The possibility of summer harvest of white spears from asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.) rootstocks stored in snow cover or a snow mound was examined over two seasons, in 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 experiments, respectively. One-year-old rootstocks were dug up on November 6 and November 12 in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Medium-sized rootstocks were put into the soil in containers and stored under natural snow cover or a snow mound for about 7 months. After snow storage, sugar content of the storage root was measured and containers with rootstocks were transferred to a dark room at 20 ° C to examine white spear yield. Rootstocks were stably stored at 0–1 ° C when they were fully covered with an adequate amount of snow. In both years, the total sugar contents in storage roots of rootstocks tended to decrease as the storage duration increased. Spear yield in summer harvest after more than 6 months of storage under snow tended to be lower than in winter harvest after 0 or 1.5 months of storage. Total sugar contents in storage roots during storage might greatly affect the spear yield of rootstocks. The marketable spear yield from one-year-old rootstocks with about 900 g fresh weight stored for more than 6.5 months under a snow mound was more than 190 g per rootstock in both years. Such a spear yield suggests that white asparagus spears can be commercially produced in summer from one-year-old rootstocks stored under a snow mound, a simple and low carbon system.
{"title":"Effects of Long-term Storage of One-year-old Rootstocks in Snow Mound on the Sugar Contents of Storage Roots and White Spear Yield of Asparagus","authors":"T. Jishi, H. Araki","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.138","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of summer harvest of white spears from asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis L.) rootstocks stored in snow cover or a snow mound was examined over two seasons, in 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 experiments, respectively. One-year-old rootstocks were dug up on November 6 and November 12 in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Medium-sized rootstocks were put into the soil in containers and stored under natural snow cover or a snow mound for about 7 months. After snow storage, sugar content of the storage root was measured and containers with rootstocks were transferred to a dark room at 20 ° C to examine white spear yield. Rootstocks were stably stored at 0–1 ° C when they were fully covered with an adequate amount of snow. In both years, the total sugar contents in storage roots of rootstocks tended to decrease as the storage duration increased. Spear yield in summer harvest after more than 6 months of storage under snow tended to be lower than in winter harvest after 0 or 1.5 months of storage. Total sugar contents in storage roots during storage might greatly affect the spear yield of rootstocks. The marketable spear yield from one-year-old rootstocks with about 900 g fresh weight stored for more than 6.5 months under a snow mound was more than 190 g per rootstock in both years. Such a spear yield suggests that white asparagus spears can be commercially produced in summer from one-year-old rootstocks stored under a snow mound, a simple and low carbon system.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"138-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyutaro Kishimoto, M. Yagi, T. Onozaki, H. Yamaguchi, M. Nakayama, N. Oyama-Okubo
Most modern carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivars have weak fragrances dominated by the scent of methyl benzoate. Wild Dianthus species with strong or unique scents may be useful gene resources for the improvement of carnation fragrances. We investigated the scents of interspecific hybrids between carnations and fragrant wild species by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and evaluated the usefulness of wild species for fragrant breeding in carnations. Dianthus hungaricus, which produced large amounts of various benzenoids, was crossed with a carnation with a floral scent dominated by methyl benzoate, but benzenoid diversity was not increased in the interspecific hybrid. We also analyzed some existing interspecific hybrids. Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus had high amounts of β-ocimene and β-caryophyllene. These terpenoids were acquired as principal scent compounds by some interspecific hybrids between this species and a carnation lacking terpenoids. Three unidentified wild species (Dianthus sp. 4, 5, and 6) emitted high amounts of benzenoids, including eugenol, benzyl alcohol, methyl o-anisate, and methyl salicylate. These benzenoids were also detected in interspecific hybrids between carnations and the wild species, and the amounts were increased compared to the parental carnation. The emission of these scent compounds of wild Dianthus species was inherited by most hybrids lines; the variety and amounts of scent compounds tended to increase compared to parental carnations, although there was no general hereditary pattern. As we actually sensed the fragrances of the principal compounds from some hybrid flowers, the usefulness of interspecific hybridizations for the improvement of flower fragrances was confirmed. Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus and Dianthus sp. 4, 5, and 6 seemed promising resources regarding the addition of terpenoids and the increase in benzenoid variation in the floral volatiles of carnations.
