In order to improve the use efficiency of a cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), and supplemental chemical N fertilizer, N release and uptake patterns from HV, fast-release N fertilizer (Fast), and slow-release N fertilizer (Slow) in fresh market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production were investigated using the 15N-labeling method. In the incubation of soil-added N at two mix rates, 20% Fast + 80% Slow (FS) and 100% Slow (S), a large amount of inorganic N, mainly NH4-N, was released by FS in 4 weeks. Tomato ‘House momotaro’ was grown in 1/2000 a Wagner pots incorporating such N fertilizer and 15N-labeled HV residue (30 g DW/pot, about 200 kg N·ha-1). Plant biomass in tomato grown with HV was larger than that grown without HV. HV-derived N (Ndfhv) was taken up by the tomatoes mainly until 4 weeks after transplant (WAT). The uptake amount of Ndfhv was the same in the pot with HV-FS and HV-S. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%Ndfhv) was 43% in HV-S, higher than that in HV-FS (34%) in 4 WAT; however, such a difference disappeared after 4 WAT. N uptake by tomato plants continued until 12 WAT. Based on these results, HV acted as a fast-release fertilizer. There was competition in N uptake between chemical fertilizer N and HV-released N in the early stage of tomato cultivation. A large amount of chemical fertilizer tended to suppress the uptake of Ndfhv. N uptake by tomato plant continued until the late stage. These results can be applied to establish a suitable combination of HV and chemical fertilizer for tomato production.
为了提高覆盖作物毛豆(Vicia villosa R.， HV)和化学氮肥的利用效率，采用15n标记法研究了毛豆(HV)、速释氮肥(Fast)和缓释氮肥(Slow)在新鲜市场番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)生产中的氮素释放和吸收规律。在20% Fast + 80% Slow (FS)和100% Slow (S)两种混合配比下，FS在4周内释放了大量无机氮，主要是NH4-N。番茄“House momotaro”在1/2000个Wagner盆栽中种植，其中加入了这种氮肥和15n标记的HV残留物(30 g DW/盆栽，约200 kg N·ha-1)。经HV处理的番茄植株生物量大于不经HV处理的。移栽后4周，番茄主要吸收hv源性氮(Ndfhv)。在HV-FS和HV-S培养皿中，Ndfhv的吸收量相同。HV- s处理的番茄植株氮素吸收占总氮素吸收的比例(%Ndfhv)为43%，高于HV- fs处理的34%;然而，这种差异在4 WAT后消失了。番茄植株对氮的吸收持续到12 WAT。基于这些结果，HV作为一种快速释放肥料。在番茄栽培初期，化肥氮素与释放氮素在氮素吸收上存在竞争关系。大量施用化肥往往会抑制Ndfhv的吸收。番茄植株对氮的吸收持续到后期。这些结果可用于确定番茄生产中HV与化肥的适宜组合。
{"title":"Hairy Vetch Derived-N Uptake by Tomato Grown in a Pot Containing Fast- and Slow-release N Fertilizer","authors":"Yuichi Sugihara, Hideto Ueno, T. Hirata, H. Araki","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-061","url":null,"abstract":"In order to improve the use efficiency of a cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), and supplemental chemical N fertilizer, N release and uptake patterns from HV, fast-release N fertilizer (Fast), and slow-release N fertilizer (Slow) in fresh market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production were investigated using the 15N-labeling method. In the incubation of soil-added N at two mix rates, 20% Fast + 80% Slow (FS) and 100% Slow (S), a large amount of inorganic N, mainly NH4-N, was released by FS in 4 weeks. Tomato ‘House momotaro’ was grown in 1/2000 a Wagner pots incorporating such N fertilizer and 15N-labeled HV residue (30 g DW/pot, about 200 kg N·ha-1). Plant biomass in tomato grown with HV was larger than that grown without HV. HV-derived N (Ndfhv) was taken up by the tomatoes mainly until 4 weeks after transplant (WAT). The uptake amount of Ndfhv was the same in the pot with HV-FS and HV-S. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%Ndfhv) was 43% in HV-S, higher than that in HV-FS (34%) in 4 WAT; however, such a difference disappeared after 4 WAT. N uptake by tomato plants continued until 12 WAT. Based on these results, HV acted as a fast-release fertilizer. There was competition in N uptake between chemical fertilizer N and HV-released N in the early stage of tomato cultivation. A large amount of chemical fertilizer tended to suppress the uptake of Ndfhv. N uptake by tomato plant continued until the late stage. These results can be applied to establish a suitable combination of HV and chemical fertilizer for tomato production.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"222-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyutaro Kishimoto, H. Maeda, Tomoaki Haketa, N. Oyama-Okubo
Ornamental cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. acephala f. tricolor ) cultivars of Japanese seed companies are grown in Europe. Unpleasant odors from cut flowers have become a problem in this region. We investigated volatiles emitted from cut flowers of ‘Hatsubeni’ and ‘Haresugata’, two major Japanese ornamental cabbage cultivars in Europe, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Dimethyl disulfide was identified as the major odor-active component emerging from plants as well as from vase water. Vase water was a major source of unpleasant scents, and odor development was prevented by changing the water frequently. We tested the effects of potential suppressors of dimethyl disulfide emission from cut flowers applied to vase water. Cyprodinil, an inhibitor of the synthesis of dimethyl disulfide from methionine, and aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of enzy-matic reactions involved in dimethyl disulfide biosynthesis, did not show any effects. In contrast, isothiazolinonic germicide, a cut-flower preservative, inhibited the rot of cut ends of flower stems and reduced dimethyl disulfide emission from cut flowers by 30–40%. In addition, this germicide significantly inhibited emissions from vase water. Isothiazolinonic germicide is a promising candidate inhibitor of unpleasant scents from cut flowers of ornamental cabbage.
观赏卷心菜(Brassica oleracea var. acephala f. tricolor)是日本种子公司在欧洲种植的品种。切花散发出难闻的气味已经成为这个地区的一个问题。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究了欧洲两种主要的日本观赏白菜品种“Hatsubeni”和“Haresugata”切花的挥发性成分。二甲基二硫化物是植物和花瓶水中产生的主要气味活性成分。花瓶里的水是令人不快的气味的主要来源，经常换水可以防止气味的发展。我们测试了潜在的抑制剂对花瓶水中切花二甲二硫释放的影响。甲硫氨酸合成二甲二硫的抑制剂赛普地尼和二甲二硫生物合成中酶促反应的抑制剂氨基乙酸没有表现出任何影响。而切花防腐剂异噻唑啉酸杀菌剂对切花茎端腐病有抑制作用，可使切花中二甲二硫化物的释放量减少30-40%。此外，这种杀菌剂还能显著抑制花瓶水的排放。异噻唑啉酸杀菌剂是一种很有前途的抑制观赏白菜切花异味的药剂。
{"title":"Odor Components and the Control of Odor Development in Ornamental Cabbage","authors":"Kyutaro Kishimoto, H. Maeda, Tomoaki Haketa, N. Oyama-Okubo","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-093","url":null,"abstract":"Ornamental cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. acephala f. tricolor ) cultivars of Japanese seed companies are grown in Europe. Unpleasant odors from cut flowers have become a problem in this region. We investigated volatiles emitted from cut flowers of ‘Hatsubeni’ and ‘Haresugata’, two major Japanese ornamental cabbage cultivars in Europe, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Dimethyl disulfide was identified as the major odor-active component emerging from plants as well as from vase water. Vase water was a major source of unpleasant scents, and odor development was prevented by changing the water frequently. We tested the effects of potential suppressors of dimethyl disulfide emission from cut flowers applied to vase water. Cyprodinil, an inhibitor of the synthesis of dimethyl disulfide from methionine, and aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of enzy-matic reactions involved in dimethyl disulfide biosynthesis, did not show any effects. In contrast, isothiazolinonic germicide, a cut-flower preservative, inhibited the rot of cut ends of flower stems and reduced dimethyl disulfide emission from cut flowers by 30–40%. In addition, this germicide significantly inhibited emissions from vase water. Isothiazolinonic germicide is a promising candidate inhibitor of unpleasant scents from cut flowers of ornamental cabbage.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"252-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Uemachi, Y. Mizuhara, K. Deguchi, Y. Shinjo, Eriko Kajino, H. Ohba
