Hirofumi Ido, Hirofumi Nagao, S. Miura, Atsushi Miyatake
{"title":"スギを用いて製造したクロス・ラミネイティド・ティンバー（CLT）のめり込み強度性能","authors":"Hirofumi Ido, Hirofumi Nagao, S. Miura, Atsushi Miyatake","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85592704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research Review of Performance-Based Seismic Design and Real Performance Followed by Non-Engineered Design of Wood Houses","authors":"H. Isoda","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.195","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79914279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Hashida, M. Tabata, Y. Kubojima, R. Makino, S. Kubo, Y. Kataoka, M. Tonosaki, S. Ohara
dyeing properties for fabrics of the wood were investigated. To obtain the phenolic pigments, the wood was extracted with hot water under various conditions. It was revealed that a higher amount of phenolics was extracted by the addition of sodium carbonate. The extract solution was found to have a good dyeing affinity for nylon, wool and silk fabrics. Using the solution from the extraction with hot water containing sodium carbonate, deep dyeing could be attained by adding acetic acid. In addition, by mordanting with metal salt, deep dyed fabrics were colored more deeply than the fabrics dyed with the hot water extract. The washing fastness of the dyed cotton fabric was poor, but it was improved by mordanting with metal salt, especially with iron （II） acetate. Moreover, it was found that the dyed cotton fabrics exhibited definite antibacterial activity against (cid:9495)(cid:9528)(cid:9509)(cid:9524)(cid:9516)(cid:9533)(cid:9520)(cid:9523)(cid:9511)(cid:9523)(cid:9511)(cid:9511)(cid:9529)(cid:9527)(cid:9444)(cid:9509)(cid:9529)(cid:9526)(cid:9513)(cid:9529)(cid:9527) and (cid:9481)(cid:9527)(cid:9511)(cid:9516)(cid:9513)(cid:9526)(cid:9517)(cid:9511)(cid:9516)(cid:9517)(cid:9509)(cid:9444)(cid:9511)(cid:9523)(cid:9520)(cid:9517).
{"title":"Dyeing Properties for Fabrics of the Wood of Toxicodendron vernicifluum","authors":"K. Hashida, M. Tabata, Y. Kubojima, R. Makino, S. Kubo, Y. Kataoka, M. Tonosaki, S. Ohara","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.48","url":null,"abstract":"dyeing properties for fabrics of the wood were investigated. To obtain the phenolic pigments, the wood was extracted with hot water under various conditions. It was revealed that a higher amount of phenolics was extracted by the addition of sodium carbonate. The extract solution was found to have a good dyeing affinity for nylon, wool and silk fabrics. Using the solution from the extraction with hot water containing sodium carbonate, deep dyeing could be attained by adding acetic acid. In addition, by mordanting with metal salt, deep dyed fabrics were colored more deeply than the fabrics dyed with the hot water extract. The washing fastness of the dyed cotton fabric was poor, but it was improved by mordanting with metal salt, especially with iron （II） acetate. Moreover, it was found that the dyed cotton fabrics exhibited definite antibacterial activity against (cid:9495)(cid:9528)(cid:9509)(cid:9524)(cid:9516)(cid:9533)(cid:9520)(cid:9523)(cid:9511)(cid:9523)(cid:9511)(cid:9511)(cid:9529)(cid:9527)(cid:9444)(cid:9509)(cid:9529)(cid:9526)(cid:9513)(cid:9529)(cid:9527) and (cid:9481)(cid:9527)(cid:9511)(cid:9516)(cid:9513)(cid:9526)(cid:9517)(cid:9511)(cid:9516)(cid:9517)(cid:9509)(cid:9444)(cid:9511)(cid:9523)(cid:9520)(cid:9517).","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87823382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two types of mixed-species three-ply CLTs （Cross-Laminated Timbers） composed of hinoki-sugi-hi-noki and akamatsu-sugi-akamatsu were manufactured in this study. The relationships between modulus of dynamic elasticity using frequency （(cid:9481) fr ） of logs or lamina graded visually for knots, and modulus of elasticity （MOE） of edge-glued laminae were investigated. Moreover, mixed-species three-ply CLTs were examined by static bending tests to clarify the bending properties. The results are summarized as follows : Positive correlations were recognized between (cid:9481) fr of logs and MOE of edge-glued laminae for each species. When comparing average values of MOE of edge-glued laminae graded visually for knots, it was recognized that for sugi and akamatsu, MOEs of edge-glued laminae with none or fewer knots were significantly larger than those with few knots and loose knots. MOEs for mixed-species three-ply CLTs were clearly greater than those for sugi-only three-ply CLTs. When comparing mixed-species three-ply CLTs with hinoki or akamatsu single species three-ply CLTs, air-dry densities for mixed-species three-ply CLTs were significantly lower. However, differences of MOEs between mixed-species three-ply CLTs and hinoki or akamatsu single species three-ply CLTs were hardly recognized. : sugi, edge-glued lamina, mixed-species, CLT, modulus of elasticity.