{"title":"Analysis of Scents Emitted from Flowers of Interspecific Hybrids between Carnation and Fragrant Wild Dianthus Species","authors":"Kyutaro Kishimoto, M. Yagi, T. Onozaki, H. Yamaguchi, M. Nakayama, N. Oyama-Okubo","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.145","url":null,"abstract":"Most modern carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivars have weak fragrances dominated by the scent of methyl benzoate. Wild Dianthus species with strong or unique scents may be useful gene resources for the improvement of carnation fragrances. We investigated the scents of interspecific hybrids between carnations and fragrant wild species by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and evaluated the usefulness of wild species for fragrant breeding in carnations. Dianthus hungaricus, which produced large amounts of various benzenoids, was crossed with a carnation with a floral scent dominated by methyl benzoate, but benzenoid diversity was not increased in the interspecific hybrid. We also analyzed some existing interspecific hybrids. Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus had high amounts of β-ocimene and β-caryophyllene. These terpenoids were acquired as principal scent compounds by some interspecific hybrids between this species and a carnation lacking terpenoids. Three unidentified wild species (Dianthus sp. 4, 5, and 6) emitted high amounts of benzenoids, including eugenol, benzyl alcohol, methyl o-anisate, and methyl salicylate. These benzenoids were also detected in interspecific hybrids between carnations and the wild species, and the amounts were increased compared to the parental carnation. The emission of these scent compounds of wild Dianthus species was inherited by most hybrids lines; the variety and amounts of scent compounds tended to increase compared to parental carnations, although there was no general hereditary pattern. As we actually sensed the fragrances of the principal compounds from some hybrid flowers, the usefulness of interspecific hybridizations for the improvement of flower fragrances was confirmed. Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus and Dianthus sp. 4, 5, and 6 seemed promising resources regarding the addition of terpenoids and the increase in benzenoid variation in the floral volatiles of carnations.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"145-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masashi Yamamoto, Yui Tsuchimochi, Takanori Ninomiya, T. Koga, A. Kitajima, A. Yamasaki, Sayuri Inafuku-Teramoto, Xuehu Yang, Xiaoling Yang, G. Zhong, N. Nasir, Kubo Tatsuya, S. Tominaga
Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan Experimantal Farm, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Takatsuki 569-0096, Japan Okitsu Citrus Research Station, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan Faculty of Agriculture, University of The Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan School of Live Science & Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia
{"title":"Diversity of Chloroplast DNA in Various Mandarins (Citrus spp.) and Other Citrus Demonstrated by CAPS Analysis","authors":"Masashi Yamamoto, Yui Tsuchimochi, Takanori Ninomiya, T. Koga, A. Kitajima, A. Yamasaki, Sayuri Inafuku-Teramoto, Xuehu Yang, Xiaoling Yang, G. Zhong, N. Nasir, Kubo Tatsuya, S. Tominaga","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.106","url":null,"abstract":"Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan Experimantal Farm, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Takatsuki 569-0096, Japan Okitsu Citrus Research Station, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan Faculty of Agriculture, University of The Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan School of Live Science & Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"106-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated ethylene production, ethylene biosynthesis genes, and senescence-related genes in flowers of a carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivar ‘Miracle Symphony’ (MS) and lines 006-13 and 62-2, which have a longer vase life than flowers of ‘White Sim’ (WS). WS flowers showed typical symptoms of senescence, but flowers of MS, 006-13, and 62-2 did not show symptoms of senescence, although they showed differences in vase life and ethylene production by day 15. The flowers of 006-13 and 62-2 produced small amounts of ethylene as a result of the low expression of two ethylene biosynthesis genes, DcACS1 and DcACO1; those of MS produced extremely low levels of ethylene. By day 15, the flowers of 006-13 and 62-2 showed increased expression of some senescence-related genes (DcCP1, DcbGal, DcGST1, and DcLip) that were upregulated by exogenous ethylene, indicating that a low level of ethylene production could induce the senescence of petals. In contrast to the upregulation of these senescence-related genes, the expression of DcCPIn, which was downregulated by exogenous ethylene decreased in petals of MS, 006-13, and 62-2 during flower senescence and was the same in all three lines at day 15. The results suggest that extended vase life depends on reduced levels of ethylene production, ethylene biosynthesis gene expression, and senescence-related gene expression.