In Japan, there are many genetic resources for breeding hydrangea cultivars, but it is difficult to utilize them effectively for breeding because of a lack of phylogenetic information. In this study, the phylogenetic relationship of H. macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. f. normalis (E.H.Wilson) H.Hara and H. serrata (Thunb.) Ser. was evaluated by using RAPD markers and sequences of the plastid genes rbcL and matK. The materials were collected from their wild populations throughout Japan. Both RAPD analysis and chloroplast DNA analysis indicated that the genetic diversity of H. serrata var. serrata was higher than that of H. macrophylla f. normalis or that of H. serrata (Thunb.) Ser. var. yesoensis (Koidz.) H.Ohba. These analyses revealed that H. serrata var. serrata of Japan was separated into two groups; i.e., eastern serrata group and western serrata group. The western serrata group was divided into two or three subgroups by single base substitutions in the matK or rbcL fragment sequences. The results of chloroplast DNA analysis indicated that H. serrata of Shikoku, which was one of the western serrata subgroups, was evolutionarily differentiated from other western serrata subgroups. MatK and rbcL sequences of the eastern serrata group were identical to those of H. macrophylla f. normalis and H. serrata var. yesoensis. The matK sequences of the eastern serrata group, H. macrophylla f. normalis and H. serrata var. yesoensis, contained a duplication of 6 bp (GGTTAT), which was not found in the western serrata group or other Hydrangea species. Analysis of the matK and rbcL sequences revealed that H. serrata var. serrata is paraphyletic and that the eastern serrata group, H. macrophylla f. normalis and H. serrata var. yesoensis, form a monophyletic group. The present study provided useful information for breeding hydrangea cultivars and for the taxonomic treatment of H. macrophylla and H. serrata including the varieties.
在日本，绣球品种选育遗传资源丰富，但由于缺乏系统发育信息，难以有效利用。本文研究了大叶蝉属植物的系统发育关系。爵士。H. hara和H. serrata (Thunb.)爵士。利用RAPD标记和质体基因rbcL和matK的序列进行鉴定。这些材料是从日本各地的野生种群中收集的。RAPD分析和叶绿体DNA分析均表明，锯齿锯齿的遗传多样性高于正常大叶锯齿和锯齿锯齿。爵士。叶氏变种(Koidz.)H.Ohba。分析结果表明，日本的锯齿齿猴可分为两个类群;即东部塞拉塔群和西部塞拉塔群。通过对matK或rbcL片段序列进行单碱基替换，将西部塞拉塔群体分为2个或3个亚群。叶绿体DNA分析结果表明，四国剑齿苋是西部剑齿苋亚群之一，与其他西部剑齿苋亚群存在进化分化。东部锯齿组的MatK和rbcL序列与大叶锯齿组和叶锯齿组相同。东线绣球属大叶绣球属(H. macrophylla f. normalis)和东线绣球属(H. serrata变种. yesoensis)的matK序列含有6 bp (GGTTAT)的重复，这在西线绣球属和其他绣球属中均未发现。matK和rbcL序列分析表明，东部大叶锯鼠属正常锯鼠和叶锯鼠属单系。本研究为绣球花品种选育及大叶绣球花和锯齿绣球花(含品种)的分类处理提供了有益的资料。
{"title":"Phylogenetic Relationship of Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. and H. serrata (Thunb.) Ser. Evaluated Using RAPD Markers and Plastid DNA Sequences","authors":"T. Uemachi, Y. Mizuhara, K. Deguchi, Y. Shinjo, Eriko Kajino, H. Ohba","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-092","url":null,"abstract":"In Japan, there are many genetic resources for breeding hydrangea cultivars, but it is difficult to utilize them effectively for breeding because of a lack of phylogenetic information. In this study, the phylogenetic relationship of H. macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. f. normalis (E.H.Wilson) H.Hara and H. serrata (Thunb.) Ser. was evaluated by using RAPD markers and sequences of the plastid genes rbcL and matK. The materials were collected from their wild populations throughout Japan. Both RAPD analysis and chloroplast DNA analysis indicated that the genetic diversity of H. serrata var. serrata was higher than that of H. macrophylla f. normalis or that of H. serrata (Thunb.) Ser. var. yesoensis (Koidz.) H.Ohba. These analyses revealed that H. serrata var. serrata of Japan was separated into two groups; i.e., eastern serrata group and western serrata group. The western serrata group was divided into two or three subgroups by single base substitutions in the matK or rbcL fragment sequences. The results of chloroplast DNA analysis indicated that H. serrata of Shikoku, which was one of the western serrata subgroups, was evolutionarily differentiated from other western serrata subgroups. MatK and rbcL sequences of the eastern serrata group were identical to those of H. macrophylla f. normalis and H. serrata var. yesoensis. The matK sequences of the eastern serrata group, H. macrophylla f. normalis and H. serrata var. yesoensis, contained a duplication of 6 bp (GGTTAT), which was not found in the western serrata group or other Hydrangea species. Analysis of the matK and rbcL sequences revealed that H. serrata var. serrata is paraphyletic and that the eastern serrata group, H. macrophylla f. normalis and H. serrata var. yesoensis, form a monophyletic group. The present study provided useful information for breeding hydrangea cultivars and for the taxonomic treatment of H. macrophylla and H. serrata including the varieties.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"163-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Sugiura, D. Sakamoto, Y. Koshita, H. Sugiura, T. Asakura
Researchers have predicted that most of the current satsuma mandarin-producing regions will become unfavorable for growing this citrus crop by the 2060s owing to global warming. To offer satsuma mandarin growers information for making replanting decisions, we estimated future changes in locations suitable for the cultivation of tankan (Citrus tankan Hayata), the leading subtropical citrus in Japan. The results of fruit-freezing experiments suggested that the threshold air temperature for the cold tolerance of tankan fruit is about -2°C. The locations suitable for tankan were simulated on the basis of future annual mean air temperatures evaluated by the MIROC3.2-HiRes climate model under the SRES-A1B GHG emission scenario and future annual minimum air temperatures calculated from future daily minimum temperatures evaluated by this climate model and the current air temperature variability. The results of the simulation showed that most of the Pacific coastal area from the Kanto Plain and to the west will become suitable for tankan cultivation during 2031–2050, and that coastal areas of the current satsuma mandarin-producing regions in Japan should be suitable for tankan production by 2050. The inland area of southern Kyushu Island, despite its proximity to current tankan-producing regions, is predicted to experience temperatures causing a high frequency of cold injury to tankan fruits even during 2051–2070. Therefore, if satsuma mandarin production becomes difficult on account of increased global warming, tankan could be produced as a substitute in coastal areas of the current satsuma mandarin-producing regions. However, we predict that it will be difficult to produce tankan in inland areas of the current satsuma mandarin-producing regions.
