A. Kalisz, S. Cebula, P. Siwek, A. Sękara, A. Grabowska, J. Gil
The aim of the research was to determine the impact of row covers on the growth, yield, and selected nutritional compounds contents in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. Pekinensis Group), cultivated in a field with or without non-woven fleece (17 g·m -2 ). Application of row covers accelerated the growth and development of the plants due to more favorable microclimatic conditions than in an open field. All tested biometrical parameters of the rosettes, determined after removing covers, were considerably higher than in the uncovered control. Therefore, direct covers could be successfully used for promote the growth of Chinese cabbage rosettes after transplanting. Total and marketable yields of covered plants were higher by 36% and 91%, respectively, than in the control. No external flower stalks were observed in either treatment, but about 50% of control heads had internal bolters. Row covering could be an effective prevention method against Chinese cabbage bolting in spring production in Central Europe. Laboratory analysis performed directly after removing covers showed higher contents of L-ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, and carotenoids in the plants in an open field. However, in the subsequent few weeks, such differences between treatments decreased and at harvest time, the level of these compounds was similar. Mature heads of control Chinese cabbage contained significantly more soluble sugars, crude fiber and thiocyanates than covered plants. The models were proposed to predict changes in fresh and dry weight as a function of time.
本研究旨在确定行盖对在有无无纺羊毛(17 g·m -2)条件下栽培的大白菜(Brassica rapa L. Pekinensis Group)生长、产量和部分营养物质含量的影响。由于小气候条件比露天条件更有利，行盖的施用加速了植物的生长发育。除去盖后测定的莲座的所有生物特征参数都明显高于未盖的对照组。因此，直接覆盖可以成功地促进大白菜莲座移栽后的生长。覆盖植株的总产量和可销售产量分别比对照高36%和91%。两种处理均未观察到外花茎，但约50%的对照头有内栓。行覆盖是中欧地区春季大白菜抽苔的有效防治措施。在去除覆盖物后直接进行的实验室分析显示，在开阔的田野中，植物中l -抗坏血酸、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量较高。然而，在随后的几周内，处理之间的这种差异减少了，在收获季节，这些化合物的水平相似。对照大白菜成熟穗中可溶性糖、粗纤维和硫氰酸盐含量显著高于覆盖植株。提出了预测鲜重和干重随时间变化的模型。
{"title":"Effects of Row Covers Using Non-woven Fleece on the Yields, Rate of Bolting, and Quality of Heading Chinese Cabbage in Early Spring Cultivation","authors":"A. Kalisz, S. Cebula, P. Siwek, A. Sękara, A. Grabowska, J. Gil","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-064","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research was to determine the impact of row covers on the growth, yield, and selected nutritional compounds contents in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. Pekinensis Group), cultivated in a field with or without non-woven fleece (17 g·m -2 ). Application of row covers accelerated the growth and development of the plants due to more favorable microclimatic conditions than in an open field. All tested biometrical parameters of the rosettes, determined after removing covers, were considerably higher than in the uncovered control. Therefore, direct covers could be successfully used for promote the growth of Chinese cabbage rosettes after transplanting. Total and marketable yields of covered plants were higher by 36% and 91%, respectively, than in the control. No external flower stalks were observed in either treatment, but about 50% of control heads had internal bolters. Row covering could be an effective prevention method against Chinese cabbage bolting in spring production in Central Europe. Laboratory analysis performed directly after removing covers showed higher contents of L-ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, and carotenoids in the plants in an open field. However, in the subsequent few weeks, such differences between treatments decreased and at harvest time, the level of these compounds was similar. Mature heads of control Chinese cabbage contained significantly more soluble sugars, crude fiber and thiocyanates than covered plants. The models were proposed to predict changes in fresh and dry weight as a function of time.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"133-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kawai, Ayako Gonoi, Michiya Nitta, M. Kaido, N. Yamagishi, N. Yoshikawa, R. Tao
Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vectors have been shown to effectively induce stable virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in a wide range of plant species, including rosaceous fruit tree species such as apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), pear (Pyrus communis L.), and Japanese pear (P. pyrifolia Nakai). In this study, we attempted to develop a VIGS-based gene evaluation system for two Prunus fruit tree species, apricot and Japanese apricot, using ALSV vectors. A partial sequence of the P. armeniaca PHYTOENE DESATURASE (ParPDS) gene was cloned and ligated into the T-DNA region of a binary vector, pBICAL2, designed based on RNA2 of ALSV. The resultant pBICAL2-ParPDS was introduced into a disarmed Agrobacterium strain, EHA105. pBICAL1, a binary plasmid for the expression of ALSV RNA1 in plants, was also introduced into EHA105. Leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana were infected with pBICAL1/EHA105 and pBICAL2-ParPDS/EHA105 simultaneously to produce and amplify recombinant ALSV particles. The amplified ParPDS-ALSV in N. benthamiana was isolated and infected into the cotyledons of apricot and Japanese apricot seedlings by particle bombardment. Although our attempts to infect wild and recombinant ALSVs into Japanese apricot seedlings were unsuccessful, uniform discoloration of the upper leaves, a typical phenotype of PDS knock down, was observed several weeks after inoculation in apricot seedlings. We discuss the possible use of this VIGS-based gene evaluation system in Prunus.
