 2 diabetes, mining patients with advanced fibrosis (stage 3/4) is important. It is estimated that approximately 17% of patients with type 2 diabetes receiving liver biopsies had advanced fibrosis. Population-based data are essential because of excluding selection bias. In this review, we review estimated prevalence of advanced hepatic fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes by using non-invasive elastography.","PeriodicalId":170669,"journal":{"name":"Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121387975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-19DOI: 10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000569
Alice Guo, Min Jiang
Obesity and diabetes are two metabolic disorder diseases, which are strictly correlated. The diagnosis and surveillance of obesity is crucial for public health management, policy making, and interventions. Current practices are mainly based on individuals’ visits to hospitals or clinics to get the measurement and diagnosis for obesity and diabetes, or with telephone calls and personal interviews for surveillance. We advocate that with advances in artificial intelligence (AI), there is great potential to perform obesity diagnosis and surveillance with AI technologies. The key approaches are based on taking pictures or photos of human faces or bodies by using camera sensors, performing computational analysis of the photos, and obtaining the body mass index (BMI) estimation. These AI technologies make it possible to accomplish a large scale diagnosis and monitoring of public health conditions. Furthermore, these technologies also make it possible for interventions with large populations, aided by Internet connections and smart phones for communications. In this article, the aforementioned idea is presented with a brief overview and summary of the currently available AI technologies, opening a window for an innovative way to perform diagnosis, surveillance, and interventions for obesity.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Techniques as Potential Tools for Large Scale Surveillance and Interventions for Obesity","authors":"Alice Guo, Min Jiang","doi":"10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000569","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity and diabetes are two metabolic disorder diseases, which are strictly correlated. The diagnosis and surveillance of obesity is crucial for public health management, policy making, and interventions. Current practices are mainly based on individuals’ visits to hospitals or clinics to get the measurement and diagnosis for obesity and diabetes, or with telephone calls and personal interviews for surveillance. We advocate that with advances in artificial intelligence (AI), there is great potential to perform obesity diagnosis and surveillance with AI technologies. The key approaches are based on taking pictures or photos of human faces or bodies by using camera sensors, performing computational analysis of the photos, and obtaining the body mass index (BMI) estimation. These AI technologies make it possible to accomplish a large scale diagnosis and monitoring of public health conditions. Furthermore, these technologies also make it possible for interventions with large populations, aided by Internet connections and smart phones for communications. In this article, the aforementioned idea is presented with a brief overview and summary of the currently available AI technologies, opening a window for an innovative way to perform diagnosis, surveillance, and interventions for obesity.","PeriodicalId":170669,"journal":{"name":"Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121027159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-11DOI: 10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000566
Y. Sumida, M. Yoneda, K. Tokushige, M. Kawanaka, H. Fujii, M. Yoneda, Kento Imajo, H. Takahashi, YuichiroEguchi, M. Ono, Y. Nozaki, H. Hyogo, M. Koseki, Y. Yoshida, T. Kawaguchi, Y. Kamada, T. Okanoue, A. Nakajima
Diabetes is associated with about 30% of liver cirrhosis and affects prognosis, carcinogenesis, and the onset of complications. In cirrhosis, fasting normal and postprandial hyperglycemia are often present, and evaluation by glucose tolerance test or continuous blood glucose measurement is also considered. Although no treatment strategy has been established, if renal function is maintained, metformin will be the first choice, but for renal dysfunction cases and metformin ineffective cases, insulin will be indicated. Although the efficacy and safety of incretin-related drugs and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors have not been established, they can be expected to be effective in cases with obesity. On the viewpoint of preventing sarcopenia and hepatocarcinogenesis, antidiabetic drugs should be selected. Exogenous insulin should be indicated for patients with Child C grade. This review discusses antidiabetic treatments for diabetes with liver cirrhosis.