{"title":"Predicted Changes in Locations Suitable for Tankan Cultivation Due to Global Warming in Japan","authors":"T. Sugiura, D. Sakamoto, Y. Koshita, H. Sugiura, T. Asakura","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-094","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have predicted that most of the current satsuma mandarin-producing regions will become unfavorable for growing this citrus crop by the 2060s owing to global warming. To offer satsuma mandarin growers information for making replanting decisions, we estimated future changes in locations suitable for the cultivation of tankan (Citrus tankan Hayata), the leading subtropical citrus in Japan. The results of fruit-freezing experiments suggested that the threshold air temperature for the cold tolerance of tankan fruit is about -2°C. The locations suitable for tankan were simulated on the basis of future annual mean air temperatures evaluated by the MIROC3.2-HiRes climate model under the SRES-A1B GHG emission scenario and future annual minimum air temperatures calculated from future daily minimum temperatures evaluated by this climate model and the current air temperature variability. The results of the simulation showed that most of the Pacific coastal area from the Kanto Plain and to the west will become suitable for tankan cultivation during 2031–2050, and that coastal areas of the current satsuma mandarin-producing regions in Japan should be suitable for tankan production by 2050. The inland area of southern Kyushu Island, despite its proximity to current tankan-producing regions, is predicted to experience temperatures causing a high frequency of cold injury to tankan fruits even during 2051–2070. Therefore, if satsuma mandarin production becomes difficult on account of increased global warming, tankan could be produced as a substitute in coastal areas of the current satsuma mandarin-producing regions. However, we predict that it will be difficult to produce tankan in inland areas of the current satsuma mandarin-producing regions.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"117-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A highly efficient and simple micropropagation system for Phalaenopsis was developed using elongated protocorm-like bodies (ePLBs) obtained by skotomorphogenesis. When normal protocorm-like bodies (nPLBs) without growing point excision were cultured under different light conditions (dark: 0 mmol·m-2·s-1, low light: 2 mmol·m-2·s-1, high light: 80 mmol·m-2·s-1, of photosynthetic photon flux density respectively), PLB proliferation efficiency was higher under dark than high light and low light conditions. In addition, shoot formation percentage was lower under dark conditions (8.0%) than under low light (66.0%) and high light conditions (68.2%) and few PLBs developed shoots during culture under dark conditions. The Secondary ePLBs obtained after culturing under dark conditions were approximately twice as long as nPLBs. After acclimation under low light conditions for 2 weeks, the ePLBs were transferred to high light conditions after making a partial incision in their apical parts. Under high light conditions, a large number of secondary PLBs were obtained from ePLBs, 6 times as many as from nPLBs treated with the same partial incisions. The findings of this study showed that culturing PLBs in dark conditions suppresses shoot formation that might interfere with PLB proliferation, and that a large number of secondary PLBs could be obtained from these ePLBs compared with nPLBs after exposure to high light intensity.
{"title":"Development of a Highly Efficient and Simple Micropropagation System for Phalaenopsis Using Elongated Protocorm-like Bodies Induced by Skotomorphogenesis under Dark Conditions","authors":"Shinichi Enoki, Y. Takahara","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-083","url":null,"abstract":"A highly efficient and simple micropropagation system for Phalaenopsis was developed using elongated protocorm-like bodies (ePLBs) obtained by skotomorphogenesis. When normal protocorm-like bodies (nPLBs) without growing point excision were cultured under different light conditions (dark: 0 mmol·m-2·s-1, low light: 2 mmol·m-2·s-1, high light: 80 mmol·m-2·s-1, of photosynthetic photon flux density respectively), PLB proliferation efficiency was higher under dark than high light and low light conditions. In addition, shoot formation percentage was lower under dark conditions (8.0%) than under low light (66.0%) and high light conditions (68.2%) and few PLBs developed shoots during culture under dark conditions. The Secondary ePLBs obtained after culturing under dark conditions were approximately twice as long as nPLBs. After acclimation under low light conditions for 2 weeks, the ePLBs were transferred to high light conditions after making a partial incision in their apical parts. Under high light conditions, a large number of secondary PLBs were obtained from ePLBs, 6 times as many as from nPLBs treated with the same partial incisions. The findings of this study showed that culturing PLBs in dark conditions suppresses shoot formation that might interfere with PLB proliferation, and that a large number of secondary PLBs could be obtained from these ePLBs compared with nPLBs after exposure to high light intensity.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"149-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A recently popular Japanese yellow-green-skin table grape, ‘Shine Muscat’ (Vitis labruscana Bailey × V. vinifera L.), has the problem of berry skin browning, which occurs at the maturation stage just before harvest. Tiny reddish-brown blotches appear on the surface of berries and considerably decrease the grape’s market value. Although the mechanisms and factors for browning are unknown, we hypothesized the involvement of polyphenol compounds and their oxidation reactions. In this study, the gene expressions of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), stilbene synthase (STS), and chalcone synthase (CHS), which are key enzymatic genes related to the metabolic pathway for polyphenols, were analyzed during berry maturation to examine the molecular basis for browning. Skin browning occurred on several berries in a bunch of ‘Shine Muscat’ from 80 days after full bloom (DAFB), after which the number of berries with skin browning increased, and the browned area spread on the berry surfaces with maturation. Increases in the expression of VvPPO2, VvSTS type B, and VvCHS1 were associated with skin browning, and the trans-resveratrol content also increased in the browning skin, suggesting that biosynthesis and metabolic pathways for phenolic compounds were activated at the time of browning. In terms of VvPPO genes, specific up-regulation of VvPPO2 expression was observed compared with the VvPPO1 gene. The promoter sequence of VvPPO2 contains more Myb binding motifs and W-box motifs than does VvPPO1. The specific up-regulation of VvPPO2 gene expression will play a crucial role in understanding and managing the skin-browning mechanism in the grape berries of ‘Shine Muscat’.