{"title":"Expression and Regulation of Senescence-related Genes in Carnation Flowers with Low Ethylene Production during Senescence","authors":"K. Tanase, Sawako Otsu, S. Satoh, T. Onozaki","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.179","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated ethylene production, ethylene biosynthesis genes, and senescence-related genes in flowers of a carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivar ‘Miracle Symphony’ (MS) and lines 006-13 and 62-2, which have a longer vase life than flowers of ‘White Sim’ (WS). WS flowers showed typical symptoms of senescence, but flowers of MS, 006-13, and 62-2 did not show symptoms of senescence, although they showed differences in vase life and ethylene production by day 15. The flowers of 006-13 and 62-2 produced small amounts of ethylene as a result of the low expression of two ethylene biosynthesis genes, DcACS1 and DcACO1; those of MS produced extremely low levels of ethylene. By day 15, the flowers of 006-13 and 62-2 showed increased expression of some senescence-related genes (DcCP1, DcbGal, DcGST1, and DcLip) that were upregulated by exogenous ethylene, indicating that a low level of ethylene production could induce the senescence of petals. In contrast to the upregulation of these senescence-related genes, the expression of DcCPIn, which was downregulated by exogenous ethylene decreased in petals of MS, 006-13, and 62-2 during flower senescence and was the same in all three lines at day 15. The results suggest that extended vase life depends on reduced levels of ethylene production, ethylene biosynthesis gene expression, and senescence-related gene expression.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"179-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Goto-Yamamoto, A. Azuma, N. Mitani, S. Kobayashi
To determine the relationship among wild grape species and grape cultivars, genotyping with 8 SSR loci was carried out using a wide range of grape species and cultivars, i.e., North American species, East Asian species, cultivars of Vitis vinifera, and those of V. vinifera × V. labrusca. SSR genotyping showed that wild grape species are more highly diverse than cultivated grapes. Principal coordinate analysis based on the distance (1-proportion of shared alleles) among accessions showed a clear separation between wild and cultivated grapes. A native Japanese cultivar, ‘Koshu’, and a Chinese cultivar, ‘Niunai’, were plotted among the cultivars of V. vinifera, even though these two Far East cultivars have some unique alleles.
{"title":"SSR Genotyping of Wild Grape Species and Grape Cultivars of Vitis vinifera and V. vinifera × V. labrusca","authors":"N. Goto-Yamamoto, A. Azuma, N. Mitani, S. Kobayashi","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.125","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the relationship among wild grape species and grape cultivars, genotyping with 8 SSR loci was carried out using a wide range of grape species and cultivars, i.e., North American species, East Asian species, cultivars of Vitis vinifera, and those of V. vinifera × V. labrusca. SSR genotyping showed that wild grape species are more highly diverse than cultivated grapes. Principal coordinate analysis based on the distance (1-proportion of shared alleles) among accessions showed a clear separation between wild and cultivated grapes. A native Japanese cultivar, ‘Koshu’, and a Chinese cultivar, ‘Niunai’, were plotted among the cultivars of V. vinifera, even though these two Far East cultivars have some unique alleles.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"125-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ochiai, S. Matsumoto, Masahiro Maesaka, K. Yamada
Flower opening is important for floricultural crops. The mechanisms flower opening associated with the expansion of petal cells were investigated in Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. Eustoma petals showed marked changes in their fresh weight, shape, and color during flower opening. Concurrently, petal cell-wall extensibility increased. This suggests that petal growth through flower opening is mainly caused by cell expansion. Expansin and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) are known as representative proteins that loosen cell walls in plants. Three expansins and one XTH gene were isolated from opening Eustoma petals. We monitored for the first changes in their protein abundance in growing petals by Western blot analysis using antibodies to specifically detect expansin or XTH. The accumulation of these proteins marked the highest amount in petals when the flower was blooming and the petals were bending outwards. Thus, we showed that expansins participate in continuous petal growth from bud to opening flower and XTH plays a role in rapid petal growth accompanied by dynamic changes in petal fresh weight and petal shape.
