Removing leaves around the grape cluster of Muscat Bailey A [Vitis × labruscana (Bailey) and Vitis vinifera (Muscat Hamburg)] cultivated in pergola style at the start of veraison increased the photosynthetically active radiation value by more than approximately 60and 30-fold compared with those of the control and grape cluster from vines grown on ground covered with reflective film (reflective-film-treated grape cluster), respectively. The improved light exposure caused by leaf removal increased total anthocyanin concentration and changed the ratios of anthocyanin derivatives in the grape skins. Total anthocyanin concentration in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins 10 weeks after veraison increased by approximately 6.5-fold compared with that of the control. In addition, delphinidin-based anthocyanin concentrations in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins increased by approximately 7-fold compared with those of the control. Leaf removal up-regulated anthocyanin-synthesis-related genes in grape skins, such as CHS, F3′H, F3′,5′H, and UFGT. In particular, the overexpression of F3′,5′H in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins suggested that leaf removal contributed to the accumulation of delphinidin-based anthocyanins in grape skin. These findings are expected to improve viticultural practices with the aim of producing dark-colored red wine made from cultivars grown in pergola style.
{"title":"Leaf Removal Accelerated Accumulation of Delphinidin-based Anthocyanins in ‘Muscat Bailey A’ [Vitis × labruscana (Bailey) and Vitis vinifera (Muscat Hamburg)] Grape Skin","authors":"Shuhei Matsuyama, Fumiko Tanzawa, Hironori Kobayashi, Shunji Suzuki, R. Takata, Hiroshi Saito","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-062","url":null,"abstract":"Removing leaves around the grape cluster of Muscat Bailey A [Vitis × labruscana (Bailey) and Vitis vinifera (Muscat Hamburg)] cultivated in pergola style at the start of veraison increased the photosynthetically active radiation value by more than approximately 60and 30-fold compared with those of the control and grape cluster from vines grown on ground covered with reflective film (reflective-film-treated grape cluster), respectively. The improved light exposure caused by leaf removal increased total anthocyanin concentration and changed the ratios of anthocyanin derivatives in the grape skins. Total anthocyanin concentration in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins 10 weeks after veraison increased by approximately 6.5-fold compared with that of the control. In addition, delphinidin-based anthocyanin concentrations in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins increased by approximately 7-fold compared with those of the control. Leaf removal up-regulated anthocyanin-synthesis-related genes in grape skins, such as CHS, F3′H, F3′,5′H, and UFGT. In particular, the overexpression of F3′,5′H in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins suggested that leaf removal contributed to the accumulation of delphinidin-based anthocyanins in grape skin. These findings are expected to improve viticultural practices with the aim of producing dark-colored red wine made from cultivars grown in pergola style.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cut Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. flowers are produced year-round in Japan; however, winter conditions are not favorable for flower production due to low sunlight levels. Here, we investigated the effect of CO2 enrichment after the flower budding stage on the growth and flowering of Eustoma ‘Bolero White’, which were grown under forcing culture for winter shipping. CO2 enrichment increased the fresh weight of plants, in addition to increasing the dry weights of leaves, stems, flower buds and open flowers, and roots. CO2 enrichment also increased the relative growth rate (RGR) by 32%, due to the net assimilation rate (NAR) being stimulated. However, CO2 enrichment had no effect on plant height or the leaf area ratio (LAR). Furthermore, CO2 enrichment increased the total number of flower buds and open flowers, in addition to accelerating flower bud development and the promotion of flowering. During the period of enrichment, the vegetative organs continued to grow in CO2-enriched plants, but not in the control plants. In conclusion, CO2 enrichment promoted flowering and improved the quality of cut flowers (i.e., increasing plant fresh and dry weight and the total number of flower buds and open flowers) of Eustoma under low-sunlight winter conditions.