苹果潜伏球形病毒(ALSV)载体已被证明能在广泛的植物物种中有效诱导稳定的病毒诱导基因沉默(VIGS)，包括玫瑰科果树物种，如苹果(Malus × domestica Borkh.)、梨(Pyrus communis L.)和日本梨(P. pyrifolia Nakai)。本研究尝试以ALSV为载体，建立基于vigs的杏、杏两种李属果树的基因评价体系。本文克隆了亚美尼亚植物烯去饱和酶(ParPDS)基因的部分序列，并将其连接到基于ALSV RNA2设计的二元载体pBICAL2的T-DNA区。将得到的pBICAL2-ParPDS导入解除武装的农杆菌菌株EHA105中。pBICAL1是在植物中表达ALSV RNA1的双质粒，也被引入EHA105中。利用pBICAL1/EHA105和pBICAL2-ParPDS/EHA105同时侵染本烟叶片，产生并扩增重组ALSV颗粒。利用粒子轰击的方法，分离出本拟白僵菌ParPDS-ALSV扩增体，并将其侵染到杏和杏苗子叶中。虽然我们尝试将野生和重组ALSVs感染日本杏幼苗都没有成功，但在接种杏幼苗几周后，观察到PDS敲低的典型表型，即上部叶片均匀变色。讨论了基于vigs的李树基因评价系统的应用前景。
{"title":"Virus-induced Gene Silencing in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and Japanese Apricot (P. mume Siebold & Zucc.) with the Apple Latent Spherical Virus Vector System","authors":"T. Kawai, Ayako Gonoi, Michiya Nitta, M. Kaido, N. Yamagishi, N. Yoshikawa, R. Tao","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-091","url":null,"abstract":"Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vectors have been shown to effectively induce stable virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in a wide range of plant species, including rosaceous fruit tree species such as apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), pear (Pyrus communis L.), and Japanese pear (P. pyrifolia Nakai). In this study, we attempted to develop a VIGS-based gene evaluation system for two Prunus fruit tree species, apricot and Japanese apricot, using ALSV vectors. A partial sequence of the P. armeniaca PHYTOENE DESATURASE (ParPDS) gene was cloned and ligated into the T-DNA region of a binary vector, pBICAL2, designed based on RNA2 of ALSV. The resultant pBICAL2-ParPDS was introduced into a disarmed Agrobacterium strain, EHA105. pBICAL1, a binary plasmid for the expression of ALSV RNA1 in plants, was also introduced into EHA105. Leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana were infected with pBICAL1/EHA105 and pBICAL2-ParPDS/EHA105 simultaneously to produce and amplify recombinant ALSV particles. The amplified ParPDS-ALSV in N. benthamiana was isolated and infected into the cotyledons of apricot and Japanese apricot seedlings by particle bombardment. Although our attempts to infect wild and recombinant ALSVs into Japanese apricot seedlings were unsuccessful, uniform discoloration of the upper leaves, a typical phenotype of PDS knock down, was observed several weeks after inoculation in apricot seedlings. We discuss the possible use of this VIGS-based gene evaluation system in Prunus.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"23-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yasuhisa Tsuchida, H. Yakushiji, Takaaki Oe, K. Negoro, N. Gato, Tatsuya Kotani, Onishi Yuriko, T. Kobata, M. Tamura
1Japanese Apricot Laboratory, Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment Station, Minabe, Wakayama 645-0021, Japan 2Grape and Persimmon Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2494, Japan 3Food Science Research Laboratory, Nakano BC Co. Ltd., Kainan 642-0034, Japan 4R & D Department, Kobata Research Institute Limited., Gojo, Nara 637-0071, Japan 5NARO Institute of National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan
{"title":"Differences in Cell-wall Polysaccharide Degradation during Softening Process in Two Cultivars of Japanese Apricot Fruits","authors":"Yasuhisa Tsuchida, H. Yakushiji, Takaaki Oe, K. Negoro, N. Gato, Tatsuya Kotani, Onishi Yuriko, T. Kobata, M. Tamura","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-067","url":null,"abstract":"1Japanese Apricot Laboratory, Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment Station, Minabe, Wakayama 645-0021, Japan 2Grape and Persimmon Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2494, Japan 3Food Science Research Laboratory, Nakano BC Co. Ltd., Kainan 642-0034, Japan 4R & D Department, Kobata Research Institute Limited., Gojo, Nara 637-0071, Japan 5NARO Institute of National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"81-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Mizuta, A. Nakatsuka, T. Ban, I. Miyajima, N. Kobayashi
