Gayle Amul, J. Spencer, Melissa Mei Jin Tan, S. Singh
The Third Raffles Dialogue, convened in Singapore from 27-28 November 2018, provided an innovative and inclusive platform for emerging voices on the future of human well-being and security, creating spaces for the meaningful involvement of the younger generation with the Raffles Fellowship. This commentary sums up those challenging as well as inspiring views, while reflecting on Singapore’s role in global health and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The article further explores the role of responsible business in sustainable development by proposing a balance between technology and humanity.
{"title":"On the Road to Human Well-Being and Security: Insights from the Third Raffles Dialogue","authors":"Gayle Amul, J. Spencer, Melissa Mei Jin Tan, S. Singh","doi":"10.18003/AJPA.20193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18003/AJPA.20193","url":null,"abstract":"The Third Raffles Dialogue, convened in Singapore from 27-28 November 2018, provided an innovative and inclusive platform for emerging voices on the future of human well-being and security, creating spaces for the meaningful involvement of the younger generation with the Raffles Fellowship. This commentary sums up those challenging as well as inspiring views, while reflecting on Singapore’s role in global health and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The article further explores the role of responsible business in sustainable development by proposing a balance between technology and humanity.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127918661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Shaha, M. Alam, H. Islam, L. Alam, K. Ahmed, M. Mokhtar
The study was conducted through 24 individual surveys in the SME of Bangladesh covering 16 river/canals and 32 locations (one-third area) of the Sundarbans by direct interviews of randomly selected 1,989 fishermen from 545 non-mechanized boats and 1,428 active gears from eight types of gear. The source of credit, agreement of Dadan, variability in prices, profit distribution agreement between boat/gear owner and the fishing labour, catch volume, and the relation between the fisher and the landing centers (i.e., intimacy and expected market prices) were found to be determinant factors in determining the place for landings of the harvested catches in the study area. There was access of fishers to the formal credit markets (i.e. scheduled banks or cooperatives) at 13±2.83 (11-15)% interest. However, the rate of interest offered by the NGOs was significantly higher (mean: 45±31, range: 18-76%) than the bank rates. A number of formalities were found to inhibit fishers to receive credit from Banks and NGOs. About 60-100% of the value of Galda catch, after covering the operational costs, was taken by the boat and gear owner. The share of the labor also varied by the type of work performed (catching, drying, transporting, cooking on boat etc.). The average prices of Galda at landing centers are varied from BDT 290 to 750 kg-1. The average prices of Galda at landing centers and in international markets were BDT 290 and 750 kg-1, respectively in 2006. The Department of Forest, being the legal authority in the management of aquatic resources inside the waters of the SME of Bangladesh should care the sustainable management of small-scale fisheries to ensure a sustainable growth rate of Galda, and protect over exploitation. Proper and easy financial and credit supports is needed for the economic betterment of the small fishers. Hence the findings and the recommendations of this study is supposed to be helpful for policy makers in improving the current status of Galda fishery and relevant human livelihood as well as conserving the Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem.
