As for various research works on agronomic trait improvements of major crop plants, biotechnology is also useful for wood and tree improvements such as controlling the chemical composition of wood components and the selection of elite trees. Significant recent progress in biotechnology, including molecular biology, molecular genetics, and metabolic engineering, facilitated the identification of genes contributing to wood formation and tree growth regulation. Here the current status of basic research in wood and tree biotechnology will be reviewed briefly and future prospects will be discussed. 主要な農作物における形質改善の場合と同様に，バイオテクノロジーは木材成分の改変や精鋭
{"title":"Current Status and Future Prospects of Wood and Tree Biotechnology","authors":"S. Kajita","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.200","url":null,"abstract":"As for various research works on agronomic trait improvements of major crop plants, biotechnology is also useful for wood and tree improvements such as controlling the chemical composition of wood components and the selection of elite trees. Significant recent progress in biotechnology, including molecular biology, molecular genetics, and metabolic engineering, facilitated the identification of genes contributing to wood formation and tree growth regulation. Here the current status of basic research in wood and tree biotechnology will be reviewed briefly and future prospects will be discussed. 主要な農作物における形質改善の場合と同様に，バイオテクノロジーは木材成分の改変や精鋭","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75926331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To investigate the accumulation and localization of heartwood extractives in (cid:9488)(cid:9509)(cid:9526)(cid:9517)(cid:9532)(cid:9444)(cid:9519)(cid:9509)(cid:9513)(cid:9521)(cid:9524)(cid:9514)(cid:9513)(cid:9526)(cid:9517) （Lamb.） larch）, fluorescence microscopic observations were performed after staining with 2−aminoethyl diphenylborinate （2−APB, DPBA）. First, three flavonoids （（2(cid:9494), 3(cid:9494)）−taxifolin, （2(cid:9494), 3(cid:9494)）−dihydrokaempferol, （2(cid:9495)）−naringenin） were isolated from Japanese larch heartwood. These compounds were spotted on membranes, which were subjected to fluorescence microscopic observations before and after staining with DPBA. Fluorescence spectra of the solution of these compounds were also measured. As the results, the fluorescence intensities of the flavonoids were enhanced after DPBA staining, and their intensities and color tones were characteristic for each flavonoid. After DPBA staining, fluorescence behaviors of sapwood sections were unchanged compared with the auto-fluorescence （before the staining）, whereas the heartwood showed similar fluorescence to that of the authentic flavonoids, which was confirmed by the membrane tests. Furthermore, after extraction of Japanese larch heartwood sections by methanol, the fluorescence by DPBA staining was significantly weakened. These results indicated that fluorescence from Japanese larch heartwood sections after DPBA staining was derived predominately from the flavonoids in the sections. Consequently, it was revealed that in Japanese larch wood the distribution of heartwood extractive flavonoids could be visualized by fluorescence microscopy after DPBA staining.