We compared anthocyanidin composition patterns and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in Rhododendron kiusianum, R. kaempferi, and their natural hybrids from the Kirishima mountain mass. Compared with the habitat, phenotypic characteristics including tree height and flower color did not change in the transplanted individuals after cutting propagation. According to flower color measurements, R. kiusianum and R. kaempferi belonged to purple and red series, respectively, and their natural hybrids belonged to either the red or purple series. HPLC analysis showed that the petals of most R. kiusianum and natural hybrids contained both cyanidin and delphinidin series pigments, while the petals of R. kaempferi contained only cyanidin series pigments. However, one R. kiusianum individual in the purple series contained only cyanidin series pigments and one natural hybrid individual in the red series contained both cyanidin and delphinidin series pigments. These individuals were thought to be influenced by co-pigmentation or a lack thereof, respectively. All samples expressed F3′H, DFR, and ANS genes in real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and the F3′5′H gene was always expressed in samples containing delphinidin series pigments. These results suggest that the expression of F3′5′H is essential for R. kiusianun and its natural hybrids to produce delphinidin series pigments. This study showed that interspecific hybridization between wild species with purple series flowers and wild species with red series flowers varied the pigment composition and anthocyanin biosynthesis-related gene expression in the natural hybrids, suggesting that it caused the flower color variation in the wild populations in the Kirishima mountains.
{"title":"Pigment composition patterns and expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in Rhododendron kiusianum, R. kaempferi, and their natural hybrids on Kirishima mountain mass, Japan","authors":"D. Mizuta, A. Nakatsuka, T. Ban, I. Miyajima, N. Kobayashi","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-087","url":null,"abstract":"We compared anthocyanidin composition patterns and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in Rhododendron kiusianum, R. kaempferi, and their natural hybrids from the Kirishima mountain mass. Compared with the habitat, phenotypic characteristics including tree height and flower color did not change in the transplanted individuals after cutting propagation. According to flower color measurements, R. kiusianum and R. kaempferi belonged to purple and red series, respectively, and their natural hybrids belonged to either the red or purple series. HPLC analysis showed that the petals of most R. kiusianum and natural hybrids contained both cyanidin and delphinidin series pigments, while the petals of R. kaempferi contained only cyanidin series pigments. However, one R. kiusianum individual in the purple series contained only cyanidin series pigments and one natural hybrid individual in the red series contained both cyanidin and delphinidin series pigments. These individuals were thought to be influenced by co-pigmentation or a lack thereof, respectively. All samples expressed F3′H, DFR, and ANS genes in real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and the F3′5′H gene was always expressed in samples containing delphinidin series pigments. These results suggest that the expression of F3′5′H is essential for R. kiusianun and its natural hybrids to produce delphinidin series pigments. This study showed that interspecific hybridization between wild species with purple series flowers and wild species with red series flowers varied the pigment composition and anthocyanin biosynthesis-related gene expression in the natural hybrids, suggesting that it caused the flower color variation in the wild populations in the Kirishima mountains.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"156-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Removing leaves around the grape cluster of Muscat Bailey A [Vitis × labruscana (Bailey) and Vitis vinifera (Muscat Hamburg)] cultivated in pergola style at the start of veraison increased the photosynthetically active radiation value by more than approximately 60and 30-fold compared with those of the control and grape cluster from vines grown on ground covered with reflective film (reflective-film-treated grape cluster), respectively. The improved light exposure caused by leaf removal increased total anthocyanin concentration and changed the ratios of anthocyanin derivatives in the grape skins. Total anthocyanin concentration in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins 10 weeks after veraison increased by approximately 6.5-fold compared with that of the control. In addition, delphinidin-based anthocyanin concentrations in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins increased by approximately 7-fold compared with those of the control. Leaf removal up-regulated anthocyanin-synthesis-related genes in grape skins, such as CHS, F3′H, F3′,5′H, and UFGT. In particular, the overexpression of F3′,5′H in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins suggested that leaf removal contributed to the accumulation of delphinidin-based anthocyanins in grape skin. These findings are expected to improve viticultural practices with the aim of producing dark-colored red wine made from cultivars grown in pergola style.