{"title":"Bending Properties of Mixed-Species, Three-Ply CLTs (Cross-Laminated Timbers) with Inner Layer of Sugi","authors":"T. Goto, A. Fukushima, S. Nakayama, T. Furuno","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.336","url":null,"abstract":"Two types of mixed-species three-ply CLTs （Cross-Laminated Timbers） composed of hinoki-sugi-hi-noki and akamatsu-sugi-akamatsu were manufactured in this study. The relationships between modulus of dynamic elasticity using frequency （(cid:9481) fr ） of logs or lamina graded visually for knots, and modulus of elasticity （MOE） of edge-glued laminae were investigated. Moreover, mixed-species three-ply CLTs were examined by static bending tests to clarify the bending properties. The results are summarized as follows : Positive correlations were recognized between (cid:9481) fr of logs and MOE of edge-glued laminae for each species. When comparing average values of MOE of edge-glued laminae graded visually for knots, it was recognized that for sugi and akamatsu, MOEs of edge-glued laminae with none or fewer knots were significantly larger than those with few knots and loose knots. MOEs for mixed-species three-ply CLTs were clearly greater than those for sugi-only three-ply CLTs. When comparing mixed-species three-ply CLTs with hinoki or akamatsu single species three-ply CLTs, air-dry densities for mixed-species three-ply CLTs were significantly lower. However, differences of MOEs between mixed-species three-ply CLTs and hinoki or akamatsu single species three-ply CLTs were hardly recognized. : sugi, edge-glued lamina, mixed-species, CLT, modulus of elasticity.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83331249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This report presents a method for drawing a non-normal probability ellipse with constant probability density (dNNE). In other words, dNNE is a probability density contour for which inner probability is specified. The aim of this study is to develop modeling and visualization techniques for bivariate nonnormal distributed data such as elasticity and strength of timber. We have mathematically examined probability density contours of bivariate distributions and inner probabilities of the contours, and a numerical calculation method for drawing dNNE was obtained. A procedure for evaluating the probability of a data region enclosed by a closed curve was introduced into this method. We have verified the following performances of the method by numerical experiments using some groups of accumulated timber strength data in bending. The performances included suitability of probability density contours, accuracy of inner probabilities, and visual expressiveness for bivariate data. These results confirmed that the method showed good performances.