{"title":"Promotive Effect of CO2 Enrichment on Plant Growth and Flowering of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. under a Winter Culture Regime","authors":"A. Ushio, H. Hara, N. Fukuta","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-040","url":null,"abstract":"Cut Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. flowers are produced year-round in Japan; however, winter conditions are not favorable for flower production due to low sunlight levels. Here, we investigated the effect of CO2 enrichment after the flower budding stage on the growth and flowering of Eustoma ‘Bolero White’, which were grown under forcing culture for winter shipping. CO2 enrichment increased the fresh weight of plants, in addition to increasing the dry weights of leaves, stems, flower buds and open flowers, and roots. CO2 enrichment also increased the relative growth rate (RGR) by 32%, due to the net assimilation rate (NAR) being stimulated. However, CO2 enrichment had no effect on plant height or the leaf area ratio (LAR). Furthermore, CO2 enrichment increased the total number of flower buds and open flowers, in addition to accelerating flower bud development and the promotion of flowering. During the period of enrichment, the vegetative organs continued to grow in CO2-enriched plants, but not in the control plants. In conclusion, CO2 enrichment promoted flowering and improved the quality of cut flowers (i.e., increasing plant fresh and dry weight and the total number of flower buds and open flowers) of Eustoma under low-sunlight winter conditions.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keisuke Tasaki, A. Nakatsuka, K. Cheon, N. Kobayashi
Japanese old azalea cultivars have various floral mutations. We isolated MADS-box class C homologous genes from wild-type Rhododendron macrosepalum to analyze the expression patterns in the floral organs of the narrow-petal mutational cultivars ‘Hanaguruma’, ‘Gin-no-zai’, and ‘Seigaiha’. The AG homologous genes RmAG1-1/-2/-3 were 99–100% identical to RkAG1-1/-2, which was isolated from R. kaempferi. In ‘Hanaguruma’, ‘Seigaiha’, and the wild type, the relative expression level of RmAG in whorl 2 was much lower than that in whorl 3. In contrast, the relative expression level of RmAG in whorl 2 of ‘Gin-no-zai’ was approximately 15.5% of that in whorl 3. In ‘Gin-no-zai’, the petals with mutations were categorized as 1 of these 3 types: type 1, consisting of narrow petals with traces of anthers; type 2, consisting of narrow petals only; and type 3, consisting of petals that coalesced with the neighboring petals. The relative expression levels of RmAG gradually increased from type 3 to type 1 petals. These results suggest that the degree of staminoidy for the petals in whorl 2 is attributable to the expression levels of RmAG.
{"title":"Expression of MADS-box Genes in Narrow-petaled Cultivars of Rhododendron macrosepalum Maxim.","authors":"Keisuke Tasaki, A. Nakatsuka, K. Cheon, N. Kobayashi","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-030","url":null,"abstract":"Japanese old azalea cultivars have various floral mutations. We isolated MADS-box class C homologous genes from wild-type Rhododendron macrosepalum to analyze the expression patterns in the floral organs of the narrow-petal mutational cultivars ‘Hanaguruma’, ‘Gin-no-zai’, and ‘Seigaiha’. The AG homologous genes RmAG1-1/-2/-3 were 99–100% identical to RkAG1-1/-2, which was isolated from R. kaempferi. In ‘Hanaguruma’, ‘Seigaiha’, and the wild type, the relative expression level of RmAG in whorl 2 was much lower than that in whorl 3. In contrast, the relative expression level of RmAG in whorl 2 of ‘Gin-no-zai’ was approximately 15.5% of that in whorl 3. In ‘Gin-no-zai’, the petals with mutations were categorized as 1 of these 3 types: type 1, consisting of narrow petals with traces of anthers; type 2, consisting of narrow petals only; and type 3, consisting of petals that coalesced with the neighboring petals. The relative expression levels of RmAG gradually increased from type 3 to type 1 petals. These results suggest that the degree of staminoidy for the petals in whorl 2 is attributable to the expression levels of RmAG.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Habu, H. Yamane, Ryuta Sasaki, K. Yano, H. Fujii, T. Shimizu, Toshiya Yamamoto, R. Tao