{"title":"Leaf Removal Accelerated Accumulation of Delphinidin-based Anthocyanins in ‘Muscat Bailey A’ [Vitis × labruscana (Bailey) and Vitis vinifera (Muscat Hamburg)] Grape Skin","authors":"Shuhei Matsuyama, Fumiko Tanzawa, Hironori Kobayashi, Shunji Suzuki, R. Takata, Hiroshi Saito","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-062","url":null,"abstract":"Removing leaves around the grape cluster of Muscat Bailey A [Vitis × labruscana (Bailey) and Vitis vinifera (Muscat Hamburg)] cultivated in pergola style at the start of veraison increased the photosynthetically active radiation value by more than approximately 60and 30-fold compared with those of the control and grape cluster from vines grown on ground covered with reflective film (reflective-film-treated grape cluster), respectively. The improved light exposure caused by leaf removal increased total anthocyanin concentration and changed the ratios of anthocyanin derivatives in the grape skins. Total anthocyanin concentration in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins 10 weeks after veraison increased by approximately 6.5-fold compared with that of the control. In addition, delphinidin-based anthocyanin concentrations in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins increased by approximately 7-fold compared with those of the control. Leaf removal up-regulated anthocyanin-synthesis-related genes in grape skins, such as CHS, F3′H, F3′,5′H, and UFGT. In particular, the overexpression of F3′,5′H in the leaf-removal-treated grape skins suggested that leaf removal contributed to the accumulation of delphinidin-based anthocyanins in grape skin. These findings are expected to improve viticultural practices with the aim of producing dark-colored red wine made from cultivars grown in pergola style.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cut Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. flowers are produced year-round in Japan; however, winter conditions are not favorable for flower production due to low sunlight levels. Here, we investigated the effect of CO2 enrichment after the flower budding stage on the growth and flowering of Eustoma ‘Bolero White’, which were grown under forcing culture for winter shipping. CO2 enrichment increased the fresh weight of plants, in addition to increasing the dry weights of leaves, stems, flower buds and open flowers, and roots. CO2 enrichment also increased the relative growth rate (RGR) by 32%, due to the net assimilation rate (NAR) being stimulated. However, CO2 enrichment had no effect on plant height or the leaf area ratio (LAR). Furthermore, CO2 enrichment increased the total number of flower buds and open flowers, in addition to accelerating flower bud development and the promotion of flowering. During the period of enrichment, the vegetative organs continued to grow in CO2-enriched plants, but not in the control plants. In conclusion, CO2 enrichment promoted flowering and improved the quality of cut flowers (i.e., increasing plant fresh and dry weight and the total number of flower buds and open flowers) of Eustoma under low-sunlight winter conditions.