{"title":"Expression of mRNAs and Proteins Associated with Cell-wall-loosening during Eustoma Flower Opening","authors":"M. Ochiai, S. Matsumoto, Masahiro Maesaka, K. Yamada","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.154","url":null,"abstract":"Flower opening is important for floricultural crops. The mechanisms flower opening associated with the expansion of petal cells were investigated in Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. Eustoma petals showed marked changes in their fresh weight, shape, and color during flower opening. Concurrently, petal cell-wall extensibility increased. This suggests that petal growth through flower opening is mainly caused by cell expansion. Expansin and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) are known as representative proteins that loosen cell walls in plants. Three expansins and one XTH gene were isolated from opening Eustoma petals. We monitored for the first changes in their protein abundance in growing petals by Western blot analysis using antibodies to specifically detect expansin or XTH. The accumulation of these proteins marked the highest amount in petals when the flower was blooming and the petals were bending outwards. Thus, we showed that expansins participate in continuous petal growth from bud to opening flower and XTH plays a role in rapid petal growth accompanied by dynamic changes in petal fresh weight and petal shape.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"154-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.154","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Fukuda, C. Nishitani, N. Hiehata, Y. Tominaga, H. Nesumi, Toshiya Yamamoto
The genetic variation of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) was characterized by SSR markers developed from apple and pear, using 94 loquat accessions in Japan. Fourteen of the 24 SSR markers derived from apple could successfully produce amplified bands in loquat, whereas 10 of the 24 SSR markers derived from pear could generate amplified bands. Nine SSR markers were chosen for evaluation of the genetic diversity among 94 loquat accessions, including 61 cultivars from Japan and other countries and 33 natively grown accessions collected around Japan. A phenogram constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages based on similarities between genotypes revealed two major groups. One group consisted mainly of cultivars from Japan and other countries, whereas the other group included only natively grown accessions. Some synonyms or mutants were found showing identical SSR genotypes. These results show that SSR markers can be utilized as reliable tools for genetic identification in loquat. The origins of current loquat cultivars in Japan are also discussed.
{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Loquat Accessions in Japan as Assessed by SSR Markers","authors":"S. Fukuda, C. Nishitani, N. Hiehata, Y. Tominaga, H. Nesumi, Toshiya Yamamoto","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.131","url":null,"abstract":"The genetic variation of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) was characterized by SSR markers developed from apple and pear, using 94 loquat accessions in Japan. Fourteen of the 24 SSR markers derived from apple could successfully produce amplified bands in loquat, whereas 10 of the 24 SSR markers derived from pear could generate amplified bands. Nine SSR markers were chosen for evaluation of the genetic diversity among 94 loquat accessions, including 61 cultivars from Japan and other countries and 33 natively grown accessions collected around Japan. A phenogram constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages based on similarities between genotypes revealed two major groups. One group consisted mainly of cultivars from Japan and other countries, whereas the other group included only natively grown accessions. Some synonyms or mutants were found showing identical SSR genotypes. These results show that SSR markers can be utilized as reliable tools for genetic identification in loquat. The origins of current loquat cultivars in Japan are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"131-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Mochizuki, Y. Iwasaki, Mizuho Funayama, Shinya Ninomiya, Mitsutoshi Fuke, Y. Nwe, M. Yamada, I. Ogiwara
This study was conducted to clarify the ecophysiological traits of high-yielding ‘Benihoppe’ with focus on its dry matter production, plant growth analysis, and leaf photosynthetic rate in comparison with those of ‘Toyonoka’ and ‘Sachinoka’. Total dry matter of ‘Benihoppe’ was higher than that of ‘Toyonoka’, while no difference was found between their harvest indices. In ‘Benihoppe’, the crop growth rate (CGR) and leaf area index (LAI) were higher than those of ‘Toyonoka’ and ‘Sachinoka’. The large LAI of ‘Benihoppe’ was attributed to its ability to bear larger leaves than other cultivars, while ‘Benihoppe’ demonstrated a superior net assimilation rate (NAR) to that of ‘Toyonoka’. NAR is affected by leaf photosynthetic activity; however, no difference was observed between the leaf photosynthetic rates of ‘Benihoppe’ and ‘Toyonoka’. Petioles in ‘Benihoppe’ that supported large leaves were longer and upright, and NAR might be affected by their trait, which allow solar radiation to penetrate the plant canopy. Thus, the outstanding CGR in ‘Benihoppe’ may be a result of the large LAI and upright petioles which allow solar radiation to penetrate the plant canopy.