{"title":"Visualization of the Distribution of Flavonoids in Larix kaempferi Wood by Fluorescence Microscopy","authors":"Y. Kawanishi, Nobumasa Bito, R. Nakada, T. Imai","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.297","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the accumulation and localization of heartwood extractives in (cid:9488)(cid:9509)(cid:9526)(cid:9517)(cid:9532)(cid:9444)(cid:9519)(cid:9509)(cid:9513)(cid:9521)(cid:9524)(cid:9514)(cid:9513)(cid:9526)(cid:9517) （Lamb.） larch）, fluorescence microscopic observations were performed after staining with 2−aminoethyl diphenylborinate （2−APB, DPBA）. First, three flavonoids （（2(cid:9494), 3(cid:9494)）−taxifolin, （2(cid:9494), 3(cid:9494)）−dihydrokaempferol, （2(cid:9495)）−naringenin） were isolated from Japanese larch heartwood. These compounds were spotted on membranes, which were subjected to fluorescence microscopic observations before and after staining with DPBA. Fluorescence spectra of the solution of these compounds were also measured. As the results, the fluorescence intensities of the flavonoids were enhanced after DPBA staining, and their intensities and color tones were characteristic for each flavonoid. After DPBA staining, fluorescence behaviors of sapwood sections were unchanged compared with the auto-fluorescence （before the staining）, whereas the heartwood showed similar fluorescence to that of the authentic flavonoids, which was confirmed by the membrane tests. Furthermore, after extraction of Japanese larch heartwood sections by methanol, the fluorescence by DPBA staining was significantly weakened. These results indicated that fluorescence from Japanese larch heartwood sections after DPBA staining was derived predominately from the flavonoids in the sections. Consequently, it was revealed that in Japanese larch wood the distribution of heartwood extractive flavonoids could be visualized by fluorescence microscopy after DPBA staining.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78146386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The parenchyma cells in wood survive and keep their physiological activity for a long time, from a few years to several decades, whereas the vessel elements, tracheids, and wood fiber, which function as water conduit or strengthen the stem, die immediately after cell maturation. Parenchyma cells play important roles for the trees’ longevity. Functional material transport is necessary for the parenchyma cells to store and recycle the materials for the trees’ growth. Also, during heartwood formation, reserve materials convert into heartwood substances and cell death of the parenchyma cells occurs. This text focuses on material transport and heartwood formation, and reviews recent studies as well as presents challenges to future studies of these functions.
{"title":"Functions of Parenchyma Cells in Wood; Material Transport and Heartwood Formation","authors":"K. Kuroda","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.131","url":null,"abstract":"The parenchyma cells in wood survive and keep their physiological activity for a long time, from a few years to several decades, whereas the vessel elements, tracheids, and wood fiber, which function as water conduit or strengthen the stem, die immediately after cell maturation. Parenchyma cells play important roles for the trees’ longevity. Functional material transport is necessary for the parenchyma cells to store and recycle the materials for the trees’ growth. Also, during heartwood formation, reserve materials convert into heartwood substances and cell death of the parenchyma cells occurs. This text focuses on material transport and heartwood formation, and reviews recent studies as well as presents challenges to future studies of these functions.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87027494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various kinds of screws are used for timber structures and they will become more and more popular fasteners in the future. In this article, I reviewed some domestic and international codes, standards and researches. Screws are dowel type fasteners such as nails, bolts, and so on. Therefore, shear performance of screw joints can be calculated from common theory. Furthermore, withdrawal strength of screw is much higher than that of other fasteners. Thus it is possible to consider the load increase as a “rope effect”, to design inclined screw joints for expected withdrawal capacity, and to use screws as timber reinforcement assemblies. Changing domestic codes, making standards more effective and evaluating long term behavior of screw joints will be future tasks.
{"title":"Present and Future Tasks for Screw Joints in Timber Structures","authors":"K. Kobayashi","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.162","url":null,"abstract":"Various kinds of screws are used for timber structures and they will become more and more popular fasteners in the future. In this article, I reviewed some domestic and international codes, standards and researches. Screws are dowel type fasteners such as nails, bolts, and so on. Therefore, shear performance of screw joints can be calculated from common theory. Furthermore, withdrawal strength of screw is much higher than that of other fasteners. Thus it is possible to consider the load increase as a “rope effect”, to design inclined screw joints for expected withdrawal capacity, and to use screws as timber reinforcement assemblies. Changing domestic codes, making standards more effective and evaluating long term behavior of screw joints will be future tasks.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85223151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reactions and Molecular Mechanisms of Cellulose Pyrolysis","authors":"H. Kawamoto","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76776680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant secondary metabolites (specialized metabolites) have been used for natural pigments, spices, sweeteners, and medicines over a long human history. Along with recent developments of analytical instruments, our scientific knowledge of their structures, biosyntheses, and biological activities has been enlarged dramatically. Based on biological information, we have improved crops with different strategies e.g., classical breeding, mutation, transformation, and genomic selection. Here I show advanced examples of novel gene hunting by next generation sequencer (NGS) in the genomics era and metabolic engineering of useful plant metabolites on yeast platform with high productivity, leading to innovations in crop breeding and production systems for valuable compounds.