{"title":"Promotive Effect of CO2 Enrichment on Plant Growth and Flowering of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. under a Winter Culture Regime","authors":"A. Ushio, H. Hara, N. Fukuta","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-040","url":null,"abstract":"Cut Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. flowers are produced year-round in Japan; however, winter conditions are not favorable for flower production due to low sunlight levels. Here, we investigated the effect of CO2 enrichment after the flower budding stage on the growth and flowering of Eustoma ‘Bolero White’, which were grown under forcing culture for winter shipping. CO2 enrichment increased the fresh weight of plants, in addition to increasing the dry weights of leaves, stems, flower buds and open flowers, and roots. CO2 enrichment also increased the relative growth rate (RGR) by 32%, due to the net assimilation rate (NAR) being stimulated. However, CO2 enrichment had no effect on plant height or the leaf area ratio (LAR). Furthermore, CO2 enrichment increased the total number of flower buds and open flowers, in addition to accelerating flower bud development and the promotion of flowering. During the period of enrichment, the vegetative organs continued to grow in CO2-enriched plants, but not in the control plants. In conclusion, CO2 enrichment promoted flowering and improved the quality of cut flowers (i.e., increasing plant fresh and dry weight and the total number of flower buds and open flowers) of Eustoma under low-sunlight winter conditions.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"59-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keisuke Tasaki, A. Nakatsuka, K. Cheon, N. Kobayashi
Japanese old azalea cultivars have various floral mutations. We isolated MADS-box class C homologous genes from wild-type Rhododendron macrosepalum to analyze the expression patterns in the floral organs of the narrow-petal mutational cultivars ‘Hanaguruma’, ‘Gin-no-zai’, and ‘Seigaiha’. The AG homologous genes RmAG1-1/-2/-3 were 99–100% identical to RkAG1-1/-2, which was isolated from R. kaempferi. In ‘Hanaguruma’, ‘Seigaiha’, and the wild type, the relative expression level of RmAG in whorl 2 was much lower than that in whorl 3. In contrast, the relative expression level of RmAG in whorl 2 of ‘Gin-no-zai’ was approximately 15.5% of that in whorl 3. In ‘Gin-no-zai’, the petals with mutations were categorized as 1 of these 3 types: type 1, consisting of narrow petals with traces of anthers; type 2, consisting of narrow petals only; and type 3, consisting of petals that coalesced with the neighboring petals. The relative expression levels of RmAG gradually increased from type 3 to type 1 petals. These results suggest that the degree of staminoidy for the petals in whorl 2 is attributable to the expression levels of RmAG.
{"title":"Expression of MADS-box Genes in Narrow-petaled Cultivars of Rhododendron macrosepalum Maxim.","authors":"Keisuke Tasaki, A. Nakatsuka, K. Cheon, N. Kobayashi","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-030","url":null,"abstract":"Japanese old azalea cultivars have various floral mutations. We isolated MADS-box class C homologous genes from wild-type Rhododendron macrosepalum to analyze the expression patterns in the floral organs of the narrow-petal mutational cultivars ‘Hanaguruma’, ‘Gin-no-zai’, and ‘Seigaiha’. The AG homologous genes RmAG1-1/-2/-3 were 99–100% identical to RkAG1-1/-2, which was isolated from R. kaempferi. In ‘Hanaguruma’, ‘Seigaiha’, and the wild type, the relative expression level of RmAG in whorl 2 was much lower than that in whorl 3. In contrast, the relative expression level of RmAG in whorl 2 of ‘Gin-no-zai’ was approximately 15.5% of that in whorl 3. In ‘Gin-no-zai’, the petals with mutations were categorized as 1 of these 3 types: type 1, consisting of narrow petals with traces of anthers; type 2, consisting of narrow petals only; and type 3, consisting of petals that coalesced with the neighboring petals. The relative expression levels of RmAG gradually increased from type 3 to type 1 petals. These results suggest that the degree of staminoidy for the petals in whorl 2 is attributable to the expression levels of RmAG.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"52-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Habu, H. Yamane, Ryuta Sasaki, K. Yano, H. Fujii, T. Shimizu, Toshiya Yamamoto, R. Tao
Bud dormancy is a critical developmental process for perennial plant survival, and also an important physiological phase that affects the next season’s growth of temperate fruit trees. Bud dormancy is regulated by multiple genetic factors, and affected by various environmental factors, tree age and vigor. To understand the molecular mechanism of bud dormancy in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.), we constructed a custom oligo DNA microarray covering the Japanese apricot dormant bud ESTs referring to the peach (P. persica) genome sequence. Because endodormancy release is a chilling temperature-dependent physiological event, genes showing chilling-mediated differential expression patterns are candidates to control endodormancy release. Using the microarray constructed in this study, we monitored gene expression changes of dormant vegetative buds of Japanese apricot during prolonged artificial chilling exposure. In addition, we analyzed seasonal gene expression changes. Among the 58539 different unigene probes, 2345 and 1059 genes were identified as being more than twofold up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, following chilling exposure for 60 days (P < 0.05). Cluster analysis suggested that the expression of the genes showing expression changes by artificial chilling exposure were coordinately regulated by seasonal changes. The down-regulated genes included P. mume DORMANCYASSOCIATED MADS-box genes, which supported previous quantitative RT-PCR and EST analyses showing that these genes are repressed by prolonged chilling exposure. The genes encoding lipoxygenase were markedly up-regulated by prolonged chilling. Our parametric analysis of gene-set enrichment suggested that genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) and oxylipin biosynthesis and metabolic processes were significantly up-regulated by prolonged chilling, whereas genes related to circadian rhythm were significantly down-regulated. The results obtained from microarray analyses were verified by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of selected genes. Taken together, we have concluded that the microarray platform constructed in this study is applicable for deeper understanding of the molecular network related to agronomically important bud physiology, including dormancy release.