{"title":"Assessment of External Supports for Harvesting Artisanal Galda (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii De Man) Fisheries from the Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem in Bangladesh","authors":"B. Shaha, M. Alam, H. Islam, L. Alam, K. Ahmed, M. Mokhtar","doi":"10.31235/osf.io/7u2k8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/7u2k8","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted through 24 individual surveys in the SME of Bangladesh covering 16 river/canals and 32 locations (one-third area) of the Sundarbans by direct interviews of randomly selected 1,989 fishermen from 545 non-mechanized boats and 1,428 active gears from eight types of gear. The source of credit, agreement of Dadan, variability in prices, profit distribution agreement between boat/gear owner and the fishing labour, catch volume, and the relation between the fisher and the landing centers (i.e., intimacy and expected market prices) were found to be determinant factors in determining the place for landings of the harvested catches in the study area. There was access of fishers to the formal credit markets (i.e. scheduled banks or cooperatives) at 13±2.83 (11-15)% interest. However, the rate of interest offered by the NGOs was significantly higher (mean: 45±31, range: 18-76%) than the bank rates. A number of formalities were found to inhibit fishers to receive credit from Banks and NGOs. About 60-100% of the value of Galda catch, after covering the operational costs, was taken by the boat and gear owner. The share of the labor also varied by the type of work performed (catching, drying, transporting, cooking on boat etc.). The average prices of Galda at landing centers are varied from BDT 290 to 750 kg-1. The average prices of Galda at landing centers and in international markets were BDT 290 and 750 kg-1, respectively in 2006. The Department of Forest, being the legal authority in the management of aquatic resources inside the waters of the SME of Bangladesh should care the sustainable management of small-scale fisheries to ensure a sustainable growth rate of Galda, and protect over exploitation. Proper and easy financial and credit supports is needed for the economic betterment of the small fishers. Hence the findings and the recommendations of this study is supposed to be helpful for policy makers in improving the current status of Galda fishery and relevant human livelihood as well as conserving the Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126594370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Whether companies implementing eco-friendly policies are better immune to negative shocks in financial performance during crisis times and perform differently after the shocks remains an open question. We gather information on firms' CSR performance from the Bloomberg ESG Database, which contains environmental, social, and governance measures for thousands of companies. We build a panel dataset of large US caps included in the S&P 500 index between fiscal year 2005 and 2017. Controlling for financial health, social and governance performance, we employ seven proxies for environmental performance and look at both accounting- and market-based financial performance. We find that the existence of emission reduction or climate change policies in large US companies does not seem to be broadly associated with financial performance. Whether or not we condition the analysis on the occurrence of the 2008–2009 financial crisis, we do not observe clear-cut changes over time. Overall, we find weak evidence supporting the hypothesis that the relation between financial performance and environmental performance is specific to periods of low trust.
{"title":"Eco-Friendly Policies and Financial Performance: Was the Financial Crisis a Game Changer for Large US Companies?","authors":"M. Petitjean","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3769043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3769043","url":null,"abstract":"Whether companies implementing eco-friendly policies are better immune to negative shocks in financial performance during crisis times and perform differently after the shocks remains an open question. We gather information on firms' CSR performance from the Bloomberg ESG Database, which contains environmental, social, and governance measures for thousands of companies. We build a panel dataset of large US caps included in the S&P 500 index between fiscal year 2005 and 2017. Controlling for financial health, social and governance performance, we employ seven proxies for environmental performance and look at both accounting- and market-based financial performance. We find that the existence of emission reduction or climate change policies in large US companies does not seem to be broadly associated with financial performance. Whether or not we condition the analysis on the occurrence of the 2008–2009 financial crisis, we do not observe clear-cut changes over time. Overall, we find weak evidence supporting the hypothesis that the relation between financial performance and environmental performance is specific to periods of low trust.