Pub Date : 2022-10-27DOI: 10.1080/01971360.2022.2093537
Xingyu Zhou, Darlene In, Xinchang Xiong, Kunze Yang, Xingzhi Chen, H. M. Bruhn, Xuan Liu, Yi Yang
ABSTRACT Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging method that can be used to study the surface features and subsurface structures of delicate cultural heritage objects. However, the field of view of OCT severely limits the system’s scanning area. Previously, we have presented a hybrid scanning platform combined with an imaging stitching algorithm to achieve macroscopic OCT (macro-OCT) imaging. This paper further demonstrates the potential applications of the OCT data by rendering 3D volumetric data into standard virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and 3D printing formats. The 3D model can be 3D printed or interactively displayed through various platforms such as VR and AR headsets, smartphones, and web pages. The high-resolution 3D models obtained from the macro-OCT system can potentially improve the experience of accessing artworks online and assist individuals with visual impairments to study art through tactile feedback.
{"title":"A Note on Macroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Enabled 3D Scanning for Museum and Cultural Heritage Applications","authors":"Xingyu Zhou, Darlene In, Xinchang Xiong, Kunze Yang, Xingzhi Chen, H. M. Bruhn, Xuan Liu, Yi Yang","doi":"10.1080/01971360.2022.2093537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2093537","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging method that can be used to study the surface features and subsurface structures of delicate cultural heritage objects. However, the field of view of OCT severely limits the system’s scanning area. Previously, we have presented a hybrid scanning platform combined with an imaging stitching algorithm to achieve macroscopic OCT (macro-OCT) imaging. This paper further demonstrates the potential applications of the OCT data by rendering 3D volumetric data into standard virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and 3D printing formats. The 3D model can be 3D printed or interactively displayed through various platforms such as VR and AR headsets, smartphones, and web pages. The high-resolution 3D models obtained from the macro-OCT system can potentially improve the experience of accessing artworks online and assist individuals with visual impairments to study art through tactile feedback.","PeriodicalId":17165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation","volume":"62 1","pages":"178 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42178949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1080/01971360.2022.2105380
E. Farrell
ABSTRACT In developing a method to remove marine concretion from the bores of USS Monitor’s XI-Inch Dahlgren shell guns at The Mariners’ Museum and Park, a problem arose: how to determine the curve of the powder chamber to avoid damage during cleaning. Multiple period schematics showed conflicting dimensions, requiring direct measurement. An identical, non-archaeological XI-Inch Dahlgren from USS Kearsarge survives in Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC) collections, creating the opportunity to verify the dimensions of an un-damaged analog of Monitor's guns. Measuring the Kearsarge Dahlgren represented its own set of challenges. A 3-dimensional laser scan would have been ideal, but neither the Museum nor the Navy’s lab possessed a scanner, and it was not financially viable to rent or purchase one. Even if free services could be found, the Kearsarge gun was in a secure military facility, complicating potential access for a third-party company. Instead, it was necessary to measure the gun’s bore with minimal expenditure. An improvised system was developed using a copy stand and a consumer-grade laser-measuring device. This system was transported to NHHC's storage facilities and successfully used to measure the Kearsarge Dahlgren’s bore, confirming the correct drawing and enabling further treatment of Monitor’s artillery.