{"title":"Custom Microarray Analysis for Transcript Profiling of Dormant Vegetative Buds of Japanese Apricot during Prolonged Chilling Exposure","authors":"T. Habu, H. Yamane, Ryuta Sasaki, K. Yano, H. Fujii, T. Shimizu, Toshiya Yamamoto, R. Tao","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-077","url":null,"abstract":"Bud dormancy is a critical developmental process for perennial plant survival, and also an important physiological phase that affects the next season’s growth of temperate fruit trees. Bud dormancy is regulated by multiple genetic factors, and affected by various environmental factors, tree age and vigor. To understand the molecular mechanism of bud dormancy in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.), we constructed a custom oligo DNA microarray covering the Japanese apricot dormant bud ESTs referring to the peach (P. persica) genome sequence. Because endodormancy release is a chilling temperature-dependent physiological event, genes showing chilling-mediated differential expression patterns are candidates to control endodormancy release. Using the microarray constructed in this study, we monitored gene expression changes of dormant vegetative buds of Japanese apricot during prolonged artificial chilling exposure. In addition, we analyzed seasonal gene expression changes. Among the 58539 different unigene probes, 2345 and 1059 genes were identified as being more than twofold up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, following chilling exposure for 60 days (P < 0.05). Cluster analysis suggested that the expression of the genes showing expression changes by artificial chilling exposure were coordinately regulated by seasonal changes. The down-regulated genes included P. mume DORMANCYASSOCIATED MADS-box genes, which supported previous quantitative RT-PCR and EST analyses showing that these genes are repressed by prolonged chilling exposure. The genes encoding lipoxygenase were markedly up-regulated by prolonged chilling. Our parametric analysis of gene-set enrichment suggested that genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) and oxylipin biosynthesis and metabolic processes were significantly up-regulated by prolonged chilling, whereas genes related to circadian rhythm were significantly down-regulated. The results obtained from microarray analyses were verified by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of selected genes. Taken together, we have concluded that the microarray platform constructed in this study is applicable for deeper understanding of the molecular network related to agronomically important bud physiology, including dormancy release.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Tatsuzawa, N. Saitǒ, T. Yukawa, T. Honda, K. Shinoda, K. Kato, K. Miyoshi
1Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan 2Meiji-Gakuin University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8636, Japan 3Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Science Museum, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan 4Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan 5NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan 6Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo 271-8510, Japan
{"title":"Acylated Cyanidin 3,7-Diglucosides in the Red-purple Flowers of Sophronitis wittigiana (Orchidaceae)","authors":"F. Tatsuzawa, N. Saitǒ, T. Yukawa, T. Honda, K. Shinoda, K. Kato, K. Miyoshi","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-084","url":null,"abstract":"1Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan 2Meiji-Gakuin University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8636, Japan 3Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Science Museum, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan 4Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan 5NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan 6Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo 271-8510, Japan","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"64-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sugiyama, M. Omura, T. Shimada, H. Fujii, T. Endo, T. Shimizu, H. Nesumi, K. Nonaka, Y. Ikoma
Citrus fruits contain significant amounts of various carotenoids and some of them are known to benefit human health. Approximately 115 different carotenoids have been reported in citrus fruits, and the color of the fruit and peel are caused by carotenoid accumulation (Stewart and Wheaton, 1973). The carotenoid content and composition in
{"title":"Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of Carotenoid Metabolism-related Genes in Citrus","authors":"A. Sugiyama, M. Omura, T. Shimada, H. Fujii, T. Endo, T. Shimizu, H. Nesumi, K. Nonaka, Y. Ikoma","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-054","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus fruits contain significant amounts of various carotenoids and some of them are known to benefit human health. Approximately 115 different carotenoids have been reported in citrus fruits, and the color of the fruit and peel are caused by carotenoid accumulation (Stewart and Wheaton, 1973). The carotenoid content and composition in","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"83 1","pages":"32-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.CH-054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69158170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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