{"title":"木材細胞壁研究 これまでの20年，これからの20年","authors":"圭司 高部","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84399317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"20年後の木材産業のために「木材と人の科学」を活かす方策","authors":"真樹 杉山","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.148","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87943072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wood/human relations研究-居住性研究の未来のために","authors":"聡 信田","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.141","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85247046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wood-based material is constituted by bonding small pieces of processed wood, called elements, us-ing wood adhesives. Therefore, researches on wood-based materials and wood adhesives are very closely related. In recent years, cross-laminated timber （CLT）, which has been developed as a new wood-based material, is beginning to spread as a structural material in the wood industry in Europe, North America, and Japan. This paper reviews the changes in element size in the development histo-ry of wood-based materials and the relation between element type and bonding properties of wood-based materials. It also discusses the importance of research on wood adhesion for the technical development of wood-based materials through CLT.
{"title":"Importance of Research on Wood Adhesion for Wood-based Materials","authors":"K. Miyamoto","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.191","url":null,"abstract":"Wood-based material is constituted by bonding small pieces of processed wood, called elements, us-ing wood adhesives. Therefore, researches on wood-based materials and wood adhesives are very closely related. In recent years, cross-laminated timber （CLT）, which has been developed as a new wood-based material, is beginning to spread as a structural material in the wood industry in Europe, North America, and Japan. This paper reviews the changes in element size in the development histo-ry of wood-based materials and the relation between element type and bonding properties of wood-based materials. It also discusses the importance of research on wood adhesion for the technical development of wood-based materials through CLT.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74594878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Harada, D. Kamikawa, A. Miyatake, I. Momohara, Masayuki Miyabayashi, Y. Imamura
There is no regulation for wood preservatives in the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) for glued laminated timber. Glued laminated timber (GLT) treated with wood preservatives is not qualified as a JAS product and we cannot use it for quasi-fireproof construction material considering the charring rate during accidental fire. It is necessary to clarify that the incising process and impregnation of chemicals do not affect the fire safety of treated GLT in order to use it just the same as normal GLT. Treated GLT beams whose laminae were incised mechanically and impregnated with wood preservatives (alkyl ammonium compound (AAC) or azole neonicotinoid compound (AZN)) were made for a 45-minute-quasi-fireproof test. The beams were not destroyed during the fire test and their char depths were less than 35 mm. The fire performance was the same as of a normal GLT beam. The results of vacuum-pressure delamination tests met the requirement for use environment A.
{"title":"Fire Resistance of Structural Glued Laminated Timber Treated with Wood Preservatives","authors":"T. Harada, D. Kamikawa, A. Miyatake, I. Momohara, Masayuki Miyabayashi, Y. Imamura","doi":"10.2488/jwrs.61.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.61.82","url":null,"abstract":"There is no regulation for wood preservatives in the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) for glued laminated timber. Glued laminated timber (GLT) treated with wood preservatives is not qualified as a JAS product and we cannot use it for quasi-fireproof construction material considering the charring rate during accidental fire. It is necessary to clarify that the incising process and impregnation of chemicals do not affect the fire safety of treated GLT in order to use it just the same as normal GLT. Treated GLT beams whose laminae were incised mechanically and impregnated with wood preservatives (alkyl ammonium compound (AAC) or azole neonicotinoid compound (AZN)) were made for a 45-minute-quasi-fireproof test. The beams were not destroyed during the fire test and their char depths were less than 35 mm. The fire performance was the same as of a normal GLT beam. The results of vacuum-pressure delamination tests met the requirement for use environment A.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88044591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we investigated the characteristics of benzylated wood meal, prepared by a mechanochemical and a liquid phase method. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra, thermogravimetric (TG) curves, thermal flow properties, and crystallinities were measured. Benzylated wood meals of weight percent gain (WPG) from 11% to 78% were prepared by both methods. According to the FTIR analysis, the mechanochemical and liquid phase benzylated woods showed the same tendency of relative intensity at 699 cm and 3450 cm. According to the TG analysis, the mechanochemical benzylated wood showed different thermal decomposition characteristics compared with the liquid phase benzylated wood. The temperature at which thermal decomposition was initiated for the mechanochemical benzylated wood decreased as the WPG increased. According to the thermal flow analysis, the mechanochemical benzylated wood showed a smaller decrease in outflow temperature as the WPG increased, compared with the liquid phase benzylated wood. The crystallinities of the mechanochemical and liquid phase benzylated woods decreased as the WPG increased. However, the mechanochemical benzylated wood maintained a crystallinity of 10%, when the WPG was from 20% to 60%.