{"title":"A Light at the End of the Tunnel: Using an Improvised Laser Measuring System to Verify the Bore Dimensions of an XI-Inch Dahlgren Shell Gun","authors":"E. Farrell","doi":"10.1080/01971360.2022.2105380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2105380","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In developing a method to remove marine concretion from the bores of USS Monitor’s XI-Inch Dahlgren shell guns at The Mariners’ Museum and Park, a problem arose: how to determine the curve of the powder chamber to avoid damage during cleaning. Multiple period schematics showed conflicting dimensions, requiring direct measurement. An identical, non-archaeological XI-Inch Dahlgren from USS Kearsarge survives in Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC) collections, creating the opportunity to verify the dimensions of an un-damaged analog of Monitor's guns. Measuring the Kearsarge Dahlgren represented its own set of challenges. A 3-dimensional laser scan would have been ideal, but neither the Museum nor the Navy’s lab possessed a scanner, and it was not financially viable to rent or purchase one. Even if free services could be found, the Kearsarge gun was in a secure military facility, complicating potential access for a third-party company. Instead, it was necessary to measure the gun’s bore with minimal expenditure. An improvised system was developed using a copy stand and a consumer-grade laser-measuring device. This system was transported to NHHC's storage facilities and successfully used to measure the Kearsarge Dahlgren’s bore, confirming the correct drawing and enabling further treatment of Monitor’s artillery.","PeriodicalId":17165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation","volume":"62 1","pages":"101 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47476494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1080/01971360.2022.2117770
C. Rogge, Bradford A. Epley
ABSTRACT Barnett Newman, a seminal figure in the Abstract Expressionist movement, is known to have used Bocour Magna, Aqua-tec, and oil paints. XRF analysis reveals that paints on his paintings dating from 1967 to 1970 and on his undated ephemera in the Center for the Technical Study of Modern Art at Harvard Museum and the Menil Collection most often do not correspond to the pure historic Bocour paints available for analysis. Newman likely mixed his paints to create specific colors, and multiple instances of his revision of color have been documented. Some of the paints on the paintings are similar to unlabeled jars of red and blue acrylic paints found in his studio after his death, which could contain bespoke formulations created for Newman by the Bocour Company. The white paints and grounds present on the paintings and ephemera are all titanium white based; early works have no calcium, but later works have increasing amounts, suggesting that Newman may have been adding more calcium carbonate as an extender over time. The similarities in white paints on groups of paintings and ephemera suggests Newman used a given paint mixture on multiple objects, which would allow temporal relationships between those objects to be established. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"An Investigation into the Pigments Present on the Late Paintings and Ephemera of Barnett Newman: Context and Correlations","authors":"C. Rogge, Bradford A. Epley","doi":"10.1080/01971360.2022.2117770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2117770","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Barnett Newman, a seminal figure in the Abstract Expressionist movement, is known to have used Bocour Magna, Aqua-tec, and oil paints. XRF analysis reveals that paints on his paintings dating from 1967 to 1970 and on his undated ephemera in the Center for the Technical Study of Modern Art at Harvard Museum and the Menil Collection most often do not correspond to the pure historic Bocour paints available for analysis. Newman likely mixed his paints to create specific colors, and multiple instances of his revision of color have been documented. Some of the paints on the paintings are similar to unlabeled jars of red and blue acrylic paints found in his studio after his death, which could contain bespoke formulations created for Newman by the Bocour Company. The white paints and grounds present on the paintings and ephemera are all titanium white based; early works have no calcium, but later works have increasing amounts, suggesting that Newman may have been adding more calcium carbonate as an extender over time. The similarities in white paints on groups of paintings and ephemera suggests Newman used a given paint mixture on multiple objects, which would allow temporal relationships between those objects to be established. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":17165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44743380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.1080/01971360.2022.2104576
Davison Chiwara, S. O’Connell, M. Loubser
ABSTRACT This article discusses the issue of potential pesticide contaminants in artifacts that are being repatriated by museums from the global north to Africa. It highlights that the issue of scientific testing of artifacts for harmful pesticide contaminants is missing from the repatriation discourse in African museums. Consequently, safety protocols for handling and use of these potentially contaminated artifacts have not been established in some African museums. This is worsened by lack of legislations that enforce the testing of the artifacts and the establishment of safety protocols for accessing them. This exposes museum staff, researchers and other visitors to health effects caused by toxic chemicals in artifacts. In light of this, the article recommends that repatriation of artefacts to African museums should be preceded by scientific testing of artifacts to determine the possible toxic pesticide contaminants on them, and to establish safety protocols for their handling and use. Further, it argues that qualified collections care staff and conservators from African museums should be involved in repatriation negotiations to enforce scientific testing of artifacts and establish safety measures for their handling and use before they are repatriated to Africa. The article also recommends that pesticide treatment information should accompany repatriated artifacts.
