Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-34
A. Agricola, M. Bozděch, M. Zvonár, J. Zháněl
The theory of Relative Age Effect (RAE) works on the assumption that athletes born at the beginning of a calendar year are more successful than athletes born in the end of the year. The athletes born early have a significant probability of a higher level of physiological, mor-phological and psychological abilities than later born athletes. Several studies show that the RAE was not found in females or it was significantly lower than in males. The research objective was to find out the influence of RAE in WTA Tour TOP100 female professional tennis players (n=500) in 2014–2018. Cohen’s effect size (ES) w was calculated to assess the level of the influence of RAE. To assess the differences between the observed and the expected relative age quarter distribution, Chi-Square test (ꭕ2) was used. In terms of effect size (ES), a medium influence of RAE has been proven in 2016 and 2017 (w = 0.33, resp. w = 0.30); a small influence has been proven in years 2014, 2015, 2018 and in the whole observed period 2014–2018. Based on statistical analysis, the influence of RAE cannot be rejected in years 2016 (p 0.05). The next step was to assess the influence of RAE on the final WTA ranking in 2014–2018. Players have been divided into four intervals: 1–25, 26–50, 51–75 and 76–100 positions. ES has showed the medium influence of RAE in 76–100 positions (w = 0.34); only small influence of RAE was found in other positions. Statistical analysis showed that the influence of RAE cannot be rejected in 1–25, 26–50 and 76–100 positions (p < 0.05): it can be rejected in 54–75 positions. The results of the research have shown the medium influence of RAE in 2016 and 2017: in the recent years (and in the whole observed period of 2014–2018), the influence of RAE was small. The influence of RAE on the final WTA ranking is also small, except the 76–100 positions.
{"title":"The Relative Age Effect in Top100 Female Tennis Players (2014–2018)","authors":"A. Agricola, M. Bozděch, M. Zvonár, J. Zháněl","doi":"10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-34","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of Relative Age Effect (RAE) works on the assumption that athletes born at the beginning of a calendar year are more successful than athletes born in the end of the year. The athletes born early have a significant probability of a higher level of physiological, mor-phological and psychological abilities than later born athletes. Several studies show that the RAE was not found in females or it was significantly lower than in males. The research objective was to find out the influence of RAE in WTA Tour TOP100 female professional tennis players (n=500) in 2014–2018. Cohen’s effect size (ES) w was calculated to assess the level of the influence of RAE. To assess the differences between the observed and the expected relative age quarter distribution, Chi-Square test (ꭕ2) was used. In terms of effect size (ES), a medium influence of RAE has been proven in 2016 and 2017 (w = 0.33, resp. w = 0.30); a small influence has been proven in years 2014, 2015, 2018 and in the whole observed period 2014–2018. Based on statistical analysis, the influence of RAE cannot be rejected in years 2016 (p 0.05). The next step was to assess the influence of RAE on the final WTA ranking in 2014–2018. Players have been divided into four intervals: 1–25, 26–50, 51–75 and 76–100 positions. ES has showed the medium influence of RAE in 76–100 positions (w = 0.34); only small influence of RAE was found in other positions. Statistical analysis showed that the influence of RAE cannot be rejected in 1–25, 26–50 and 76–100 positions (p < 0.05): it can be rejected in 54–75 positions. The results of the research have shown the medium influence of RAE in 2016 and 2017: in the recent years (and in the whole observed period of 2014–2018), the influence of RAE was small. The influence of RAE on the final WTA ranking is also small, except the 76–100 positions.","PeriodicalId":174451,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129336099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-48
Tomáš Vencúrik, Dominik Bokůvka, J. Nykodým, P. Vacenovský
Purpose: Nowadays, not only the research but also coaching is focusing on decision making in basketball. Decision making is critical in basketball, especially in relation to offensive skills (with ball). Generally, the players have to decide what to do with the ball (make an appro-priate decision) and in the shortest time possible. From this point of view, the study aims to identify the factors which can affect the decision making of offensive skills of female basket-ball players. Methods: Eight semi-professional female basketball players participated in this study. Basket-ball players played five competitive games in the second division. During all games, the heart rate was monitored. Decision making was assessed according to Basketball Offensive Game Performance Instrument (BOGPI) and categorized as appropriate and inappropriate. For this purpose, the notational analysis was used. Based on previous research, the four main factors were set as independent variables. Each of these factors was categorized. The first factor was the intensity of load ( 95% of HR ), second factor was ball possession duration (0–8 s, 9–16 s, and 17–24 s), third factor was game period (1st quarter, 2nd quarter, 3rd quarter, and 4th quarter), and the fourth factor was defensive pressure of an opponent (low, moderate, and high). Objectivity was verified by the method of inter-rater agreement, and re-liability was using intra-rater agreement. The influence of factors on decision making was ex-pressed by binary logistic regression. Method of backward stepwise selection was used to find predictors of inappropriate decisions and to find the best model. Results: One regression coeficient in the final model was statistically significant – defensive pressure of the opponent. When the defensive pressure is moderate or high, the chance for inappropriate decisions increased. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the coaches should take into consideration these fac-tors when preparing individual training sessions.