Bud dormancy is a critical developmental process for perennial plant survival, and also an important physiological phase that affects the next season’s growth of temperate fruit trees. Bud dormancy is regulated by multiple genetic factors, and affected by various environmental factors, tree age and vigor. To understand the molecular mechanism of bud dormancy in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.), we constructed a custom oligo DNA microarray covering the Japanese apricot dormant bud ESTs referring to the peach (P. persica) genome sequence. Because endodormancy release is a chilling temperature-dependent physiological event, genes showing chilling-mediated differential expression patterns are candidates to control endodormancy release. Using the microarray constructed in this study, we monitored gene expression changes of dormant vegetative buds of Japanese apricot during prolonged artificial chilling exposure. In addition, we analyzed seasonal gene expression changes. Among the 58539 different unigene probes, 2345 and 1059 genes were identified as being more than twofold up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, following chilling exposure for 60 days (P < 0.05). Cluster analysis suggested that the expression of the genes showing expression changes by artificial chilling exposure were coordinately regulated by seasonal changes. The down-regulated genes included P. mume DORMANCYASSOCIATED MADS-box genes, which supported previous quantitative RT-PCR and EST analyses showing that these genes are repressed by prolonged chilling exposure. The genes encoding lipoxygenase were markedly up-regulated by prolonged chilling. Our parametric analysis of gene-set enrichment suggested that genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) and oxylipin biosynthesis and metabolic processes were significantly up-regulated by prolonged chilling, whereas genes related to circadian rhythm were significantly down-regulated. The results obtained from microarray analyses were verified by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of selected genes. Taken together, we have concluded that the microarray platform constructed in this study is applicable for deeper understanding of the molecular network related to agronomically important bud physiology, including dormancy release.
{"title":"Custom Microarray Analysis for Transcript Profiling of Dormant Vegetative Buds of Japanese Apricot during Prolonged Chilling Exposure","authors":"T. Habu, H. Yamane, Ryuta Sasaki, K. Yano, H. Fujii, T. Shimizu, Toshiya Yamamoto, R. Tao","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-077","url":null,"abstract":"Bud dormancy is a critical developmental process for perennial plant survival, and also an important physiological phase that affects the next season’s growth of temperate fruit trees. Bud dormancy is regulated by multiple genetic factors, and affected by various environmental factors, tree age and vigor. To understand the molecular mechanism of bud dormancy in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.), we constructed a custom oligo DNA microarray covering the Japanese apricot dormant bud ESTs referring to the peach (P. persica) genome sequence. Because endodormancy release is a chilling temperature-dependent physiological event, genes showing chilling-mediated differential expression patterns are candidates to control endodormancy release. Using the microarray constructed in this study, we monitored gene expression changes of dormant vegetative buds of Japanese apricot during prolonged artificial chilling exposure. In addition, we analyzed seasonal gene expression changes. Among the 58539 different unigene probes, 2345 and 1059 genes were identified as being more than twofold up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, following chilling exposure for 60 days (P < 0.05). Cluster analysis suggested that the expression of the genes showing expression changes by artificial chilling exposure were coordinately regulated by seasonal changes. The down-regulated genes included P. mume DORMANCYASSOCIATED MADS-box genes, which supported previous quantitative RT-PCR and EST analyses showing that these genes are repressed by prolonged chilling exposure. The genes encoding lipoxygenase were markedly up-regulated by prolonged chilling. Our parametric analysis of gene-set enrichment suggested that genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) and oxylipin biosynthesis and metabolic processes were significantly up-regulated by prolonged chilling, whereas genes related to circadian rhythm were significantly down-regulated. The results obtained from microarray analyses were verified by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of selected genes. Taken together, we have concluded that the microarray platform constructed in this study is applicable for deeper understanding of the molecular network related to agronomically important bud physiology, including dormancy release.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Tatsuzawa, N. Saitǒ, T. Yukawa, T. Honda, K. Shinoda, K. Kato, K. Miyoshi
1Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan 2Meiji-Gakuin University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8636, Japan 3Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Science Museum, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan 4Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan 5NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan 6Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo 271-8510, Japan
{"title":"Acylated Cyanidin 3,7-Diglucosides in the Red-purple Flowers of Sophronitis wittigiana (Orchidaceae)","authors":"F. Tatsuzawa, N. Saitǒ, T. Yukawa, T. Honda, K. Shinoda, K. Kato, K. Miyoshi","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-084","url":null,"abstract":"1Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan 2Meiji-Gakuin University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8636, Japan 3Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Science Museum, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan 4Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan 5NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan 6Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo 271-8510, Japan","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sugiyama, M. Omura, T. Shimada, H. Fujii, T. Endo, T. Shimizu, H. Nesumi, K. Nonaka, Y. Ikoma
Citrus fruits contain significant amounts of various carotenoids and some of them are known to benefit human health. Approximately 115 different carotenoids have been reported in citrus fruits, and the color of the fruit and peel are caused by carotenoid accumulation (Stewart and Wheaton, 1973). The carotenoid content and composition in
{"title":"Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of Carotenoid Metabolism-related Genes in Citrus","authors":"A. Sugiyama, M. Omura, T. Shimada, H. Fujii, T. Endo, T. Shimizu, H. Nesumi, K. Nonaka, Y. Ikoma","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-054","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus fruits contain significant amounts of various carotenoids and some of them are known to benefit human health. Approximately 115 different carotenoids have been reported in citrus fruits, and the color of the fruit and peel are caused by carotenoid accumulation (Stewart and Wheaton, 1973). The carotenoid content and composition in","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The absorption of NO3 and growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L. ‘Yukikomachi’), and the timing and interval of NO3 supply were examined to evaluate quantitative nutrient management (QNM) of nutrient solution in a hydroponic culture of radish plants. In experiment 1, the amount of NO3 required for growth to a marketable size (30–35 g FW of thickened axis) was presumed to be approximately 1000 mg/plant by the direct measurement of NO3 absorption of radish plants grown with the EC-based control management method (EC-based control method) of nutrient solution containing different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 me·L-1) of NO3. In Experiment 2, plants were supplied with the total amount of NO3 (1000 mg/plant) at the beginning of the experiment or with 1/5 of the total amount of NO3 (1000 mg/plant) repeatedly 5 times every 4 days, and then their fresh weight and nutrient absorption were compared with the plants grown with the EC-based control method. Significant differences in the growth of thickened axes and leaves were not obtained among plants grown by three different methods. However, plants appeared to be supplied with an excess amount of nutrients because EC and NO3 levels were high at the end of cultivation. From the experiment in which plants were supplied with the whole amount of mineral nutrients containing 900, 800, and 700 mg/plant of NO3 at the beginning of the experiment in December, it became apparent that 800 mg/plant of nitrate would be sufficient for radish growth in the cold season. In conclusion, we propose the QNM method supplying the whole amount of nutrients required for crop growth at the beginning of cultivation so that radish plants could be produced without draining nutrient solution containing a large amount of NO3 from the hydroponic system into the environment.