{"title":"Non-Normal Probability Ellipse for Representing Bivariate Data of the Strength Properties of Timber II.","authors":"Satomi Sonoda, K. Fujita, Y. Iijima","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.80","url":null,"abstract":"This report presents a method for drawing a non-normal probability ellipse with constant probability density (dNNE). In other words, dNNE is a probability density contour for which inner probability is specified. The aim of this study is to develop modeling and visualization techniques for bivariate nonnormal distributed data such as elasticity and strength of timber. We have mathematically examined probability density contours of bivariate distributions and inner probabilities of the contours, and a numerical calculation method for drawing dNNE was obtained. A procedure for evaluating the probability of a data region enclosed by a closed curve was introduced into this method. We have verified the following performances of the method by numerical experiments using some groups of accumulated timber strength data in bending. The performances included suitability of probability density contours, accuracy of inner probabilities, and visual expressiveness for bivariate data. These results confirmed that the method showed good performances.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78739980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four phosphorus type chemicals were mixed with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate in various mixing ratios. These mixed chemicals were impregnated into Sugi wood, and the treated woods were evaluated for heat release performance by cone calorimeter tests. Total heat release of woods treated with mixed chemicals at ratios of 9 : 1 and 8 : 2 for diammonium hydrogenphosphate and poly-phosphat-ic carbamate, and treated with guanidine phosphate at mixing ratio at 9 : 1 was less than that of woods treated with mixtures using phosphorus type chemicals. However, woods treated with mixtures using ammonium dihydrogenphosphate did not result in the mixing ratios that decrease total heat release. According to the observations of combustion behavior during heating, it was concluded that decreases of total heat release for wood treated with mixed chemicals were related to suppression of glowing of wood. The woods treated with mixed chemicals at mixing ratios that decreased the total heat release as cited above, also showed decreased total mass loss or effective heat of combustion than the woods treated with phosphorus type chemicals used in the mixture. According to these data, it was concluded that mixed chemicals that decreased total heat release of wood, caused this by a synergistic effect between the phosphorus and the boric type chemicals. (cid:9487)(cid:9513)(cid:9533)(cid:9531)(cid:9523)(cid:9526)(cid:9512)(cid:9527)
{"title":"Effects of Chemical Mixtures of Phosphorus and Boric Types on Heat Release Performance of Wood","authors":"Masayuki Kawarasaki, S. Kikuchi","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.269","url":null,"abstract":"Four phosphorus type chemicals were mixed with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate in various mixing ratios. These mixed chemicals were impregnated into Sugi wood, and the treated woods were evaluated for heat release performance by cone calorimeter tests. Total heat release of woods treated with mixed chemicals at ratios of 9 : 1 and 8 : 2 for diammonium hydrogenphosphate and poly-phosphat-ic carbamate, and treated with guanidine phosphate at mixing ratio at 9 : 1 was less than that of woods treated with mixtures using phosphorus type chemicals. However, woods treated with mixtures using ammonium dihydrogenphosphate did not result in the mixing ratios that decrease total heat release. According to the observations of combustion behavior during heating, it was concluded that decreases of total heat release for wood treated with mixed chemicals were related to suppression of glowing of wood. The woods treated with mixed chemicals at mixing ratios that decreased the total heat release as cited above, also showed decreased total mass loss or effective heat of combustion than the woods treated with phosphorus type chemicals used in the mixture. According to these data, it was concluded that mixed chemicals that decreased total heat release of wood, caused this by a synergistic effect between the phosphorus and the boric type chemicals. (cid:9487)(cid:9513)(cid:9533)(cid:9531)(cid:9523)(cid:9526)(cid:9512)(cid:9527)","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79051610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research Trends of Natural Adhesives","authors":"K. Umemura","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88406922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the use of high-temperature setting method, for kiln drying green square timbers with pith at high-temperature and low-humidity conditions at the initial drying stage, has spread in Japan, there is no established optimal kiln-drying schedule for various softwood species of larger-sized rectangular timbers used for beams and girders. Therefore, we tried to determine an adequate high-temperature setting method for reducing both surface- and internal checks through analyzing the effects of temperature conditions and size of the timbers. The results suggested that moisture content after high-tem-perature setting treatment might affect the occurrences of internal checks in akamatsu（(cid:9492)(cid:9517)(cid:9522)(cid:9529)(cid:9527)(cid:9444)(cid:9512)(cid:9513)(cid:9522)(cid:9527)(cid:9517)(cid:9457) (cid:9514)(cid:9520)(cid:9523)(cid:9526)(cid:9509)） and sugi