{"title":"Potential Pesticide Contamination in Repatriated Artifacts in African Museums: The Need for the Adoption of Safety Protocols for Access and Use of Hazardous Artifacts","authors":"Davison Chiwara, S. O’Connell, M. Loubser","doi":"10.1080/01971360.2022.2104576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2104576","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article discusses the issue of potential pesticide contaminants in artifacts that are being repatriated by museums from the global north to Africa. It highlights that the issue of scientific testing of artifacts for harmful pesticide contaminants is missing from the repatriation discourse in African museums. Consequently, safety protocols for handling and use of these potentially contaminated artifacts have not been established in some African museums. This is worsened by lack of legislations that enforce the testing of the artifacts and the establishment of safety protocols for accessing them. This exposes museum staff, researchers and other visitors to health effects caused by toxic chemicals in artifacts. In light of this, the article recommends that repatriation of artefacts to African museums should be preceded by scientific testing of artifacts to determine the possible toxic pesticide contaminants on them, and to establish safety protocols for their handling and use. Further, it argues that qualified collections care staff and conservators from African museums should be involved in repatriation negotiations to enforce scientific testing of artifacts and establish safety measures for their handling and use before they are repatriated to Africa. The article also recommends that pesticide treatment information should accompany repatriated artifacts.","PeriodicalId":17165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48415773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/01971360.2022.2140954
J. M. del Hoyo-Meléndez
I am happy to introduce the last issue in 2022 of the Journal of the American Institute for Conservation. This issue features five manuscripts reporting on current conservation topics, which we hope will be of interest to our community. The topics covered in these papers align with this year’s 50th AIC Annual Meeting theme, “Reflecting on the Past, Imagining the Future.” In addition to featuring new treatment methodologies, analytical techniques, and conservation materials, the AIC Annual Meeting stressed the importance of reflecting on how the cultural heritage conservation field has evolved since the incorporation of the American Institute for Conservation in 1972. The lessons learned over the past 50 years will help us establish and achieve new goals for the future. The articles presented in this issue continue to expand on these issues. This final issue of the year starts with an article on the analysis of daylight fluorescent pigments by Schmidtke Sobeck, Chen, and Smith, specifically dealing with how to identify these materials with the goal of differentiating the pigment sources and making informed decisions at the time of selecting a conservation treatment. The second article in this issue demonstrates how enhancing the understanding of photographic materials and their degradation continues to be a priority in our field. Hiebert et al. report on the chemistry and degradation of glass photographic plates with the purpose of developing a preservation strategy for this important group of cultural heritage objects. Next is an article by Davis et al. that examines a group of Egyptian wood statues in terms of their wood type, pigments, binding media, decorative elements, and degradation. The authors then offer further details about the conservation treatment protocol, which focused on the consolidation of the substrate and paint layer together with gap filling. Sterp Moga and Sánchez Ortiz present an alternative method to traditional ones for fixing color and preparation layers in contemporary paintings that use neodymium magnets. This study builds on previous research by Spicer, who in 2016 published an article in JAIC that describes in detail the components of the magnetic system and the use of magnets in conservation (Spicer 2016). Of special interest to objects conservators may be the article by Chao, which presents an easy and inexpensive microchemical test for determining the presence of magnesium ion, which can be an indicator of magnesium corrosion. In this way, the author provides a way of identifying the alloy with the objective of selecting an adequate conservation treatment for objects containing magnesium parts such as satellites. I would like to thank the editorial board members and editorial staff for their ongoing commitment to the standards to which JAIC aims. Our goals can only be achieved through their continuous support. I hope you enjoy this issue and look forward to your contributions to the journal.