研究了萝卜(Raphanus sativus L. ' Yukikomachi ')对NO3的吸收和生长情况，以及NO3供应的时间和间隔，以评价萝卜水培营养液的定量营养管理。在实验1中，通过对不同浓度NO3(2、4、6、8、10 me·L-1)营养液采用ec为基础的控制管理方法(ec为基础的控制方法)栽培的萝卜植株的NO3吸收量的直接测量，推测生长到可销售尺寸(增厚轴30-35 g FW)所需的NO3量约为1000 mg/株。试验2在试验开始时施用总NO3量(1000 mg/株)或每4 d重复施用总NO3量的1/5 (1000 mg/株)5次，与ec对照法生长的植株鲜重和养分吸收进行比较。三种不同生长方式的植株增厚轴和叶片的生长均无显著差异。然而，由于栽培结束时EC和NO3水平较高，植物似乎获得了过量的营养物质。从12月试验初期向植株全量提供NO3含量为900、800、700 mg/株的矿质养分的试验中可以看出，800 mg/株的硝酸盐对于寒冷季节的萝卜生长是足够的。综上所述，我们建议采用QNM法在栽培初期提供作物生长所需的全部养分，这样可以在不将水培系统中含有大量NO3的营养液排入环境的情况下生产萝卜植株。
{"title":"NO3− Requirement and the Quantitative Management Method of Nutrient Solution Based on NO3− Supply in Hydroponic Culture of Radish Plants","authors":"Huixia Li, Tomonobo Inokuchi, Tomomi Nagaoka, Mariko Tamura, Sachio Hamada, Shigetoshi Suzuki","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-060","url":null,"abstract":"The absorption of NO3 and growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L. ‘Yukikomachi’), and the timing and interval of NO3 supply were examined to evaluate quantitative nutrient management (QNM) of nutrient solution in a hydroponic culture of radish plants. In experiment 1, the amount of NO3 required for growth to a marketable size (30–35 g FW of thickened axis) was presumed to be approximately 1000 mg/plant by the direct measurement of NO3 absorption of radish plants grown with the EC-based control management method (EC-based control method) of nutrient solution containing different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 me·L-1) of NO3. In Experiment 2, plants were supplied with the total amount of NO3 (1000 mg/plant) at the beginning of the experiment or with 1/5 of the total amount of NO3 (1000 mg/plant) repeatedly 5 times every 4 days, and then their fresh weight and nutrient absorption were compared with the plants grown with the EC-based control method. Significant differences in the growth of thickened axes and leaves were not obtained among plants grown by three different methods. However, plants appeared to be supplied with an excess amount of nutrients because EC and NO3 levels were high at the end of cultivation. From the experiment in which plants were supplied with the whole amount of mineral nutrients containing 900, 800, and 700 mg/plant of NO3 at the beginning of the experiment in December, it became apparent that 800 mg/plant of nitrate would be sufficient for radish growth in the cold season. In conclusion, we propose the QNM method supplying the whole amount of nutrients required for crop growth at the beginning of cultivation so that radish plants could be produced without draining nutrient solution containing a large amount of NO3 from the hydroponic system into the environment.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDCA) is a structural analog of 2-oxoglutarate and has been shown to inhibit 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases by competing with 2-oxoglutarate, and ethylene production in detached carnation flowers by competing with ascorbate on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase action. In the present study, the inhibition of ACC oxidase action by PDCA was confirmed with a recombinant enzyme produced in Escherichia coli from carnation DcACO1 cDNA. PDCA had various effects on ethylene production in cut ‘Light Pink Barbara (LPB)’ carnation flowers; ethylene production was accelerated or delayed in some flowers, whereas it did not change in others as compared to untreated control flowers. This varied action of PDCA may be caused by its possible combined actions; that is, inhibition of ACC oxidase action as well as its action on unidentified biochemical processes which use 2-oxoglutarate as a co-substrate, such as the biosynthesis and inactivation of gibberellins. Meanwhile, PDCA treatment significantly prolonged the vase life of bunches of cut ‘LPB’ carnation flowers; the magnitude of the extension of vase life was 53, 111, and 135% at 0.3, 1, and 2 mM PDCA, respectively, as compared with the non-treated control. Also, PDCA lengthened the vase life of ‘Mule’ carnation flowers. The present findings suggest the potential of PDCA as a preservative for cut flowers of spray carnations.