{"title":"Characteristics of Benzylated Wood Meal Prepared by a Mechanochemical Method","authors":"H. Yamada, T. Saitou, Y. Kurimoto","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.67","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated the characteristics of benzylated wood meal, prepared by a mechanochemical and a liquid phase method. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra, thermogravimetric (TG) curves, thermal flow properties, and crystallinities were measured. Benzylated wood meals of weight percent gain (WPG) from 11% to 78% were prepared by both methods. According to the FTIR analysis, the mechanochemical and liquid phase benzylated woods showed the same tendency of relative intensity at 699 cm and 3450 cm. According to the TG analysis, the mechanochemical benzylated wood showed different thermal decomposition characteristics compared with the liquid phase benzylated wood. The temperature at which thermal decomposition was initiated for the mechanochemical benzylated wood decreased as the WPG increased. According to the thermal flow analysis, the mechanochemical benzylated wood showed a smaller decrease in outflow temperature as the WPG increased, compared with the liquid phase benzylated wood. The crystallinities of the mechanochemical and liquid phase benzylated woods decreased as the WPG increased. However, the mechanochemical benzylated wood maintained a crystallinity of 10%, when the WPG was from 20% to 60%.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86888695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simulating a nail-joint of wood-based panel onto lumber, a new test method of lateral nail resistance (LNR) was devised. The test jig is a one-plane-shear (OPS) type that does not induce a compulsory pull-through of the nail head. The LNR of particleboard with a thickness of 12 and 15 mm was tested to compare this method and the two-plane-shear (TPS) type of test according to ASTM D 1037. The LNR by the OPS type was found to be forty to sixty percent of that by the TPS type. The rate of increase of LNR due to increase of nail edge distance (de) of nail from 12 up to 24 mm was lower in the OPS type than in the TPS type. There was no significant difference of LNR tested at two nail positions, at the center of the specimen’s width and at a corner, for both the OPS and TPS types in the range of de from 12 to 24 mm. The retention of LNR after two types of accelerated aging that combined water-soaking and drying was found to be two to ten percent higher in the OPS type than in the TPS type.
{"title":"Effects of Test Methods on Lateral Nail Resistance of Particleboards","authors":"N. Sekino, Misaki Seino","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.40","url":null,"abstract":"Simulating a nail-joint of wood-based panel onto lumber, a new test method of lateral nail resistance (LNR) was devised. The test jig is a one-plane-shear (OPS) type that does not induce a compulsory pull-through of the nail head. The LNR of particleboard with a thickness of 12 and 15 mm was tested to compare this method and the two-plane-shear (TPS) type of test according to ASTM D 1037. The LNR by the OPS type was found to be forty to sixty percent of that by the TPS type. The rate of increase of LNR due to increase of nail edge distance (de) of nail from 12 up to 24 mm was lower in the OPS type than in the TPS type. There was no significant difference of LNR tested at two nail positions, at the center of the specimen’s width and at a corner, for both the OPS and TPS types in the range of de from 12 to 24 mm. The retention of LNR after two types of accelerated aging that combined water-soaking and drying was found to be two to ten percent higher in the OPS type than in the TPS type.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81285825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yukie Saito, A. Yamamoto, M. Ohta, T. Arima, Yasuhiro Utsumi, S. Koga, M. Kadomatsu, Nao Sakanoue, Hirokazu Yamamoto
Bark isreproducible by the tree when its cambium is carefully left without damaging it by decorticate technicians.Throughout the world, reproduced bark has been traditionally used for daily commodities such as cork from cork oak (Quercussuber)in Portugal, or house buildings,such as roof tilesof 굴피rom sawtooth oak (Quercusacutissima) in Korea and Hiwadaroof plate from japanese cypress (Chamaecyparisobtusa) in Japan, etc.For traditional roof constructionin Japan, especially for national heritages, Hiwada bark is indispensable, and a number of cultural properties are awaiting for its supply for repairesthat arenecessary approximatedlyevery 40 years. However, Hiwada production is suffering from a shortageof old trees, which must bejapanese cypresstrees of more than 80 years old. Also,there is alack of traditional master technicians, motokawashi, who can decorticate the bark without damaging the cambium, and due tothe misunderstanding oftimber sellersthat decorticationimpaires the mechanical properties of the tree. We have been engaged in a series of research projects to solve this shortage of Hiwada. This study aimed to clarify whether bark decortication for Hiwada production changes the mechanical properties of the xylem,focusing on xylem production in the cambium after decortication, by measuring Young’s modulus and the cellulose-microfibrilangle. It is difficult to discuss the impact of decortication accuratelywithout considering other effectssuch asindividual variabilityand climate change. Bark was carefully removedincontrol experiments and by quantative treatments.A pair of trees, grown under very similar conditions, one of which was decorticated and the other was not treated, were compared. In order to remove the individual variability at each cell level, a series of daughter cells with the same mother cell in the cambium were sampled in annual rings and compared. Then, five to ten annual rings each before and after decortication and the changes in ratios were compared to the control, andthe impact of decortication itself was discussedandinvestigated.