{"title":"Antidiabetic Treatments for Diabetes with Liver Cirrhosis","authors":"Y. Sumida, M. Yoneda, K. Tokushige, M. Kawanaka, H. Fujii, M. Yoneda, Kento Imajo, H. Takahashi, YuichiroEguchi, M. Ono, Y. Nozaki, H. Hyogo, M. Koseki, Y. Yoshida, T. Kawaguchi, Y. Kamada, T. Okanoue, A. Nakajima","doi":"10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000566","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is associated with about 30% of liver cirrhosis and affects prognosis, carcinogenesis, and the onset of complications. In cirrhosis, fasting normal and postprandial hyperglycemia are often present, and evaluation by glucose tolerance test or continuous blood glucose measurement is also considered. Although no treatment strategy has been established, if renal function is maintained, metformin will be the first choice, but for renal dysfunction cases and metformin ineffective cases, insulin will be indicated. Although the efficacy and safety of incretin-related drugs and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors have not been established, they can be expected to be effective in cases with obesity. On the viewpoint of preventing sarcopenia and hepatocarcinogenesis, antidiabetic drugs should be selected. Exogenous insulin should be indicated for patients with Child C grade. This review discusses antidiabetic treatments for diabetes with liver cirrhosis.","PeriodicalId":170669,"journal":{"name":"Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133879649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-06DOI: 10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000565
Changping Li, Lili Zhang, Zhong Chen
The World Health Organization has defined overweight and obesity based on body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms/height in meters squared, kg/m2). The prevalence of overweight and obesity as defined by BMI is rapidly increasing, particularly in children and adolescents, and associated with significantly increased risk of CVDs at an earlier age [1]. There is scientific consensus that obesity increases the risk of CVDs, excessive body weight associated with negative effects on hemodynamics, cardiac morphology and ventricular function, even metabolically healthy obese individuals had a higher risk for coronary heart disease [2,3]. It seems different from what we imagined, despite this negative correlation, recent epidemiological data and numerous studies found that overweight and obese people with established CVDs appear to have a better clinical prognosis. It is necessary for us to face up to this problem, because it may affect our diagnosis and treatment of patients. Is patients with CVDs fatter really fitter?
{"title":"Obesity Paradox in Cardiovascular Diseases and Research Progress","authors":"Changping Li, Lili Zhang, Zhong Chen","doi":"10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/IOD.2020.03.000565","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization has defined overweight and obesity based on body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms/height in meters squared, kg/m2). The prevalence of overweight and obesity as defined by BMI is rapidly increasing, particularly in children and adolescents, and associated with significantly increased risk of CVDs at an earlier age [1]. There is scientific consensus that obesity increases the risk of CVDs, excessive body weight associated with negative effects on hemodynamics, cardiac morphology and ventricular function, even metabolically healthy obese individuals had a higher risk for coronary heart disease [2,3]. It seems different from what we imagined, despite this negative correlation, recent epidemiological data and numerous studies found that overweight and obese people with established CVDs appear to have a better clinical prognosis. It is necessary for us to face up to this problem, because it may affect our diagnosis and treatment of patients. Is patients with CVDs fatter really fitter?","PeriodicalId":170669,"journal":{"name":"Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126357353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-16DOI: 10.31031/IOD.2019.03.000561
S. Uwaezuoke, A. Ayuk, U. Chikani, J. Eze, Adiele Kd, A. Aronu
The prevalence of pediatric obesity is increasing globally because of lifestyles, which fundamentally create an imbalance that favors caloric intake over expenditure [1]. These lifestyles include sedentary habits such as addiction to computer games, internet, and television, as well as a regular intake of energy-dense fast foods [2]. Several reports reveal the health burden of childhood and adolescent obesity in both developing and developed countries [3-9]. Whereas obesity is prevalent in the lower socio-economic class in developed countries, it is more common in the upper socio-economic class in developing countries. In the latter, sedentary habits and indulgence in fast foods (nutritional transition) are regarded as signs of affluence [10]. Obesity in children and adolescents is associated with several comorbidities and complications, like hypertension [11], obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [12], orthopedic disorders [13], insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [14,15], dyslipidemia [16], and malignancies [17]. In the pediatric cardio-metabolic syndrome, genetic and environmental factors synergistically act as triggers; but obesity remains the primary etiologic factor which leads to hyperinsulinemia, and subsequently to hypertension and dyslipidemia [18]. Some authors have, however, proposed five diagnostic components for the syndrome, namely abdominal obesity (increased waist circumference), hyperglycemia (glucose intolerance), hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and hypertension [19]. More importantly, some of these diagnostic components are also putative risk factors for T2DM and adult cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, cardiac dysrhythmias, and thrombo-embolic disease.