{"title":"Decision making of semi-professional female basketball players in competitive games","authors":"Tomáš Vencúrik, Dominik Bokůvka, J. Nykodým, P. Vacenovský","doi":"10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-48","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Nowadays, not only the research but also coaching is focusing on decision making in basketball. Decision making is critical in basketball, especially in relation to offensive skills (with ball). Generally, the players have to decide what to do with the ball (make an appro-priate decision) and in the shortest time possible. From this point of view, the study aims to identify the factors which can affect the decision making of offensive skills of female basket-ball players. Methods: Eight semi-professional female basketball players participated in this study. Basket-ball players played five competitive games in the second division. During all games, the heart rate was monitored. Decision making was assessed according to Basketball Offensive Game Performance Instrument (BOGPI) and categorized as appropriate and inappropriate. For this purpose, the notational analysis was used. Based on previous research, the four main factors were set as independent variables. Each of these factors was categorized. The first factor was the intensity of load ( 95% of HR ), second factor was ball possession duration (0–8 s, 9–16 s, and 17–24 s), third factor was game period (1st quarter, 2nd quarter, 3rd quarter, and 4th quarter), and the fourth factor was defensive pressure of an opponent (low, moderate, and high). Objectivity was verified by the method of inter-rater agreement, and re-liability was using intra-rater agreement. The influence of factors on decision making was ex-pressed by binary logistic regression. Method of backward stepwise selection was used to find predictors of inappropriate decisions and to find the best model. Results: One regression coeficient in the final model was statistically significant – defensive pressure of the opponent. When the defensive pressure is moderate or high, the chance for inappropriate decisions increased. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the coaches should take into consideration these fac-tors when preparing individual training sessions.","PeriodicalId":174451,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123453256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-56
Kateřina Strašilová, P. Vajda, Tomáš Hlinský
Overweight and obese children often suffer for many physiological and psychological is-sues. Resistance training allows them to excel over their peers due to strength ability which is related to their somatotype. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an eight-week resistance training program on body composition in overweight and obese children. Study sample included 8 boys and 4 girls (age = 11.7 ± 1.54) who were involved in an eight-week strength specifically designed program consisted of two strength training unit per week. Resistance of exercise was set on 8‒10 RM. Body composition were measured by InBody 720 two times before and after the training intervention. The Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used. Results showed increase in total body weight (2.7%), lean body mass (2.5%) and fat mass (3.7%). This effect indicates that used resistance training program is suficient to lean body mass grow. Nevertheless, program proved to be inadequate to avoid an increase in fat mass. This could be caused by many factors which should be consider in further research (e.g. longer technique practice, diet, number of training units).