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"J. M. del Hoyo-Meléndez","doi":"10.1080/01971360.2022.2140954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2140954","url":null,"abstract":"I am happy to introduce the last issue in 2022 of the Journal of the American Institute for Conservation. This issue features five manuscripts reporting on current conservation topics, which we hope will be of interest to our community. The topics covered in these papers align with this year’s 50th AIC Annual Meeting theme, “Reflecting on the Past, Imagining the Future.” In addition to featuring new treatment methodologies, analytical techniques, and conservation materials, the AIC Annual Meeting stressed the importance of reflecting on how the cultural heritage conservation field has evolved since the incorporation of the American Institute for Conservation in 1972. The lessons learned over the past 50 years will help us establish and achieve new goals for the future. The articles presented in this issue continue to expand on these issues. This final issue of the year starts with an article on the analysis of daylight fluorescent pigments by Schmidtke Sobeck, Chen, and Smith, specifically dealing with how to identify these materials with the goal of differentiating the pigment sources and making informed decisions at the time of selecting a conservation treatment. The second article in this issue demonstrates how enhancing the understanding of photographic materials and their degradation continues to be a priority in our field. Hiebert et al. report on the chemistry and degradation of glass photographic plates with the purpose of developing a preservation strategy for this important group of cultural heritage objects. Next is an article by Davis et al. that examines a group of Egyptian wood statues in terms of their wood type, pigments, binding media, decorative elements, and degradation. The authors then offer further details about the conservation treatment protocol, which focused on the consolidation of the substrate and paint layer together with gap filling. Sterp Moga and Sánchez Ortiz present an alternative method to traditional ones for fixing color and preparation layers in contemporary paintings that use neodymium magnets. This study builds on previous research by Spicer, who in 2016 published an article in JAIC that describes in detail the components of the magnetic system and the use of magnets in conservation (Spicer 2016). Of special interest to objects conservators may be the article by Chao, which presents an easy and inexpensive microchemical test for determining the presence of magnesium ion, which can be an indicator of magnesium corrosion. In this way, the author provides a way of identifying the alloy with the objective of selecting an adequate conservation treatment for objects containing magnesium parts such as satellites. I would like to thank the editorial board members and editorial staff for their ongoing commitment to the standards to which JAIC aims. Our goals can only be achieved through their continuous support. I hope you enjoy this issue and look forward to your contributions to the journal.","PeriodicalId":17165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation","volume":"61 1","pages":"217 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42969903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-13DOI: 10.1080/01971360.2022.2097810
M. Desrochers, William R. Donnelly, M. King, Rosie Grayburn
ABSTRACT Tin-mercury amalgam mirrors are ubiquitous amongst historical collections worldwide. They present potential human health risks as they degrade, releasing liquid mercury and mercury vapor. Over the last decade, care of degrading mirrors at Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library has evolved to their present storage: removing dripping mirrors from exhibition and into a limited-access storage space. Using a Jerome Mercury sensor, various methods for storage were evaluated for the buildup of mercury vapor. Mercury vapor accumulated within a plastic bag surrounding a dripping mirror, informing an open-design tray storage solution. While these trays catch drips at the source, they are open to ambient air to allow small volumes of vapor to dissipate. Updated practices for mirror storage, monitoring, and maintenance prioritize staff safety and object preservation.
{"title":"Advances in Storing and Monitoring Mercury-tin Amalgam Mirrors","authors":"M. Desrochers, William R. Donnelly, M. King, Rosie Grayburn","doi":"10.1080/01971360.2022.2097810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2097810","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Tin-mercury amalgam mirrors are ubiquitous amongst historical collections worldwide. They present potential human health risks as they degrade, releasing liquid mercury and mercury vapor. Over the last decade, care of degrading mirrors at Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library has evolved to their present storage: removing dripping mirrors from exhibition and into a limited-access storage space. Using a Jerome Mercury sensor, various methods for storage were evaluated for the buildup of mercury vapor. Mercury vapor accumulated within a plastic bag surrounding a dripping mirror, informing an open-design tray storage solution. While these trays catch drips at the source, they are open to ambient air to allow small volumes of vapor to dissipate. Updated practices for mirror storage, monitoring, and maintenance prioritize staff safety and object preservation.","PeriodicalId":17165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation","volume":"62 1","pages":"213 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45609447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1080/01971360.2022.2093538
F. Ritchie, Bethany Palumbo
ABSTRACT Although BEVA 371 film is almost synonymous with leather and skin repairs because of its flexibility and ease of use, Lascaux adhesives 498HV, 303HV (formerly 360HV), and 498 20-X have also been used for years on these types of object treatments with successful results. Not only do they adhere well to leather and skin, but also to entomological specimens and other related organics. Lascaux adhesives are easy to handle, remain flexible when set, and adapt to different situations. This article explains multiple application methods: direct wet-application, as a heat-activated and solvent-activated coated lining, pressure-sensitive tape, and as a bulked adhesive shapeable fill material. Because original substrates are often thin or associated with areas of loss, suitable lining materials and bulking agents are also reviewed. Three case studies – a vegetable tanned leather doctor's bag, pinned butterflies, and a taxidermy golden eagle – demonstrate how the materials can be used in multiple treatment steps.