{"title":"Association of Pediatric Obesity with Adult Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review of Published Evidence","authors":"S. Uwaezuoke, A. Ayuk, U. Chikani, J. Eze, Adiele Kd, A. Aronu","doi":"10.31031/IOD.2019.03.000561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/IOD.2019.03.000561","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of pediatric obesity is increasing globally because of lifestyles, which fundamentally create an imbalance that favors caloric intake over expenditure [1]. These lifestyles include sedentary habits such as addiction to computer games, internet, and television, as well as a regular intake of energy-dense fast foods [2]. Several reports reveal the health burden of childhood and adolescent obesity in both developing and developed countries [3-9]. Whereas obesity is prevalent in the lower socio-economic class in developed countries, it is more common in the upper socio-economic class in developing countries. In the latter, sedentary habits and indulgence in fast foods (nutritional transition) are regarded as signs of affluence [10]. Obesity in children and adolescents is associated with several comorbidities and complications, like hypertension [11], obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [12], orthopedic disorders [13], insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [14,15], dyslipidemia [16], and malignancies [17]. In the pediatric cardio-metabolic syndrome, genetic and environmental factors synergistically act as triggers; but obesity remains the primary etiologic factor which leads to hyperinsulinemia, and subsequently to hypertension and dyslipidemia [18]. Some authors have, however, proposed five diagnostic components for the syndrome, namely abdominal obesity (increased waist circumference), hyperglycemia (glucose intolerance), hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and hypertension [19]. More importantly, some of these diagnostic components are also putative risk factors for T2DM and adult cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, cardiac dysrhythmias, and thrombo-embolic disease.","PeriodicalId":170669,"journal":{"name":"Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125221924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-09DOI: 10.31031/iod.2019.03.000560
Godwin Michael Ubi
A disease is any condition that affects the normal functioning of one or more systems in an organism. In other words, it may be described as any condition that impairs normal body function(s). Diseases are a lack of a healthy state of life, a disorder or illness caused by infections rather than by accident. Medically disease is defined as any deviation from or interruptions of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown. Disease is said to have caused over three hundred million illnesses and over five million deaths against accident and other causes of death. For being the number one killer, conquering diseases is given premium in the scale of preference of the quest to conquer nature in human search for reliable knowledge which is the core concern of scientific investigations. Diseases may be caused by several factors originating from external or exogenous sources such as microbial – related or infections diseases, or internal dysfunctions such as autoimmune diseases. Other non-infectious diseases include cancer, most heart diseases, genetic diseases such as sickle cell aneamia, albinism, down syndrome.