{"title":"Effect Of Resistance Training In Children Who Are Overweight Or Obese – Pilot Study","authors":"Kateřina Strašilová, P. Vajda, Tomáš Hlinský","doi":"10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-56","url":null,"abstract":"Overweight and obese children often suffer for many physiological and psychological is-sues. Resistance training allows them to excel over their peers due to strength ability which is related to their somatotype. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an eight-week resistance training program on body composition in overweight and obese children. Study sample included 8 boys and 4 girls (age = 11.7 ± 1.54) who were involved in an eight-week strength specifically designed program consisted of two strength training unit per week. Resistance of exercise was set on 8‒10 RM. Body composition were measured by InBody 720 two times before and after the training intervention. The Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used. Results showed increase in total body weight (2.7%), lean body mass (2.5%) and fat mass (3.7%). This effect indicates that used resistance training program is suficient to lean body mass grow. Nevertheless, program proved to be inadequate to avoid an increase in fat mass. This could be caused by many factors which should be consider in further research (e.g. longer technique practice, diet, number of training units).","PeriodicalId":174451,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124067718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-12
R. Malátová, P. Bahenský, Martin Mareš, D. Marko
Purpose: The aim of the study is to develop and verify an intervention program based on find-ings of the subject field Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the application of such programme to a daily program of healthy probands over a six-week period. The authors were concerned with determining whether an intervention program, based on a combination of aerobic load and resistance training, might affect the breathing stereotype and breathing functions in healthy individuals. Methods: Muscle dynamometer MD03 was used to examine the extent of engagement of in-dividual breathing regions. Breathing functions, or more specifically, the forced vital capacity (FVC) and one-second vital capacity (FEV1), were measured by means of Spirometer Ot-thon, and the evaluation was conducted using program ThorSoft. The intervention included 6 probands at the age of 21.3 ± 0.8 who exercise regularly. The probands underwent initial and final tests. The data obtained were evaluated and substantial significance was deter-mined using Cohen’s d, and the Student’s paired t test for dependent selection. Significance value was determined at significance value α = 0.05. Data were processed in programs Mi-crosoft Excel 2016 and Statistica 12. Results: The tested set of probands showed a substantially significant change of value FVC (Cohen’s d = −0.13, i.e. a small effect). This change was also statistically significant. As regards value FEV , a substantially significant change incurred (Cohen’s d = −0.23, i.e. a small effect). Likewise, this change was statistically significant. The analysis of breathing movements of the observed group of probands revealed improvement especially in the lower thoracic region (abdominal) following the completion of the intervention program. In resting breathing, a substantially significant (Cohen’s d = 2.83, a large effect) as well as statistically significant change was effectuated in this region. In the middle thoracic region, a substantial-ly significant change (Cohen’s d = 0.01, i.e. a small effect) incurred; however, there was no statistical change. No substantially or statistically significant changes were obtained for the upper thoracic (subclavian) region. Conclusion: Our results imply that the aforementioned intervention applied in healthy individ-uals who exercise regularly hasn’t had a positive influence on breathing functions. Though there was a small improvement in the breathing stereotype, the optimum engagement of the abdominal breathing region within the breathing wave as described in specialized literature was not accomplished.
目的:本研究的目的是开发和验证一项干预计划，该计划基于肺康复主题领域的发现，并将该计划应用于健康先证者的日常计划，为期六周。作者关注的是确定基于有氧负荷和阻力训练相结合的干预方案是否会影响健康个体的呼吸刻板印象和呼吸功能。方法:采用MD03肌肉测力仪检测个体呼吸区参与程度。呼吸功能，或更具体地说，用力肺活量(FVC)和一秒肺活量(FEV1)，通过肺活量计Ot-thon测量，评估程序ThorSoft进行。干预包括6名年龄为21.3±0.8岁、经常运动的先证者。先证者接受了初步和最终的测试。对获得的数据进行评估，并使用Cohen 's d和学生配对t检验来确定依赖选择的显著性。以显著值α = 0.05确定显著值。数据处理程序为microsoft - microsoft Excel 2016和Statistica 12。结果:先证物组的FVC值变化显著(Cohen’s d = - 0.13，即影响较小)。这一变化也具有统计学意义。对于价值FEV，发生了实质性的显著变化(Cohen’s d = - 0.23，即影响很小)。同样，这种变化在统计上是显著的。对观察组先证患者呼吸运动的分析显示，在干预方案完成后，特别是在胸廓下部(腹部)有改善。在静息呼吸中，该区域发生了实质性的显著变化(Cohen’s d = 2.83，很大的影响)和统计学上显著的变化。在胸椎中部，发生了非常显著的变化(Cohen’s d = 0.01，即影响很小);然而，没有统计学上的变化。在上胸椎(锁骨下)区域没有实质性或统计学上显著的变化。结论:我们的研究结果表明，上述干预措施适用于经常锻炼的健康个体，对呼吸功能没有积极影响。虽然在呼吸刻板印象中有一个小的改善，但在专业文献中描述的呼吸波内腹部呼吸区域的最佳参与没有完成。