{"title":"Lascaux Adhesives in Objects Conservation: Three Practical Case Studies on Leather, Skin, and Entomological Specimens","authors":"F. Ritchie, Bethany Palumbo","doi":"10.1080/01971360.2022.2093538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2093538","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although BEVA 371 film is almost synonymous with leather and skin repairs because of its flexibility and ease of use, Lascaux adhesives 498HV, 303HV (formerly 360HV), and 498 20-X have also been used for years on these types of object treatments with successful results. Not only do they adhere well to leather and skin, but also to entomological specimens and other related organics. Lascaux adhesives are easy to handle, remain flexible when set, and adapt to different situations. This article explains multiple application methods: direct wet-application, as a heat-activated and solvent-activated coated lining, pressure-sensitive tape, and as a bulked adhesive shapeable fill material. Because original substrates are often thin or associated with areas of loss, suitable lining materials and bulking agents are also reviewed. Three case studies – a vegetable tanned leather doctor's bag, pinned butterflies, and a taxidermy golden eagle – demonstrate how the materials can be used in multiple treatment steps.","PeriodicalId":17165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation","volume":"62 1","pages":"199 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42080198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-10DOI: 10.1080/01971360.2022.2050637
Deborah Lau, S. Saubern, David L J Alexander, Oliver E. Hutt, Carl Villis
ABSTRACT MS2A was a reduced ketone resin and a preferred varnish for many painting conservators but ceased production in 2014. To remedy this, a new, more consistent manufacturing process has recently been developed and the next generation of resin designed with replicated chemistry is called MS3. Direct comparison between MS3 and MS2A is limited as no fresh samples of MS2A exist, so work presented here focuses primarily on the performance and characteristics of MS3 compared to literature reports of MS2A, and comparisons to older reference samples of MS2A. Refractive index, gloss, glass transition temperature, and molecular weight are presented. MS3 and comparative low molecular weight varnish resins were artificially aged and examined using FTIR and color measurements. Practical handling and performance were evaluated by varnishing two oil paintings. This study has shown that new MS3 resin demonstrates consistency with older samples of MS2A alongside improvements in keto-reduction, color, flow, and batch to batch consistency.
{"title":"The Next Generation of MS2A Resin: MS3","authors":"Deborah Lau, S. Saubern, David L J Alexander, Oliver E. Hutt, Carl Villis","doi":"10.1080/01971360.2022.2050637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2050637","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT MS2A was a reduced ketone resin and a preferred varnish for many painting conservators but ceased production in 2014. To remedy this, a new, more consistent manufacturing process has recently been developed and the next generation of resin designed with replicated chemistry is called MS3. Direct comparison between MS3 and MS2A is limited as no fresh samples of MS2A exist, so work presented here focuses primarily on the performance and characteristics of MS3 compared to literature reports of MS2A, and comparisons to older reference samples of MS2A. Refractive index, gloss, glass transition temperature, and molecular weight are presented. MS3 and comparative low molecular weight varnish resins were artificially aged and examined using FTIR and color measurements. Practical handling and performance were evaluated by varnishing two oil paintings. This study has shown that new MS3 resin demonstrates consistency with older samples of MS2A alongside improvements in keto-reduction, color, flow, and batch to batch consistency.","PeriodicalId":17165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation","volume":"62 1","pages":"188 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45574969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-28DOI: 10.1080/01971360.2022.2031458
E. Farrell
ABSTRACT When the turret from USS Monitor (1862) was recovered in 2002, it still contained the ship’s primary armament: two XI-Inch Dahlgren Shell Guns. These guns are the largest caliber smoothbore, cast iron artillery ever recovered from a marine archaeological site, and as a result of their size, weight, and fragile condition they represented a particular engineering challenge to clean. After comparing equipment used by other conservation laboratories to clean artillery bores, it was found that no existing method ideally fitted the predicted requirements set out for the guns from USS Monitor. As such it was necessary to create a new method to remove concretion from within the ship’s artillery, in order to facilitate their future stabilization and treatment. This article describes the reasoning behind the decision to create a bespoke treatment methodology, details the equipment designs and construction, and provides a case study for its operation.