{"title":"Analysis of a High-yielding Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) Cultivar ‘Benihoppe’ with Focus on Dry Matter Production and Leaf Photosynthetic Rate","authors":"Y. Mochizuki, Y. Iwasaki, Mizuho Funayama, Shinya Ninomiya, Mitsutoshi Fuke, Y. Nwe, M. Yamada, I. Ogiwara","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.22","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to clarify the ecophysiological traits of high-yielding ‘Benihoppe’ with focus on its dry matter production, plant growth analysis, and leaf photosynthetic rate in comparison with those of ‘Toyonoka’ and ‘Sachinoka’. Total dry matter of ‘Benihoppe’ was higher than that of ‘Toyonoka’, while no difference was found between their harvest indices. In ‘Benihoppe’, the crop growth rate (CGR) and leaf area index (LAI) were higher than those of ‘Toyonoka’ and ‘Sachinoka’. The large LAI of ‘Benihoppe’ was attributed to its ability to bear larger leaves than other cultivars, while ‘Benihoppe’ demonstrated a superior net assimilation rate (NAR) to that of ‘Toyonoka’. NAR is affected by leaf photosynthetic activity; however, no difference was observed between the leaf photosynthetic rates of ‘Benihoppe’ and ‘Toyonoka’. Petioles in ‘Benihoppe’ that supported large leaves were longer and upright, and NAR might be affected by their trait, which allow solar radiation to penetrate the plant canopy. Thus, the outstanding CGR in ‘Benihoppe’ may be a result of the large LAI and upright petioles which allow solar radiation to penetrate the plant canopy.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"22-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Niki, Taximaimaiti Mahesumu, T. Niki, T. Nishijima
Several morphological changes in flowers can be induced in torenia (Torenia fournieri L.) by applying forchlorfenuron (CPPU) to flower buds. We investigated the temporal and spatial distributions of the cytokinin response in CPPU-treated flower buds, which is indicated by type-A response regulator (RR) and cytokinin oxidase (CKX) gene expression. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of both T. fournieri RR1 (TfRR1) and TfCKX5 was induced from 1 day after CPPU treatment in the sepal, petal, stamen, and pistil, and maintained at a high level until 5 days after the treatment, when the earliest morphological changes due to CPPU treatment were observed. In situ hybridization analysis showed weak expression of both genes in the stamen and pistil through all floral stages of non-treated flower buds. However, when CPPU was applied at the sepal development stage, expression of both genes was strongly induced in the abaxial side of the stamen primordia, which is the site of initiation of the wide paracorolla. When CPPU was applied during the early stage of corolla development, high expression of those genes was observed in the stamen, basal, and middle part of the petal, which is the site of initiation of the narrow paracorolla. Those high levels of expression became more strongly localized to the paracorolla initiation site once the paracorolla primordia formed. When CPPU was applied during the middle corolla development stage, strong expression of those genes was detected in the middle to apical parts of the petal, which is the site of changes in the distribution pattern of the vascular bundles and the resultant serrated margin. These results suggest that long-term elevation of cytokinin signaling caused by CPPU treatment induces changes in flower morphology, and the paracorolla and serrated margin of the petal are induced by localized high levels of cytokinin signaling at the site of those morphological changes within flower buds.
{"title":"Localized High Expression of Type-A Response Regulator and Cytokinin Oxidase/dehydrogenase Genes in Relation to Forchlorfenuron-induced Changes in Flower Morphology in Torenia fournieri Lind.","authors":"T. Niki, Taximaimaiti Mahesumu, T. Niki, T. Nishijima","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.69","url":null,"abstract":"Several morphological changes in flowers can be induced in torenia (Torenia fournieri L.) by applying forchlorfenuron (CPPU) to flower buds. We investigated the temporal and spatial distributions of the cytokinin response in CPPU-treated flower buds, which is indicated by type-A response regulator (RR) and cytokinin oxidase (CKX) gene expression. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of both T. fournieri RR1 (TfRR1) and TfCKX5 was induced from 1 day after CPPU treatment in the sepal, petal, stamen, and pistil, and maintained at a high level until 5 days after the treatment, when the earliest morphological changes due to CPPU treatment were observed. In situ hybridization analysis showed weak expression of both genes in the stamen and pistil through all floral stages of non-treated flower buds. However, when CPPU was applied at the sepal development stage, expression of both genes was strongly induced in the abaxial side of the stamen primordia, which is the site of initiation of the wide paracorolla. When CPPU was applied during the early stage of corolla development, high expression of those genes was observed in the stamen, basal, and middle part of the petal, which is the site of initiation of the narrow paracorolla. Those high levels of expression became more strongly localized to the paracorolla initiation site once the paracorolla primordia formed. When CPPU was applied during the middle corolla development stage, strong expression of those genes was detected in the middle to apical parts of the petal, which is the site of changes in the distribution pattern of the vascular bundles and the resultant serrated margin. These results suggest that long-term elevation of cytokinin signaling caused by CPPU treatment induces changes in flower morphology, and the paracorolla and serrated margin of the petal are induced by localized high levels of cytokinin signaling at the site of those morphological changes within flower buds.