{"title":"Influence of the intervention program according to Pulmonary Rehabilitation principles on breathing functions of healthy individuals","authors":"R. Malátová, P. Bahenský, Martin Mareš, D. Marko","doi":"10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-12","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The aim of the study is to develop and verify an intervention program based on find-ings of the subject field Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the application of such programme to a daily program of healthy probands over a six-week period. The authors were concerned with determining whether an intervention program, based on a combination of aerobic load and resistance training, might affect the breathing stereotype and breathing functions in healthy individuals. Methods: Muscle dynamometer MD03 was used to examine the extent of engagement of in-dividual breathing regions. Breathing functions, or more specifically, the forced vital capacity (FVC) and one-second vital capacity (FEV1), were measured by means of Spirometer Ot-thon, and the evaluation was conducted using program ThorSoft. The intervention included 6 probands at the age of 21.3 ± 0.8 who exercise regularly. The probands underwent initial and final tests. The data obtained were evaluated and substantial significance was deter-mined using Cohen’s d, and the Student’s paired t test for dependent selection. Significance value was determined at significance value α = 0.05. Data were processed in programs Mi-crosoft Excel 2016 and Statistica 12. Results: The tested set of probands showed a substantially significant change of value FVC (Cohen’s d = −0.13, i.e. a small effect). This change was also statistically significant. As regards value FEV , a substantially significant change incurred (Cohen’s d = −0.23, i.e. a small effect). Likewise, this change was statistically significant. The analysis of breathing movements of the observed group of probands revealed improvement especially in the lower thoracic region (abdominal) following the completion of the intervention program. In resting breathing, a substantially significant (Cohen’s d = 2.83, a large effect) as well as statistically significant change was effectuated in this region. In the middle thoracic region, a substantial-ly significant change (Cohen’s d = 0.01, i.e. a small effect) incurred; however, there was no statistical change. No substantially or statistically significant changes were obtained for the upper thoracic (subclavian) region. Conclusion: Our results imply that the aforementioned intervention applied in healthy individ-uals who exercise regularly hasn’t had a positive influence on breathing functions. Though there was a small improvement in the breathing stereotype, the optimum engagement of the abdominal breathing region within the breathing wave as described in specialized literature was not accomplished.","PeriodicalId":174451,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131936582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-53
Michał Żak, Ivan Struhár, J. Ondracek
This study is a major part of the dissertation research. It is focused on the development of shooting skills in young biathletes in a three-year training period. Specifically, the long-term development of the percentage success rate of prone and standing shooting in both training and races is described in study. It mentions marginally shooting skills such as the postural stability, the stability of aiming and triggering. The first part of our research, completed in 2017, brought findings that the relationship between exercise intensity and the biathlete’s postural stability exists, but following part of it, finalized in 2018, did not demonstrate the dependence of exercise intensity on the aiming stability and triggering. Initially, the study involved 23 young biathletes (13 girls, 10 boys). Whole research was completed by 19 biathletes (11 girls: age 17.8±0.64 years; 8 boys: age 17.4±0.72 years) after three years. The results of our current study are based on the records of shooting on metal targets that were created during each biathlon shooting training and all biathlon races of the participants in the three-year period. Only shooting with previous physical load was involved into results, shooting at rest was not included in the study. The results show the improvement of the percentage success rate in both prone and standing shooting in the three-year training period in both girl and boy groups and in both training and races (total percentage success rate = the average of the training and races percentage success rate – girls in prone: 2016/2017: 71.3%, 2017/2018: 75.5%, 2018/2019: 80.0%; girls in standing: 2016/2017: 61.8%, 2017/2018: 67.7%, 2018/2019: 73.4%; boys in prone: 2016/2017: 72.0%, 2017/2018: 72.9%, 2018/2019: 75.3%; boys in standing: 2016/2017: 57.6%, 2017/2018: 63.5%, 2018/2019: 67.7%). Girls are better shooters than boys in this research group. In general, the gradual improvement of percentage success rate in time is expected to occur in young biathletes that are in the intensive training process, but our study brings unique data of concretely values at this age of athletes that has not been known yet. The obtained data could be used by biathlon trainers to compare the current level of shooting skills at a given age of their young athletes. At the same time, a normative standard of biathlon shooting skills in a given age could be created in the case of gathering more data. That is one of the goals of the Czech Biathlon Union.