{"title":"Skin Browning and Expression of PPO, STS, and CHS Genes in the Grape Berries of ‘Shine Muscat’","authors":"Yuka Suehiro, K. Mochida, H. Itamura, T. Esumi","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-095","url":null,"abstract":"A recently popular Japanese yellow-green-skin table grape, ‘Shine Muscat’ (Vitis labruscana Bailey × V. vinifera L.), has the problem of berry skin browning, which occurs at the maturation stage just before harvest. Tiny reddish-brown blotches appear on the surface of berries and considerably decrease the grape’s market value. Although the mechanisms and factors for browning are unknown, we hypothesized the involvement of polyphenol compounds and their oxidation reactions. In this study, the gene expressions of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), stilbene synthase (STS), and chalcone synthase (CHS), which are key enzymatic genes related to the metabolic pathway for polyphenols, were analyzed during berry maturation to examine the molecular basis for browning. Skin browning occurred on several berries in a bunch of ‘Shine Muscat’ from 80 days after full bloom (DAFB), after which the number of berries with skin browning increased, and the browned area spread on the berry surfaces with maturation. Increases in the expression of VvPPO2, VvSTS type B, and VvCHS1 were associated with skin browning, and the trans-resveratrol content also increased in the browning skin, suggesting that biosynthesis and metabolic pathways for phenolic compounds were activated at the time of browning. In terms of VvPPO genes, specific up-regulation of VvPPO2 expression was observed compared with the VvPPO1 gene. The promoter sequence of VvPPO2 contains more Myb binding motifs and W-box motifs than does VvPPO1. The specific up-regulation of VvPPO2 gene expression will play a crucial role in understanding and managing the skin-browning mechanism in the grape berries of ‘Shine Muscat’.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"122-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The infection efficiency of Agrobacterium to cotyledon explants of Japanese apricot ( Prunus mume ) was markedly improved by sonication treatment. The use of sGFP(S65T) reporter gene in this study enabled direct observation of transgene expression, thus allowing the evaluation of Agrobacterium infection efficiency. Immature cotyledons of different cultivars and different developmental stages were subjected to sonication treatment of durations ranging from 10 sec to 2 min. When early-stage immature cotyledons of ‘Nanko’ were subjected to sonication treatment, the transient GFP expression frequency after co-cultivation was nearly 100% and GFP fluorescence was distributed over almost the entire cotyledon surface. In contrast, when the inoculation was carried out according to the standard dipping method, transient GFP expression frequency was less than 10% and GFP fluorescence was observed only in spots. The highest frequency of somatic embryogenesis (SEG) with GFP expression was obtained from 40 sec sonication treatment of May 14 ‘Nanko’ immature cotyledons. However, with younger cotyledons, which have a higher SEG frequency, 20 sec of sonication treatment was found to be sufficient to increase the infection frequency.