{"title":"At the Core of the Problem: A Bespoke Method Used to Clean the Bores of USS Monitor’s XI-Inch Dahlgren Shell Guns","authors":"E. Farrell","doi":"10.1080/01971360.2022.2031458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2031458","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT When the turret from USS Monitor (1862) was recovered in 2002, it still contained the ship’s primary armament: two XI-Inch Dahlgren Shell Guns. These guns are the largest caliber smoothbore, cast iron artillery ever recovered from a marine archaeological site, and as a result of their size, weight, and fragile condition they represented a particular engineering challenge to clean. After comparing equipment used by other conservation laboratories to clean artillery bores, it was found that no existing method ideally fitted the predicted requirements set out for the guns from USS Monitor. As such it was necessary to create a new method to remove concretion from within the ship’s artillery, in order to facilitate their future stabilization and treatment. This article describes the reasoning behind the decision to create a bespoke treatment methodology, details the equipment designs and construction, and provides a case study for its operation.","PeriodicalId":17165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation","volume":"62 1","pages":"13 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49086291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-18DOI: 10.1080/01971360.2022.2050638
Raina Chao
ABSTRACT Magnesium alloys are often found on cultural heritage materials since their properties, including high strength and light weight, make them ideal for structural industrial applications. However, they are also highly reactive and prone to corrosion. Corrosion often presents as a white powder that can be easily mistaken for polish residue or other accretions when less severe. Manufacturers typically combat this corrosion risk with protective paint or conversion coatings, which can make it difficult to recognize magnesium alloys. The identification of magnesium alloys often relies on connoisseurship and knowledge of typical corrosion, coatings, or surface finishes, which can be difficult for those encountering the material for the first time or in nonspecialized collections. Identification through analytical means such as XRF, if available, is also complicated by magnesium's low atomic mass. As correct alloy identification is most important when there is corrosion that requires treatment, this note presents a simple microchemical spot test for the presence of the magnesium ion that can be used to confirm magnesium corrosion, and thus characterize the alloy and help determine the priority and type of treatment. This small-scale, wet chemistry test relies on relatively common and inexpensive reagents, making it widely accessible.
{"title":"A Spot Test for Mg2+ to Characterize Magnesium Corrosion","authors":"Raina Chao","doi":"10.1080/01971360.2022.2050638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2022.2050638","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Magnesium alloys are often found on cultural heritage materials since their properties, including high strength and light weight, make them ideal for structural industrial applications. However, they are also highly reactive and prone to corrosion. Corrosion often presents as a white powder that can be easily mistaken for polish residue or other accretions when less severe. Manufacturers typically combat this corrosion risk with protective paint or conversion coatings, which can make it difficult to recognize magnesium alloys. The identification of magnesium alloys often relies on connoisseurship and knowledge of typical corrosion, coatings, or surface finishes, which can be difficult for those encountering the material for the first time or in nonspecialized collections. Identification through analytical means such as XRF, if available, is also complicated by magnesium's low atomic mass. As correct alloy identification is most important when there is corrosion that requires treatment, this note presents a simple microchemical spot test for the presence of the magnesium ion that can be used to confirm magnesium corrosion, and thus characterize the alloy and help determine the priority and type of treatment. This small-scale, wet chemistry test relies on relatively common and inexpensive reagents, making it widely accessible.","PeriodicalId":17165,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Institute for Conservation","volume":"61 1","pages":"284 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46768742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}