{"title":"The long-term development of shooting skills in young biathletes","authors":"Michał Żak, Ivan Struhár, J. Ondracek","doi":"10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-53","url":null,"abstract":"This study is a major part of the dissertation research. It is focused on the development of shooting skills in young biathletes in a three-year training period. Specifically, the long-term development of the percentage success rate of prone and standing shooting in both training and races is described in study. It mentions marginally shooting skills such as the postural stability, the stability of aiming and triggering. The first part of our research, completed in 2017, brought findings that the relationship between exercise intensity and the biathlete’s postural stability exists, but following part of it, finalized in 2018, did not demonstrate the dependence of exercise intensity on the aiming stability and triggering. Initially, the study involved 23 young biathletes (13 girls, 10 boys). Whole research was completed by 19 biathletes (11 girls: age 17.8±0.64 years; 8 boys: age 17.4±0.72 years) after three years. The results of our current study are based on the records of shooting on metal targets that were created during each biathlon shooting training and all biathlon races of the participants in the three-year period. Only shooting with previous physical load was involved into results, shooting at rest was not included in the study. The results show the improvement of the percentage success rate in both prone and standing shooting in the three-year training period in both girl and boy groups and in both training and races (total percentage success rate = the average of the training and races percentage success rate – girls in prone: 2016/2017: 71.3%, 2017/2018: 75.5%, 2018/2019: 80.0%; girls in standing: 2016/2017: 61.8%, 2017/2018: 67.7%, 2018/2019: 73.4%; boys in prone: 2016/2017: 72.0%, 2017/2018: 72.9%, 2018/2019: 75.3%; boys in standing: 2016/2017: 57.6%, 2017/2018: 63.5%, 2018/2019: 67.7%). Girls are better shooters than boys in this research group. In general, the gradual improvement of percentage success rate in time is expected to occur in young biathletes that are in the intensive training process, but our study brings unique data of concretely values at this age of athletes that has not been known yet. The obtained data could be used by biathlon trainers to compare the current level of shooting skills at a given age of their young athletes. At the same time, a normative standard of biathlon shooting skills in a given age could be created in the case of gathering more data. That is one of the goals of the Czech Biathlon Union.","PeriodicalId":174451,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121187802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-36
Juraj Kremnický
The aim of this article was to find out the views and attitudes of teachers of the fifth and sixth grades of elementary schools in Banská Bystrica on gymnastics. The research group consisted of total number of 25 physical and sport education teachers, 11 male and 14 females from eleven schools. We used our electronical questionnaire to find out the opinions of the teachers. We studied the opinions on teaching the gymnastics but also material equipment at elementary schools. In average we found out positive attitude of teachers toward gymnastics. The teachers consider the existing material equipment at elementary schools in Banská Bystrica to be suficient.