{"title":"Improving Infection Efficiency of Agrobacterium to Immature Cotyledon Explants of Japanese Apricot (Prunus mume) by Sonication Treatment","authors":"M. Gao-Takai, R. Tao","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-085","url":null,"abstract":"The infection efficiency of Agrobacterium to cotyledon explants of Japanese apricot ( Prunus mume ) was markedly improved by sonication treatment. The use of sGFP(S65T) reporter gene in this study enabled direct observation of transgene expression, thus allowing the evaluation of Agrobacterium infection efficiency. Immature cotyledons of different cultivars and different developmental stages were subjected to sonication treatment of durations ranging from 10 sec to 2 min. When early-stage immature cotyledons of ‘Nanko’ were subjected to sonication treatment, the transient GFP expression frequency after co-cultivation was nearly 100% and GFP fluorescence was distributed over almost the entire cotyledon surface. In contrast, when the inoculation was carried out according to the standard dipping method, transient GFP expression frequency was less than 10% and GFP fluorescence was observed only in spots. The highest frequency of somatic embryogenesis (SEG) with GFP expression was obtained from 40 sec sonication treatment of May 14 ‘Nanko’ immature cotyledons. However, with younger cotyledons, which have a higher SEG frequency, 20 sec of sonication treatment was found to be sufficient to increase the infection frequency.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"108-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Mochizuki, Y. Iwasaki, Mitsutoshi Fuke, I. Ogiwara
. Nagahata, H. and A. Kuroda. 2004. Varietal differences in dry matter production and nitrogen absorption among early-maturing rice varieties under an artificial high temperature condition. The Hokuriku Crop Sci. 39: 78–80 (In Japanese). Nagashima, Y. and M. Sada. 1982. Root development in strawberry forcing culture. Bull. Shizuoka Agr. Exp. Stn. 27: 31–36
{"title":"Analysis of a High-yielding Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) Cultivar ‘Benihoppe’ with Focus on Root Dry Matter and Activity","authors":"Y. Mochizuki, Y. Iwasaki, Mitsutoshi Fuke, I. Ogiwara","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-088","url":null,"abstract":". Nagahata, H. and A. Kuroda. 2004. Varietal differences in dry matter production and nitrogen absorption among early-maturing rice varieties under an artificial high temperature condition. The Hokuriku Crop Sci. 39: 78–80 (In Japanese). Nagashima, Y. and M. Sada. 1982. Root development in strawberry forcing culture. Bull. Shizuoka Agr. Exp. Stn. 27: 31–36","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"142-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The MADS-box gene family is one of the largest transcription factor gene families in plants and is necessary at various developmental stages. Many studies on flower development show that especially MIKCc-type MADSbox genes are essential for proper floral organ development. We identified and characterized MIKCc-type MADS-box genes expressed in Eustoma grandiflorum flowers. Twenty-three genes were identified and grouped into 10 clades, which were characterized by conserved specific motifs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the diversification of AG/PLE, AP3/DEF, PI/GLO, and SEP clades and the occurrence of recent gene duplication events. The floral organ-specific expression patterns were partly diversified within the gene members of AP3/DEF and SEP clades, while they were conserved in AG/PLE and PI/GLO clades. These results suggest that genes with conserved expression as well as those with diversified expression contribute to specifying floral organ identity in E. grandiflorum.