{"title":"Genetic Screening and Counselling: Implications for Public Health as Tools for Interventions in Obesity and Diabetes","authors":"Godwin Michael Ubi","doi":"10.31031/iod.2019.03.000560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/iod.2019.03.000560","url":null,"abstract":"A disease is any condition that affects the normal functioning of one or more systems in an organism. In other words, it may be described as any condition that impairs normal body function(s). Diseases are a lack of a healthy state of life, a disorder or illness caused by infections rather than by accident. Medically disease is defined as any deviation from or interruptions of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown. Disease is said to have caused over three hundred million illnesses and over five million deaths against accident and other causes of death. For being the number one killer, conquering diseases is given premium in the scale of preference of the quest to conquer nature in human search for reliable knowledge which is the core concern of scientific investigations. Diseases may be caused by several factors originating from external or exogenous sources such as microbial – related or infections diseases, or internal dysfunctions such as autoimmune diseases. Other non-infectious diseases include cancer, most heart diseases, genetic diseases such as sickle cell aneamia, albinism, down syndrome.","PeriodicalId":170669,"journal":{"name":"Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126096375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.31031/iod.2019.03.000559
N. Chandra
Ideally insulin and leptin signaling share a common route and ditch each other depending on their surge in their affected physiological state. As a result, insulin and leptin resistances are simultaneous phenomena and no matter to induce other while the one is precipitated. Thus, the preponderance of running obesity and type-2 diabetes hand to hand is deeply expected. The (Figure 2) shows the common signaling road of both the ligands. Report shows that obesity reduces tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor [12]. This affects insulin signaling and hence initiates insulin resistance. On the other hand, report also shows an association of insulin and LDL receptors [12-15] and this association keeps LDL receptor non-functional [12-15] making the system prone to vessel LDL accumulation. Yadav et al. has shown a decrease of LDL receptor mRNA level with increase of leptin concentration as well as two receptor association [14]. Repressed LDL receptor will reduce LDL clearance from blood vessels and the receptor-complex will keep receptors non-functional with concomitant Crimson Publishers Wings to the Research Mini Review
{"title":"Diabetes, Obesity and Atherosclerosis: Three Buds of One Stem MS-X","authors":"N. Chandra","doi":"10.31031/iod.2019.03.000559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/iod.2019.03.000559","url":null,"abstract":"Ideally insulin and leptin signaling share a common route and ditch each other depending on their surge in their affected physiological state. As a result, insulin and leptin resistances are simultaneous phenomena and no matter to induce other while the one is precipitated. Thus, the preponderance of running obesity and type-2 diabetes hand to hand is deeply expected. The (Figure 2) shows the common signaling road of both the ligands. Report shows that obesity reduces tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor [12]. This affects insulin signaling and hence initiates insulin resistance. On the other hand, report also shows an association of insulin and LDL receptors [12-15] and this association keeps LDL receptor non-functional [12-15] making the system prone to vessel LDL accumulation. Yadav et al. has shown a decrease of LDL receptor mRNA level with increase of leptin concentration as well as two receptor association [14]. Repressed LDL receptor will reduce LDL clearance from blood vessels and the receptor-complex will keep receptors non-functional with concomitant Crimson Publishers Wings to the Research Mini Review","PeriodicalId":170669,"journal":{"name":"Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129875877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-04DOI: 10.31031/iod.2019.03.000558
R. K. Venkata, Praveen
Physical exercise seems to be an effective tool in enhancing the functional health of the various systems of the body and the consequent health status of individuals. Physical inactivity could foster for flaring up of inflammatory mechanisms that might affect different tissues negatively and could lead to severe debilitating health conditions. Though the physical exercise could play pivotal role in securing the preventive health, the science of disease reiterates that there seems a systematic inter connectivity among molecular responses that make the bioenvironment so dynamic, may respond differently and or in inter-connected manner to several epigenetic factors like exercise, nutrition, stress, environment etc. and could show rhetoric impact on the genetic expression, thereby influencing the preventive health of individuals. This rhetoric explains the need of studying the interactive epigenetic effects and consequent responses. Muscle secretum consisting of myocytes, myotubules and other skeletal muscle tissue environment produces cytokine like substances called