{"title":"Opinions Of Teachers On Teaching Gymnastics In Banská Bystrica","authors":"Juraj Kremnický","doi":"10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-36","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article was to find out the views and attitudes of teachers of the fifth and sixth grades of elementary schools in Banská Bystrica on gymnastics. The research group consisted of total number of 25 physical and sport education teachers, 11 male and 14 females from eleven schools. We used our electronical questionnaire to find out the opinions of the teachers. We studied the opinions on teaching the gymnastics but also material equipment at elementary schools. In average we found out positive attitude of teachers toward gymnastics. The teachers consider the existing material equipment at elementary schools in Banská Bystrica to be suficient.","PeriodicalId":174451,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129838339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-20
Ivan Struhár, Michal Kumstát, K. Kapounková, K. Mertová, I. Hrnčiříková
Purpose: Finding the balance between the training, the competition, and recovery is a crucial component for maximal sports performance. A huge range of sport recovery methods is pre-sented as an important part of training programs. In recent years, there has been an increas-ing interest in using the contrast water immersion and massage and its effect on subsequent muscle function. Recent studies have shown that the contrast water immersion affects the maximal force, which can be useful for subsequent repeated performance. This study aims to investigate the differences between using immediate mechanotherapy and contrast water immersion on cycling performance. Methods: Eight physically active male participants (age 27.1 ± 2.32 years; body mass 77.38 ± 5.43 kg; body height 1.78 ± 0.05 m; body fat 10.12 ± 2.23 %; maximum heart rate 182 ± 4 beats·min-1; VO2max 47.92 ± 7.16 mL.kg-1.min-1) volunteered and gave written in-formed consent to participate in this study. Participants completed three trials, each sepa-rated by one week. Each trial consisted of two “all-out” exercise bouts (30-20-10 s) against the load resistance of 0.07 kg/body weight. Three minutes recovery phase was between the “all-out” exercise bouts (1 W/kg; a pedal rate of 70–75 rpm). Following this, the selected recovery strategy was applied for 24 minutes (PAS-passive recovery, MT-massage therapy, CWI-contrast water immersion). The effect of recovery was assessed through changes in performance parameters, blood lactate concentration, and blood gases analyses. Results: The results obtained from the analysis showed positive statistical significance differ-ence between using PAS vs. MT (p = 0.0313) and PAS vs. CWI (p = 0.0441) for peak power. Interestingly, there were similar differences in fatigue index when we had compared PAS vs. MT and PAS vs. CWI. A decrease in lactate levels overtime was the highest for CWI. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that CWI and MT could be considered as a useful method in sports recovery. The results of this research support the idea that passive recovery is not the right way of recovery, especially when the athletes expect subsequent performance. Future trials should assess the impact of water temperature and different mas-sage techniques on performance and also for subjective feelings of athletes.
{"title":"Effects of immediate mechanotherapy and intermittent contrast water immersion on subsequent cycling performance","authors":"Ivan Struhár, Michal Kumstát, K. Kapounková, K. Mertová, I. Hrnčiříková","doi":"10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-20","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Finding the balance between the training, the competition, and recovery is a crucial component for maximal sports performance. A huge range of sport recovery methods is pre-sented as an important part of training programs. In recent years, there has been an increas-ing interest in using the contrast water immersion and massage and its effect on subsequent muscle function. Recent studies have shown that the contrast water immersion affects the maximal force, which can be useful for subsequent repeated performance. This study aims to investigate the differences between using immediate mechanotherapy and contrast water immersion on cycling performance. Methods: Eight physically active male participants (age 27.1 ± 2.32 years; body mass 77.38 ± 5.43 kg; body height 1.78 ± 0.05 m; body fat 10.12 ± 2.23 %; maximum heart rate 182 ± 4 beats·min-1; VO2max 47.92 ± 7.16 mL.kg-1.min-1) volunteered and gave written in-formed consent to participate in this study. Participants completed three trials, each sepa-rated by one week. Each trial consisted of two “all-out” exercise bouts (30-20-10 s) against the load resistance of 0.07 kg/body weight. Three minutes recovery phase was between the “all-out” exercise bouts (1 W/kg; a pedal rate of 70–75 rpm). Following this, the selected recovery strategy was applied for 24 minutes (PAS-passive recovery, MT-massage therapy, CWI-contrast water immersion). The effect of recovery was assessed through changes in performance parameters, blood lactate concentration, and blood gases analyses. Results: The results obtained from the analysis showed positive statistical significance differ-ence between using PAS vs. MT (p = 0.0313) and PAS vs. CWI (p = 0.0441) for peak power. Interestingly, there were similar differences in fatigue index when we had compared PAS vs. MT and PAS vs. CWI. A decrease in lactate levels overtime was the highest for CWI. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that CWI and MT could be considered as a useful method in sports recovery. The results of this research support the idea that passive recovery is not the right way of recovery, especially when the athletes expect subsequent performance. Future trials should assess the impact of water temperature and different mas-sage techniques on performance and also for subjective feelings of athletes.","PeriodicalId":174451,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128694544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-47