{"title":"Conservation and Diversification of Floral Homeotic MADS-box Genes in Eustoma grandiflorum","authors":"M. Ishimori, S. Kawabata","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-098","url":null,"abstract":"The MADS-box gene family is one of the largest transcription factor gene families in plants and is necessary at various developmental stages. Many studies on flower development show that especially MIKCc-type MADSbox genes are essential for proper floral organ development. We identified and characterized MIKCc-type MADS-box genes expressed in Eustoma grandiflorum flowers. Twenty-three genes were identified and grouped into 10 clades, which were characterized by conserved specific motifs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the diversification of AG/PLE, AP3/DEF, PI/GLO, and SEP clades and the occurrence of recent gene duplication events. The floral organ-specific expression patterns were partly diversified within the gene members of AP3/DEF and SEP clades, while they were conserved in AG/PLE and PI/GLO clades. These results suggest that genes with conserved expression as well as those with diversified expression contribute to specifying floral organ identity in E. grandiflorum.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"172-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Plantaginaceae exhibit the S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system. This type of GSI is controlled by a single polymorphic locus ( S locus) containing the pistil S determinant gene, S-ribonuclease ( S-RNase ), and the pollen S determinant, the S locus F-box gene ( SFB/SLF ). In addition to these determinant genes, non-S factors, called modifier genes, are required for the GSI reaction. Here, we conducted large-scale transcriptome analysis of unpollinated, self-pollinated, and cross-pollinated pistils of Japanese apricot ( Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. cv. Nanko) to capture all of the molecular events induced by the GSI reaction in Prunus , using next-generation sequencing technologies. We obtained 40,061 unigenes from 77,521,310 reads from pollinated and unpollinated pistils and pollen grains. Among these unigenes, 29,985 and 27,898 unigene sequences showed at least one hit against the NCBI nr and TAIR10 protein databases, respective - ly, in BLASTX searches using an E-value cutoff of 1e-6. Digital expression analysis showed that 8,907 and 10,190 unigenes were expressed at significantly different levels between unpollinated (UP) and cross-pollinated (CP) pistils and between UP and self-pollinated (SP) pistils, respectively. The expression of 4,348 unigenes in both CP and SP pollination was commonly and significantly different from that in UP, while the expression of 4,559 and 5,842 unigenes in CP and SP, respectively, was specifically and significantly different from UP. The expression of 2,227 unigenes was up-regulated both in CP and SP compared with UP. Genes supposedly involved in S-RNase-based GSI were included among the unigenes up-regulated by pollination, while no unigenes homologous to the solanaceous pistil modifiers HT-B or 120K were included among the unigenes up-regulated by pollination or in the whole unpollinated/pollinated pistil transcriptome. We discuss the distinct molecular mechanism of S-RNase-based GSI in Prunus .
{"title":"Transcriptome Analysis of Self- and Cross-pollinated Pistils of Japanese Apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.)","authors":"T. Habu, R. Tao","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-086","url":null,"abstract":"Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Plantaginaceae exhibit the S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system. This type of GSI is controlled by a single polymorphic locus ( S locus) containing the pistil S determinant gene, S-ribonuclease ( S-RNase ), and the pollen S determinant, the S locus F-box gene ( SFB/SLF ). In addition to these determinant genes, non-S factors, called modifier genes, are required for the GSI reaction. Here, we conducted large-scale transcriptome analysis of unpollinated, self-pollinated, and cross-pollinated pistils of Japanese apricot ( Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. cv. Nanko) to capture all of the molecular events induced by the GSI reaction in Prunus , using next-generation sequencing technologies. We obtained 40,061 unigenes from 77,521,310 reads from pollinated and unpollinated pistils and pollen grains. Among these unigenes, 29,985 and 27,898 unigene sequences showed at least one hit against the NCBI nr and TAIR10 protein databases, respective - ly, in BLASTX searches using an E-value cutoff of 1e-6. Digital expression analysis showed that 8,907 and 10,190 unigenes were expressed at significantly different levels between unpollinated (UP) and cross-pollinated (CP) pistils and between UP and self-pollinated (SP) pistils, respectively. The expression of 4,348 unigenes in both CP and SP pollination was commonly and significantly different from that in UP, while the expression of 4,559 and 5,842 unigenes in CP and SP, respectively, was specifically and significantly different from UP. The expression of 2,227 unigenes was up-regulated both in CP and SP compared with UP. Genes supposedly involved in S-RNase-based GSI were included among the unigenes up-regulated by pollination, while no unigenes homologous to the solanaceous pistil modifiers HT-B or 120K were included among the unigenes up-regulated by pollination or in the whole unpollinated/pollinated pistil transcriptome. We discuss the distinct molecular mechanism of S-RNase-based GSI in Prunus .","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"95-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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