{"title":"Effect of High-Temperature Setting Treatment Conditions on Internal and Surface Checks of Rectangular Timbers with Pith","authors":"Y. Nakashima, T. Takeda, Y. Hosoo, M. Tokumoto","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.309","url":null,"abstract":"While the use of high-temperature setting method, for kiln drying green square timbers with pith at high-temperature and low-humidity conditions at the initial drying stage, has spread in Japan, there is no established optimal kiln-drying schedule for various softwood species of larger-sized rectangular timbers used for beams and girders. Therefore, we tried to determine an adequate high-temperature setting method for reducing both surface- and internal checks through analyzing the effects of temperature conditions and size of the timbers. The results suggested that moisture content after high-tem-perature setting treatment might affect the occurrences of internal checks in akamatsu（(cid:9492)(cid:9517)(cid:9522)(cid:9529)(cid:9527)(cid:9444)(cid:9512)(cid:9513)(cid:9522)(cid:9527)(cid:9517)(cid:9457) (cid:9514)(cid:9520)(cid:9523)(cid:9526)(cid:9509)） and sugi","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75095928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Akita prefecture, all wood type wooden check dams which are composed of wood members and lag screws have been studied and developed. The cost of the lag screws amounts to 20% to 30% of the entire construction cost. Therefore, as a substitute for the lag screws, we examined deformed steel bars which cost a tenth of the lag screws and would be very economical. Since pull-out force and shearing force can occur at joints of the wooden check dam simultaneously under design load conditions, the same performance would be required for the deformed steel bars as for the lag screws. In this study, we conducted pull-out and shear tests of the joints for different embedment depths of the deformed steel bar. Shear test results were compared with the yield capacity according to European yield theory. The results can be summarized as follows : In regard to shearing strength, the deformed steel bars give a performance equivalent to that of lag screws. In regard to pull-out strength, the deformed steel bar is a possible substitute for the lag screw. However, pull-out performance of the deformed steel bar is only about 80% of that of the lag screw. In order to expect the same pull-out performance as for lag screws, the pre-drilled hole diameter needs to be 14 mm and the embedment depth needs to be 200 mm.
{"title":"Estimation of Shear Strength and Pull-out Strength of Timber Joints Using Deformed Steel Bars for Civil Engineering Construction with Large Cross Sections.","authors":"R. Noda, Takanobu Sasaki, T. Chida","doi":"10.2488/jwrs.60.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.60.249","url":null,"abstract":"In Akita prefecture, all wood type wooden check dams which are composed of wood members and lag screws have been studied and developed. The cost of the lag screws amounts to 20% to 30% of the entire construction cost. Therefore, as a substitute for the lag screws, we examined deformed steel bars which cost a tenth of the lag screws and would be very economical. Since pull-out force and shearing force can occur at joints of the wooden check dam simultaneously under design load conditions, the same performance would be required for the deformed steel bars as for the lag screws. In this study, we conducted pull-out and shear tests of the joints for different embedment depths of the deformed steel bar. Shear test results were compared with the yield capacity according to European yield theory. The results can be summarized as follows : In regard to shearing strength, the deformed steel bars give a performance equivalent to that of lag screws. In regard to pull-out strength, the deformed steel bar is a possible substitute for the lag screw. However, pull-out performance of the deformed steel bar is only about 80% of that of the lag screw. In order to expect the same pull-out performance as for lag screws, the pre-drilled hole diameter needs to be 14 mm and the embedment depth needs to be 200 mm.","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76905436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wetwood in Trees","authors":"R. Nakada","doi":"10.2488/JWRS.60.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2488/JWRS.60.63","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90657579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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