myokines, that may initiate the cross talk among the various tissues of the body acting in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine manner. Several hundreds of such myokines are identified by researchers and attributed with different functions through the control of the signaling cascades of the metabolism. Some myokines may act directly as signaling molecules while some other are seen as co-factors for other signaling molecules thereby effecting changes in the bioenvironment of the individuals. These exercise factors may be released by the skeletal muscles differently depending on the intensity, duration and type of exercise undertaken. Aerobic and anaerobic exercises undertaken at different intensities cause for the secretion of different myokines which might bring different signaling effects and cause for different changes. Hence, aerobic running might cause for the secretion of certain types of myokines whereas the high intensity anaerobic running could cause for certain other myokine secretion. Resistance training showed different myokines released from the skeletal muscle. The physiology of muscle fibers may also influence the type of myokine secretion and its quality. Different muscle fibers may cause to produce different myokines. Exercise has an innate effect that would foster bioenvironment so favorably, to equip higher readiness for the next bout of exercise program by bringing several super compensation effects. These super compensation effects of exercise may be brought by the secretion of myokines which would influence the metabolic cascades for the above purpose. Higher exercise potential of the individuals may be achieved through regular bouts of physical training that is conducted very scientifically that would cause for several physiological changes. The readiness for higher exercise potential indicates the higher functional health of the different organs of the body and this
{"title":"Interplay of Nutrients and Muscle Myokines on the Preventive Health for Obesity Disorders","authors":"R. K. Venkata, Praveen","doi":"10.31031/iod.2019.03.000558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/iod.2019.03.000558","url":null,"abstract":"Physical exercise seems to be an effective tool in enhancing the functional health of the various systems of the body and the consequent health status of individuals. Physical inactivity could foster for flaring up of inflammatory mechanisms that might affect different tissues negatively and could lead to severe debilitating health conditions. Though the physical exercise could play pivotal role in securing the preventive health, the science of disease reiterates that there seems a systematic inter connectivity among molecular responses that make the bioenvironment so dynamic, may respond differently and or in inter-connected manner to several epigenetic factors like exercise, nutrition, stress, environment etc. and could show rhetoric impact on the genetic expression, thereby influencing the preventive health of individuals. This rhetoric explains the need of studying the interactive epigenetic effects and consequent responses. Muscle secretum consisting of myocytes, myotubules and other skeletal muscle tissue environment produces cytokine like substances called myokines, that may initiate the cross talk among the various tissues of the body acting in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine manner. Several hundreds of such myokines are identified by researchers and attributed with different functions through the control of the signaling cascades of the metabolism. Some myokines may act directly as signaling molecules while some other are seen as co-factors for other signaling molecules thereby effecting changes in the bioenvironment of the individuals. These exercise factors may be released by the skeletal muscles differently depending on the intensity, duration and type of exercise undertaken. Aerobic and anaerobic exercises undertaken at different intensities cause for the secretion of different myokines which might bring different signaling effects and cause for different changes. Hence, aerobic running might cause for the secretion of certain types of myokines whereas the high intensity anaerobic running could cause for certain other myokine secretion. Resistance training showed different myokines released from the skeletal muscle. The physiology of muscle fibers may also influence the type of myokine secretion and its quality. Different muscle fibers may cause to produce different myokines. Exercise has an innate effect that would foster bioenvironment so favorably, to equip higher readiness for the next bout of exercise program by bringing several super compensation effects. These super compensation effects of exercise may be brought by the secretion of myokines which would influence the metabolic cascades for the above purpose. Higher exercise potential of the individuals may be achieved through regular bouts of physical training that is conducted very scientifically that would cause for several physiological changes. The readiness for higher exercise potential indicates the higher functional health of the different organs of the body and this","PeriodicalId":170669,"journal":{"name":"Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115127462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-22DOI: 10.31031/iod.2019.03.000557
Çiğdem Bozkır