2,4-吡啶二羧酸(PDCA)是2-氧戊二酸的结构类似物，已被证明通过与2-氧戊二酸竞争抑制2-氧戊二酸依赖的双加氧酶，并通过与抗坏血酸竞争1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)氧化酶的作用抑制离体康乃馨花的乙烯产生。本研究利用康乃馨daco1 cDNA在大肠杆菌中产生的重组酶证实了PDCA对ACC氧化酶的抑制作用。PDCA对淡粉色芭芭拉(LPB)康乃馨切花乙烯产量有不同程度的影响;与未经处理的对照花相比，乙烯的产生在一些花中加速或延迟，而在另一些花中没有变化。PDCA的这种变化作用可能是由其可能的联合作用引起的;即抑制ACC氧化酶的作用及其对以2-氧葡萄糖酸酯为共底物的未知生化过程的作用，如赤霉素的生物合成和失活。同时，PDCA处理显著延长了LPB型康乃馨切花的花瓶寿命;与未处理对照相比，在0.3、1和2 mM PDCA处理下，花瓶寿命延长幅度分别为53%、111%和135%。此外，PDCA延长了“骡子”康乃馨的花瓶寿命。本研究结果提示PDCA作为喷雾康乃馨切花防腐剂的潜力。
{"title":"2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid Prolongs the Vase Life of Cut Flowers of Spray Carnations","authors":"S. Satoh, Y. Kosugi, So Sugiyama, I. Ohira","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-082","url":null,"abstract":"2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDCA) is a structural analog of 2-oxoglutarate and has been shown to inhibit 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases by competing with 2-oxoglutarate, and ethylene production in detached carnation flowers by competing with ascorbate on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase action. In the present study, the inhibition of ACC oxidase action by PDCA was confirmed with a recombinant enzyme produced in Escherichia coli from carnation DcACO1 cDNA. PDCA had various effects on ethylene production in cut ‘Light Pink Barbara (LPB)’ carnation flowers; ethylene production was accelerated or delayed in some flowers, whereas it did not change in others as compared to untreated control flowers. This varied action of PDCA may be caused by its possible combined actions; that is, inhibition of ACC oxidase action as well as its action on unidentified biochemical processes which use 2-oxoglutarate as a co-substrate, such as the biosynthesis and inactivation of gibberellins. Meanwhile, PDCA treatment significantly prolonged the vase life of bunches of cut ‘LPB’ carnation flowers; the magnitude of the extension of vase life was 53, 111, and 135% at 0.3, 1, and 2 mM PDCA, respectively, as compared with the non-treated control. Also, PDCA lengthened the vase life of ‘Mule’ carnation flowers. The present findings suggest the potential of PDCA as a preservative for cut flowers of spray carnations.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the citrus industry, juvenility and alternate bearing are serious problems that cause lengthening of the breeding cycle and instability of annual fruit production, respectively. Both phenomena are closely related to flowering behavior: juvenility is caused by suppression of flowering in young plants and alternate bearing mainly results from suppression of flowering by fruit production. Many researchers have conducted studies into citrus flowering in a quest to resolve these problems. In recent years, molecular and genetic approaches to studying citrus flowering have been performed on the basis of studies on flowering-related genes in Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis, the protein encoding a flowering-related gene, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), plays an important role in the promotion of flowering. Similarly, a citrus orthologue of FT (CiFT) has been confirmed to have a function in the promotion of flowering in citrus. In studies of transgenic plants, a CiFT co-expression vector has been already used to shorten the juvenile phase of citrus. In addition, endogenous expression of CiFT is closely correlated with flowering under various conditions, suggesting that endogenous CiFT may regulate floral induction. Considering the accumulating data, the regulation of CiFT expression is hypothesized to be essential to understand the mechanism of citrus flowering and studies on CiFT are expected to contribute to the resolution of flowering-related problems in citrus.