Z. Pupišová
The aim of the study was to detect the current level of explosive strength of lower limbs. Results were compared with the best individual personal performance which is evaluated through FINA points. 10 male and 14 female junior representatives in swimming (n=24; height = 178.7 ± 7.59 cm; weight = 67.5 ± 7.76 kg) and 10 male and 8 female senior rep-resentatives in swimming (n=18; height = 179.8 ± 5.54 cm; weight = 72.6 ± 8.32) from the Slovak Republic participated in testing. The explosive strength of lower limbs was meas-ured by standing broad jumps and by the diagnostic device Myotest where CMJ and SJ tests were used. The results were compared by Pearson correlation coeficient with the best point performance of a particular proband. The average height of the junior repre-sentatives in the SJ test was 33.0 cm and of the senior representatives was 40.9 cm. The average height of the junior representatives in the CMJ test was 36.0 cm and the value of the senior representatives was 45.9 cm. The average value of junior representatives in the standing broad jump test was 220.0 cm and in senior representatives was 269.3 cm. Senior representatives achieved better results in all tests. The average point performance in junior representatives was 708.0 points and in senior representatives was 761.7 points. Percen-tual difference between the groups was detected in tests at values from 18.1% to 21.6% and the difference in FINA points was 7.1%. Pearson correlation coeficient showed high and medium values on statistical significance of 1% between tests of explosive strength, although, it showed the low values between the explosive strength tests and value of FINA points. The explosive strength of the lower limbs is one of the factors of sports performance that affect swimming performance. However, its level of impact needs to be verified by fur-ther research.
{"title":"The Level Of Explosive Strength Of Lower Limbs Of Slovak Republic Representatives In Swimming","authors":"Z. Pupišová","doi":"10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-47","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to detect the current level of explosive strength of lower limbs. Results were compared with the best individual personal performance which is evaluated through FINA points. 10 male and 14 female junior representatives in swimming (n=24; height = 178.7 ± 7.59 cm; weight = 67.5 ± 7.76 kg) and 10 male and 8 female senior rep-resentatives in swimming (n=18; height = 179.8 ± 5.54 cm; weight = 72.6 ± 8.32) from the Slovak Republic participated in testing. The explosive strength of lower limbs was meas-ured by standing broad jumps and by the diagnostic device Myotest where CMJ and SJ tests were used. The results were compared by Pearson correlation coeficient with the best point performance of a particular proband. The average height of the junior repre-sentatives in the SJ test was 33.0 cm and of the senior representatives was 40.9 cm. The average height of the junior representatives in the CMJ test was 36.0 cm and the value of the senior representatives was 45.9 cm. The average value of junior representatives in the standing broad jump test was 220.0 cm and in senior representatives was 269.3 cm. Senior representatives achieved better results in all tests. The average point performance in junior representatives was 708.0 points and in senior representatives was 761.7 points. Percen-tual difference between the groups was detected in tests at values from 18.1% to 21.6% and the difference in FINA points was 7.1%. Pearson correlation coeficient showed high and medium values on statistical significance of 1% between tests of explosive strength, although, it showed the low values between the explosive strength tests and value of FINA points. The explosive strength of the lower limbs is one of the factors of sports performance that affect swimming performance. However, its level of impact needs to be verified by fur-ther research.","PeriodicalId":174451,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124469803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-32
Martina Honcová
Non-profit organisations play a critical role in many societies because they fulfill the needs in areas that are not covered by the public or private sector. The primary purpose of all non-profit organisations is not generating income and, in most cases, the income from their own activities is not enough to survive. Therefore, they are forced to look for additional ways of funding and are dependent on them. These types of financial resources can be divided into two main groups – internal and external resources. Income from own activities and member-ship fees can be an example of internal resources. Subsidies from the state or municipalities, sponsorship money, and donations are part of organisations’ external resources. The main aim of this paper is to reveal the influence of different types of financial resources of non-profit sport organisations on their strategy. The article applies general findings for non-profit organ-isations from the paper of Stone, Bigelov, and Crittenden (1999) on “Research on strategic management in non-profit organisations” on the organisations from the sport area. Funding and financial resources may influence the components of a strategic process: formulation, content, and implementation. This paper focuses on the extent in which funding and financial resources affect the organisation’s strategic management and describes the influence of different types of financial resources on non-profit sport organisations’ strategy by reviewing a range of studies on the strategic process and funding of non-profit organizations that are applicable in sports. The article summarizes different findings and issues that have been de-scribed and published in the pre-reviewed academic journals with no restriction on the date of the issue.