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"69-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the ways to reduce chemical fertilizer application is the use of cover crops, which improve soil properties and supply nutrition to subsequent crops. The application effect of a legume cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), on N dynamics in fresh market tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), 'House Momotaro,' was investigated using the N-15-labeling method. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into a 1/2000 a Wagner pot at 0, 80, and 240 kg.ha(-1) of N application (N0HV, N80HV, and N240HV) on June 9, 2011. Before transplanting, the labeled HV and chemical fertilizers were incorporated into the soil. Five tomato plants were collected 6 times in each treatment and then separated into leaves, stems, and roots. Fruits were harvested at maturity. HV-derived N uptake was recognized mainly in the first 4 weeks after transplant (WAT). Especially in N240HV, HV-derived N uptake ceased at 4 WAT. The uptake amounts of HV-derived N at 10 WAT were 587, 657, and 729 mg.plant(-1) in N240HV, N80HV, and N0HV, respectively, and were increased by decreasing N fertilizer application. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%N-dfhv) was the highest at 2 WAT, and %N-dfhv in N80HV (52.1%) and N0HV (51.5%) were significantly higher than in N240HV (43.6%). After 2 WAT, %N-dfhv, decreased gradually in all N rates as tomatoes grew and decreased to 24.8%, 34.4%, and 37.1% in N240HV, N80HV, and N0HV, respectively, until 12 WAT. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) from HV-derived N was the highest at 10 WAT, and N0HV (55.3%) was significantly higher than N240HV (44.5%) and N80HV (49.8%). The partition rate of HV-derived N into fruits was 63.9%, and 39.7% of HV-derived N was distributed into 1st and 2nd fruit clusters. From these results, it was clarified that HV can be expected to be an alternative N fertilizer because HV-derived N was absorbed effectively with a small amount of N fertilizer. Further research on fertilizer management in tomato's early stage will be needed for an N-reduction system because HV-derived N was mainly absorbed for 4 WAT.
{"title":"Uptake and Distribution of Nitrogen Derived from Hairy Vetch Used as a Cover Crop by Tomato Plant","authors":"Yuichi Sugihara, Hideto Ueno, T. Hirata, H. Araki","doi":"10.2503/JJSHS1.82.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.30","url":null,"abstract":"One of the ways to reduce chemical fertilizer application is the use of cover crops, which improve soil properties and supply nutrition to subsequent crops. The application effect of a legume cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), on N dynamics in fresh market tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), 'House Momotaro,' was investigated using the N-15-labeling method. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into a 1/2000 a Wagner pot at 0, 80, and 240 kg.ha(-1) of N application (N0HV, N80HV, and N240HV) on June 9, 2011. Before transplanting, the labeled HV and chemical fertilizers were incorporated into the soil. Five tomato plants were collected 6 times in each treatment and then separated into leaves, stems, and roots. Fruits were harvested at maturity. HV-derived N uptake was recognized mainly in the first 4 weeks after transplant (WAT). Especially in N240HV, HV-derived N uptake ceased at 4 WAT. The uptake amounts of HV-derived N at 10 WAT were 587, 657, and 729 mg.plant(-1) in N240HV, N80HV, and N0HV, respectively, and were increased by decreasing N fertilizer application. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%N-dfhv) was the highest at 2 WAT, and %N-dfhv in N80HV (52.1%) and N0HV (51.5%) were significantly higher than in N240HV (43.6%). After 2 WAT, %N-dfhv, decreased gradually in all N rates as tomatoes grew and decreased to 24.8%, 34.4%, and 37.1% in N240HV, N80HV, and N0HV, respectively, until 12 WAT. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) from HV-derived N was the highest at 10 WAT, and N0HV (55.3%) was significantly higher than N240HV (44.5%) and N80HV (49.8%). The partition rate of HV-derived N into fruits was 63.9%, and 39.7% of HV-derived N was distributed into 1st and 2nd fruit clusters. From these results, it was clarified that HV can be expected to be an alternative N fertilizer because HV-derived N was absorbed effectively with a small amount of N fertilizer. Further research on fertilizer management in tomato's early stage will be needed for an N-reduction system because HV-derived N was mainly absorbed for 4 WAT.","PeriodicalId":17343,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"30-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2503/JJSHS1.82.30","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69157400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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