{"title":"Regulation of Floral Induction in Citrus","authors":"F. Nishikawa","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.283","url":null,"abstract":"In the citrus industry, juvenility and alternate bearing are serious problems that cause lengthening of the breeding cycle and instability of annual fruit production, respectively. Both phenomena are closely related to flowering behavior: juvenility is caused by suppression of flowering in young plants and alternate bearing mainly results from suppression of flowering by fruit production. Many researchers have conducted studies into citrus flowering in a quest to resolve these problems. In recent years, molecular and genetic approaches to studying citrus flowering have been performed on the basis of studies on flowering-related genes in Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis, the protein encoding a flowering-related gene, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), plays an important role in the promotion of flowering. Similarly, a citrus orthologue of FT (CiFT) has been confirmed to have a function in the promotion of flowering in citrus. In studies of transgenic plants, a CiFT co-expression vector has been already used to shorten the juvenile phase of citrus. In addition, endogenous expression of CiFT is closely correlated with flowering under various conditions, suggesting that endogenous CiFT may regulate floral induction. Considering the accumulating data, the regulation of CiFT expression is hypothesized to be essential to understand the mechanism of citrus flowering and studies on CiFT are expected to contribute to the resolution of flowering-related problems in citrus.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To analyze the relationship between flower morphology and organ-specific promotion of cytokinin biosynthesis within flower buds, we introduced Arabidopsis isopentenyltransferase 4 (AtIPT4) into torenia (Torenia fournieri L.) under the control of APETALA1 (AP1) or APETALA3 (AP3) promoter. AP1::AtIPT4 plants had an increased number of petals, whereas AP3::AtIPT4 plants had an expanded corolla, a paracorolla, and serrated petal margins along with an increased number of petals. In AP3::AtIPT4 plants, marked receptacle enlargement was observed when the flower buds were in the early corolla development stage in which the paracorolla primordia differentiate. As expected, AtIPT4 was expressed in the sepals and petals of AP1::AtIPT4 plants, and in the petals and stamens of AP3::AtIPT4 plants. Furthermore, the type-A response regulator (TfRR1) and cytokinin oxidase (TfCKX5) genes, which were used as indices of cytokinin signal, showed the same expression patterns as the transgene. These findings indicate that expansion of the corolla and development of the paracorolla and serrated petal margins after receptacle enlargement in AP3::AtIPT4 plants are induced by localized elevated cytokinin signal in the petals and stamens. In contrast, localized elevated cytokinin signal in the sepals and petals only induced an increase in the number of petals. Therefore, an elevated cytokinin signal in the stamen may be important for inducing corolla expansion and for developing a paracorolla and serrated petal margins.
{"title":"Effect of Localized Promotion of Cytokinin Biosynthesis on Flower Morphology in Flower Buds of Torenia fournieri Lind.","authors":"T. Niki, R. Aida, T. Niki, T. Nishijima","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.328","url":null,"abstract":"To analyze the relationship between flower morphology and organ-specific promotion of cytokinin biosynthesis within flower buds, we introduced Arabidopsis isopentenyltransferase 4 (AtIPT4) into torenia (Torenia fournieri L.) under the control of APETALA1 (AP1) or APETALA3 (AP3) promoter. AP1::AtIPT4 plants had an increased number of petals, whereas AP3::AtIPT4 plants had an expanded corolla, a paracorolla, and serrated petal margins along with an increased number of petals. In AP3::AtIPT4 plants, marked receptacle enlargement was observed when the flower buds were in the early corolla development stage in which the paracorolla primordia differentiate. As expected, AtIPT4 was expressed in the sepals and petals of AP1::AtIPT4 plants, and in the petals and stamens of AP3::AtIPT4 plants. Furthermore, the type-A response regulator (TfRR1) and cytokinin oxidase (TfCKX5) genes, which were used as indices of cytokinin signal, showed the same expression patterns as the transgene. These findings indicate that expansion of the corolla and development of the paracorolla and serrated petal margins after receptacle enlargement in AP3::AtIPT4 plants are induced by localized elevated cytokinin signal in the petals and stamens. In contrast, localized elevated cytokinin signal in the sepals and petals only induced an increase in the number of petals. Therefore, an elevated cytokinin signal in the stamen may be important for inducing corolla expansion and for developing a paracorolla and serrated petal margins.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.328","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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