Iron is necessary for various metabolic processes, including oxygen transport and storage, redox reactions, cell signaling and microbial defense. Absorption, transport and storage of iron are carefully regulated, presumably to avert potential toxic effects of free iron [1,2]. Both iron overload and iron deficiency can be detrimental to health, so iron homeostasis is essential. Although many factors that take part in iron homeostasis are known, mechanisms by which the body regulates iron stores are still being elucidated [1-3]. Also, iron absorption and homeostasis are intimately linked to the inflammatory response [4]. Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are prevalent forms of nutritional deficiency. Globally, 50% of anemia is attributed to iron deficiency [5,6]. Since the body has no means of actively excreting excess iron, a sophisticated system for iron homeostasis maintains the optimal balance between adequate dietary iron absorption and iron loss in healthy individuals. Dietary iron is absorbed in a regulated manner from the gastrointestinal tract and transported between cells bound to the protein transferrin. Systemic iron homeostasis is primarily regulated by the liver-derived peptide hormone hepcidin and by the iron exporter protein ferroprotein, while intracellular iron homeostasis is regulated by the iron-regulatory protein/iron-responsive element system. The two regulatory systems are finely coordinated [7]. This finely balanced homeostasis, however, can be readily disturbed. Iron deficiency can ensue if dietary iron intake is insufficient or if iron absorption, loss, metabolism, or body distribution become abnormal due to disease or excess blood loss. A group of international experts recently proposed the following comprehensive definition of iron deficiency: “a health-related condition in which iron availability is insufficient to meet the body’s needs and which can be present with or without anemia” [8].
{"title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia and Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"Çiğdem Bozkır","doi":"10.31031/iod.2019.03.000557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/iod.2019.03.000557","url":null,"abstract":"Iron is necessary for various metabolic processes, including oxygen transport and storage, redox reactions, cell signaling and microbial defense. Absorption, transport and storage of iron are carefully regulated, presumably to avert potential toxic effects of free iron [1,2]. Both iron overload and iron deficiency can be detrimental to health, so iron homeostasis is essential. Although many factors that take part in iron homeostasis are known, mechanisms by which the body regulates iron stores are still being elucidated [1-3]. Also, iron absorption and homeostasis are intimately linked to the inflammatory response [4]. Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are prevalent forms of nutritional deficiency. Globally, 50% of anemia is attributed to iron deficiency [5,6]. Since the body has no means of actively excreting excess iron, a sophisticated system for iron homeostasis maintains the optimal balance between adequate dietary iron absorption and iron loss in healthy individuals. Dietary iron is absorbed in a regulated manner from the gastrointestinal tract and transported between cells bound to the protein transferrin. Systemic iron homeostasis is primarily regulated by the liver-derived peptide hormone hepcidin and by the iron exporter protein ferroprotein, while intracellular iron homeostasis is regulated by the iron-regulatory protein/iron-responsive element system. The two regulatory systems are finely coordinated [7]. This finely balanced homeostasis, however, can be readily disturbed. Iron deficiency can ensue if dietary iron intake is insufficient or if iron absorption, loss, metabolism, or body distribution become abnormal due to disease or excess blood loss. A group of international experts recently proposed the following comprehensive definition of iron deficiency: “a health-related condition in which iron availability is insufficient to meet the body’s needs and which can be present with or without anemia” [8].","PeriodicalId":170669,"journal":{"name":"Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130627905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-12DOI: 10.31031/IOD.2019.03.000556
Rakhie Narayanan, K. Sreelekshmi, C. HoneyChandran, Keerthi Tr
Diabetes and obesity are two trending metabolic disorder which leads to major complications in all cases despite of age. Both are strictly correlated and hence called diabesity. Diet is the major factor which contributes to diabesity. The microbial diversity and number in the gut environment mainly depends on the food consumed in healthy individuals. The microflora in gut profoundly affects the host metabolism through several mechanisms. There is a significant difference between the microfloral composition in diabetic and nondiabetic people as well as obese and non-obese. High fat/carbohydrate diet always promotes the establishment of putrefying and opportunistic pathogens. Supplementation of probiotics and prebiotics is a good practice to maintain a healthier gut thereby improving the host functions. The review mainly discuss about the beneficial effects of gut flora/probiotics along with prebiotics in T1D, T2D and obesity.
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