{"title":"Does Bark-Decortication for Hiwada Production Change Mechanical Properties of Xylem in Chamaecyparis obtusa ?","authors":"Yukie Saito, A. Yamamoto, M. Ohta, T. Arima, Yasuhiro Utsumi, S. Koga, M. Kadomatsu, Nao Sakanoue, Hirokazu Yamamoto","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.25","url":null,"abstract":"Bark isreproducible by the tree when its cambium is carefully left without damaging it by decorticate technicians.Throughout the world, reproduced bark has been traditionally used for daily commodities such as cork from cork oak (Quercussuber)in Portugal, or house buildings,such as roof tilesof 굴피rom sawtooth oak (Quercusacutissima) in Korea and Hiwadaroof plate from japanese cypress (Chamaecyparisobtusa) in Japan, etc.For traditional roof constructionin Japan, especially for national heritages, Hiwada bark is indispensable, and a number of cultural properties are awaiting for its supply for repairesthat arenecessary approximatedlyevery 40 years. However, Hiwada production is suffering from a shortageof old trees, which must bejapanese cypresstrees of more than 80 years old. Also,there is alack of traditional master technicians, motokawashi, who can decorticate the bark without damaging the cambium, and due tothe misunderstanding oftimber sellersthat decorticationimpaires the mechanical properties of the tree. We have been engaged in a series of research projects to solve this shortage of Hiwada. This study aimed to clarify whether bark decortication for Hiwada production changes the mechanical properties of the xylem,focusing on xylem production in the cambium after decortication, by measuring Young’s modulus and the cellulose-microfibrilangle. It is difficult to discuss the impact of decortication accuratelywithout considering other effectssuch asindividual variabilityand climate change. Bark was carefully removedincontrol experiments and by quantative treatments.A pair of trees, grown under very similar conditions, one of which was decorticated and the other was not treated, were compared. In order to remove the individual variability at each cell level, a series of daughter cells with the same mother cell in the cambium were sampled in annual rings and compared. Then, five to ten annual rings each before and after decortication and the changes in ratios were compared to the control, andthe impact of decortication itself was discussedandinvestigated.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83878252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cellulase is an enzyme family for the production of sugars from cellulosic biomass, and the key enzyme of future biomass utilization. The history of the enzyme family goes back to the 19th century, whereas its mechanistic analysis was initiated in the latter half of the 20th century. Biochemical and structural studies have been carried out independently at that time, and static information was ex-panded to dynamic analysis in this century. In the present review, I would like to introduce an over-view of cellulase research in addition to our recent approaches to demonstrate single molecular obser-vations.
{"title":"New Insights Taking Lessons from Past Mechanistic Analysis of Enzymatic Cellulose Degradation for Biomass Refinery","authors":"K. Igarashi","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.212","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulase is an enzyme family for the production of sugars from cellulosic biomass, and the key enzyme of future biomass utilization. The history of the enzyme family goes back to the 19th century, whereas its mechanistic analysis was initiated in the latter half of the 20th century. Biochemical and structural studies have been carried out independently at that time, and static information was ex-panded to dynamic analysis in this century. In the present review, I would like to introduce an over-view of cellulase research in addition to our recent approaches to demonstrate single molecular obser-vations.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87168081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biotechnological approaches, e.g. genomic selection, genetic manipulation and new breeding technolo-gy, are big tools for plant breeding, because woody plants are cultivated for longer times as compared with crops. The recent development of next generation sequencer allows opening genome information of many organisms. Genomic selection using genome information can be rapidly applied for forest tree breeding. In the future tailor-made woody plants would be bred depending on their purpose by biotechnology.
{"title":"Current Status and Perspective of Wood Biotechnology from an Industrial Aspect","authors":"A. Kawaoka","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.207","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnological approaches, e.g. genomic selection, genetic manipulation and new breeding technolo-gy, are big tools for plant breeding, because woody plants are cultivated for longer times as compared with crops. The recent development of next generation sequencer allows opening genome information of many organisms. Genomic selection using genome information can be rapidly applied for forest tree breeding. In the future tailor-made woody plants would be bred depending on their purpose by biotechnology.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75073686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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