{"title":"Perspective on Industrial Application of Specialized Metabolites in the Genomic Era","authors":"Eiichiro Ono","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.232","url":null,"abstract":"Plant secondary metabolites (specialized metabolites) have been used for natural pigments, spices, sweeteners, and medicines over a long human history. Along with recent developments of analytical instruments, our scientific knowledge of their structures, biosyntheses, and biological activities has been enlarged dramatically. Based on biological information, we have improved crops with different strategies e.g., classical breeding, mutation, transformation, and genomic selection. Here I show advanced examples of novel gene hunting by next generation sequencer (NGS) in the genomics era and metabolic engineering of useful plant metabolites on yeast platform with high productivity, leading to innovations in crop breeding and production systems for valuable compounds.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81306900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to evaluate X−ray mass attenuation coefficients （MACs） for some common wood adhesives in the tube voltage range from 15 kV to 100 kV. Cured blocks of 10 common wood adhesives were made and their X−ray radiographs were taken with the tube voltage range of 15−100 kV. The ratio of the MAC of each wood adhesive to that of wood was determined. Regarding water-based polymer-isocyanate adhesive, polychloroprene rubber adhesive, phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive and polymethylene polyphenylene polyisocyanate adhesive, the MAC ratio varies depending on X−ray tube voltage. The variation may lead to the acquisition of adhesive-weighed radiographs suitable for observing adhesive in wood-based materials. It may also enable a dual-energy X−ray absorptiometry for determining the amount of adhesive in wood-based materials.
{"title":"X-ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Some Common Wood Adhesives in the Tube Voltage Range from 15kV to 100kV","authors":"Takashi Tanaka, K. Adachi, M. Yamada","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.308","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate X−ray mass attenuation coefficients （MACs） for some common wood adhesives in the tube voltage range from 15 kV to 100 kV. Cured blocks of 10 common wood adhesives were made and their X−ray radiographs were taken with the tube voltage range of 15−100 kV. The ratio of the MAC of each wood adhesive to that of wood was determined. Regarding water-based polymer-isocyanate adhesive, polychloroprene rubber adhesive, phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive and polymethylene polyphenylene polyisocyanate adhesive, the MAC ratio varies depending on X−ray tube voltage. The variation may lead to the acquisition of adhesive-weighed radiographs suitable for observing adhesive in wood-based materials. It may also enable a dual-energy X−ray absorptiometry for determining the amount of adhesive in wood-based materials.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72841462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The number of research topics of seismic performance of wooden houses increased dramatically dur-ing last two decades after many wooden houses were damaged due to the Southern Hyogo Prefecture earthquake in 1995. Many shaking table tests of full-size wooden houses have been carried out with improvements of testing facilities and methods. On the other hand, some seismic response analysis models for wooden houses have been proposed. This review article introduces current research topics with shaking table tests and seismic response analysis of full-size wooden houses using pre- or post-analysis, and presents problems and foresights.