{"title":"The influence of the main financial resources of non-profit sport organisations on their strategy","authors":"Martina Honcová","doi":"10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-32","url":null,"abstract":"Non-profit organisations play a critical role in many societies because they fulfill the needs in areas that are not covered by the public or private sector. The primary purpose of all non-profit organisations is not generating income and, in most cases, the income from their own activities is not enough to survive. Therefore, they are forced to look for additional ways of funding and are dependent on them. These types of financial resources can be divided into two main groups – internal and external resources. Income from own activities and member-ship fees can be an example of internal resources. Subsidies from the state or municipalities, sponsorship money, and donations are part of organisations’ external resources. The main aim of this paper is to reveal the influence of different types of financial resources of non-profit sport organisations on their strategy. The article applies general findings for non-profit organ-isations from the paper of Stone, Bigelov, and Crittenden (1999) on “Research on strategic management in non-profit organisations” on the organisations from the sport area. Funding and financial resources may influence the components of a strategic process: formulation, content, and implementation. This paper focuses on the extent in which funding and financial resources affect the organisation’s strategic management and describes the influence of different types of financial resources on non-profit sport organisations’ strategy by reviewing a range of studies on the strategic process and funding of non-profit organizations that are applicable in sports. The article summarizes different findings and issues that have been de-scribed and published in the pre-reviewed academic journals with no restriction on the date of the issue.","PeriodicalId":174451,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131396842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-33
I. Slepičková, P. Slepička
Nowadays, similar to worldwide trends, running has become very popular in the Czech Republic. Since the mid of 1990s, the business sector has become very active in this area. Private companies organise many road races for the public, including participation of top level runners (i.e. Prague International Marathon). In 2016, within the framework of the international project IRNIST, we realised an empirical descriptive study of the Mattoni ½ Marathon in Ústí nad Labem, a middle size town. The IRNIST questionnaire was used. Analysing data on 491 runners (of 2,238 runners finished the race) we found that concern-ing socio-economic status of respondents, 56.9% of runners have a university education, one third advanced secondary education; and 63% earn more than the average wage. Participant were able to spend quite a lot of money for participation costs. These results raise the issue if the privatization and commercialization of running for the masses does not cause limit for sport participation for all.
如今，与世界范围内的趋势类似，跑步在捷克共和国变得非常流行。自20世纪90年代中期以来，商业部门在这一领域变得非常活跃。私人公司为公众组织了许多公路比赛，包括顶级选手的参与(如布拉格国际马拉松)。2016年，在国际项目IRNIST的框架内，我们在中等规模的城镇Ústí nad Labem对Mattoni½马拉松进行了实证描述性研究。采用IRNIST问卷。通过对491名跑者(2238名跑者中完成比赛的)的数据分析，我们发现，在受访者的社会经济地位方面，56.9%的跑者受过大学教育，三分之一受过高等中等教育;63%的人的收入高于平均工资。参与者能够在参与成本上花费相当多的钱。这些结果提出了一个问题，即大众跑步的私有化和商业化是否会对所有人的体育参与造成限制。
{"title":"Boom of road races in the Czech Republic – sport for all or luxury amusement?","authors":"I. Slepičková, P. Slepička","doi":"10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-33","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, similar to worldwide trends, running has become very popular in the Czech Republic. Since the mid of 1990s, the business sector has become very active in this area. Private companies organise many road races for the public, including participation of top level runners (i.e. Prague International Marathon). In 2016, within the framework of the international project IRNIST, we realised an empirical descriptive study of the Mattoni ½ Marathon in Ústí nad Labem, a middle size town. The IRNIST questionnaire was used. Analysing data on 491 runners (of 2,238 runners finished the race) we found that concern-ing socio-economic status of respondents, 56.9% of runners have a university education, one third advanced secondary education; and 63% earn more than the average wage. Participant were able to spend quite a lot of money for participation costs. These results raise the issue if the privatization and commercialization of running for the masses does not cause limit for sport participation for all.","PeriodicalId":174451,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125577194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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