{"title":"Shaking Table Tests and Seismic Response Analyses of Wooden Houses","authors":"T. Nakagawa","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.154","url":null,"abstract":"The number of research topics of seismic performance of wooden houses increased dramatically dur-ing last two decades after many wooden houses were damaged due to the Southern Hyogo Prefecture earthquake in 1995. Many shaking table tests of full-size wooden houses have been carried out with improvements of testing facilities and methods. On the other hand, some seismic response analysis models for wooden houses have been proposed. This review article introduces current research topics with shaking table tests and seismic response analysis of full-size wooden houses using pre- or post-analysis, and presents problems and foresights.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90092770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we estimated the element strength distribution of Laminated Veneer Lumber （LVL） by the nonlinear least-squares method, supposing an element of veneer with adhesive. However, in or-der to validate this method, we must compare the element strength distribution estimated by this method with that calculated from experimental data. Then, we extracted specimens of 1ply, 2ply and 3ply with an adhesion layer from the remainders of LVL and carried out the same static tests as the experiments for LVL. Comparing the experimental values of 1ply and the estimated values in the pre-vious report, the latter were larger than the former for Modulus of rapture （MOR） in the horizontal and vertical use directions, and tension and compression strengths. Accordingly, a laminating effect was suggested by those strengths. To ascertain this, the strength distributions of 2ply and 3ply were simulated by the experimental data of 1ply. Also the population distributions for the strengths of 2ply and 3ply were estimated by the maximum likelihood method. Comparing the strength distributions simulated by 1ply with the population distributions, the population distribution was larger for MOR in the vertical use direction, tension strength and compression strength. Therefore, in those strengths, it turned out that the laminating effect existed. On the other hand, we could not determine whether or not the laminating effect existed for MOR in the horizontal use direction. : laminated veneer lumber （LVL）, nonlinear least-squares method, element strength, laminating effect.
{"title":"Validation of Method for Estimating Element Strength Distribution of Laminated Veneer Lumber I.: Laminating effect in the strength of laminated veneer lumber@@@単板積層材強度における積層効果","authors":"Makoto Koseki, N. Nakamura","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.55","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we estimated the element strength distribution of Laminated Veneer Lumber （LVL） by the nonlinear least-squares method, supposing an element of veneer with adhesive. However, in or-der to validate this method, we must compare the element strength distribution estimated by this method with that calculated from experimental data. Then, we extracted specimens of 1ply, 2ply and 3ply with an adhesion layer from the remainders of LVL and carried out the same static tests as the experiments for LVL. Comparing the experimental values of 1ply and the estimated values in the pre-vious report, the latter were larger than the former for Modulus of rapture （MOR） in the horizontal and vertical use directions, and tension and compression strengths. Accordingly, a laminating effect was suggested by those strengths. To ascertain this, the strength distributions of 2ply and 3ply were simulated by the experimental data of 1ply. Also the population distributions for the strengths of 2ply and 3ply were estimated by the maximum likelihood method. Comparing the strength distributions simulated by 1ply with the population distributions, the population distribution was larger for MOR in the vertical use direction, tension strength and compression strength. Therefore, in those strengths, it turned out that the laminating effect existed. On the other hand, we could not determine whether or not the laminating effect existed for MOR in the horizontal use direction. : laminated veneer lumber （LVL）, nonlinear least-squares method, element strength, laminating effect.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87311096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Novel developments of wood-based materials and technologies since the dawn of history have ex-tended the base of wood science. Therefore, wood physics and wood-based material sciences retain a key role in the development of wood science. In this paper, remarkable research achievements were introduced based on gathering research presentations in both presentation categories at the meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society during the past ten years. Then the potentials of future research with high originality and creativity were discussed. Furthermore, the effect of rapid development of manufacturing technologies on the conventional approach of wood science and technology was dis-cussed. Finally, the roles played by wood physics and wood-based material science since in a future view of manufacturing technology for wood-based materials was discussed.
{"title":"Wood Physics and Wood-based Material Science Leading the Way to Future Manufacturing Technology","authors":"Koji Adachi","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.61.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.61.186","url":null,"abstract":"Novel developments of wood-based materials and technologies since the dawn of history have ex-tended the base of wood science. Therefore, wood physics and wood-based material sciences retain a key role in the development of wood science. In this paper, remarkable research achievements were introduced based on gathering research presentations in both presentation categories at the meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society during the past ten years. Then the potentials of future research with high originality and creativity were discussed. Furthermore, the effect of rapid development of manufacturing technologies on the conventional approach of wood science and technology was dis-cussed. Finally, the roles played by wood physics and wood-based material science since in a future view of manufacturing technology for wood-based materials was discussed.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78385093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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