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"58 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132783018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Korean Abstract: 지속가능개발목표(SDGs) 달성을 위해 2030년까지 개도국은 연간 5~7조 달러에 달하는 재원이 필요한 것으로 추정된다. 그러나 현재 개도국으로 유입되는 개발재원은 연간 4,000억 달러에 불과한 상태로, 개발재원 확대는 국제사회가 직면한 과제이다. ODA를 비롯한 공적 개발재원 규모가 확대되어야 하나, 글로벌 경기침체와 선진국 정부예산 제약 등으로 힌하여 전망이 밝지 않은 상황이다. 개발재원 공여 주체로서 민간부문에 대한 기대는 지속적으로 고조될 것으로 보이며, 민간재원 유도를 위한 공여국 정부와 공적 개발재원의 역할이 요구된다. 본 연구는 개발재원 확대에 관한 국제사회의 논의 분석, 공적 개발재원 흐름에 관한 동계 분석, 수원국의 대응동향 분석을 통해 개발재원 확대를 위한 정책방안을 도출하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 개발재원 흐름에 관한 새로운 측정수단인 'TOSSD' 및 혼합금융 관련 주요 쟁점을 정리하였다. 또한 공적 개발재원 흐름에 관한 통계를 바탕으로 재원 유형별 특징과 공여 결정요인을 분석했다. 세네갈과 필리핀을 사례조사 대상국으로 선정하여 개발재원의 수혜자로서 대응전략과 이슈를 살펴봤다. English Abstract: An estimated total of 5-7 trillion USD will be needed annually for developing countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. However, financial flows to developing countries currently account for only 400 billion USD per year, thus highlighting the need to expand financial resources. Although public development finance should be increased in order to achieve the SDGs and the 0.7% ODA/GNI target set by DAC member countries, the prospect of increasing the total volume of ODA looks dim when considering the mounting constraints placed on the donor government’s budget. Therefore, the role of private finance will likely become more important to support the economic growth and sustainable development of developing countries. This research aims to derive policy implications to increase financial flows to developing countries by examining current international debates on financing for development, conducting a statistical analysis of official development finance including ODA and other official flows (OOF), and analyzing case studies which cover the development finance landscape from the perspective of partner countries. Firstly, the study examines the major issues regarding development finance based on a study of international dialogue on financing for development. Secondly, the study derives the characteristics of official development resources and determinants of resource allocation by type based on statistical analysis of official development finance. This is followed by a study of cases in the Philippines and Senegal to understand the issues on development finance from the perspective of partner countries.
据推测，为了实现Korean Abstract:可持续发展目标(SDGs)，到2030年为止，发展中国家每年需要5~7万亿美元的资金。但是，目前流入发展中国家的开发财源每年只有4000亿美元，扩大开发财源是国际社会面临的课题。政府开发援助(ODA)等政府开发财源规模应该扩大，但由于全球经济低迷和发达国家政府预算制约等因素，前景并不明朗。作为开发财源提供主体，对民间部门的期待将持续高涨，为了诱导民间财源，需要提供国政府和公共开发财源的作用。本研究的目的是通过国际社会对开发财源扩大的讨论分析、对公共开发财源流向的冬季分析、水原国的对应动向分析，得出扩大开发财源的政策方案。为此，整理了有关开发财源流动的新测定手段“TOSSD”及混合金融相关的主要争论点。另外，以公共开发财源流动相关的统计为基础，分析了财源类型的特征和提供决定要素。将塞内加尔和菲律宾选定为事例调查对象国，作为开发财源的受惠者，观察了应对战略和焦点问题。English Abstract: An estimated total of 5-7 trillion USD will be needed annually for developing countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030。霍维尔，financial flows to developing countries currently account for only 400 billion USD per year, thus highlighting the need to expand financial resources。Although public development finance should be increased in order to achieve the SDGs and the 0.7% ODA/GNI target set by DAC member countries;the prospect of increasing the total volume of ODA looks dim when considering the mounting constraints placed on the donor government ' s budget。Therefore, the role of private finance will likely become more important to support the economic growth and sustainable development of developing countries。这是research aims to derive policy implications to increase financial flows to developing countries by examining current international debates on financing for developmentconducting a statistical analysis of official development finance including ODA and other official flows (OOF);and analyzing case studies which cover the development finance landscape from the perspective of partner countriesFirstly, the study examines the major issues regarding development finance based ona study of international dialogue on financing for development。the study derives the characteristics of official development resources and determinants of resource allocation by type based on statistical analysis of official development finance。This is followed by a study of cases in the Philippines and Senegal to understand the issues on development finance from the perspective of partner countries
{"title":"개도국 SDGs 이행 지원을 위한 개발재원 확대방안 (Financing for Sustainable Development and the Implications for Korea’s Policy on Development Cooperation)","authors":"Jione Jung, Jisun Jeong, Juyoung Lee, Aila Yoo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3422608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3422608","url":null,"abstract":"Korean Abstract: 지속가능개발목표(SDGs) 달성을 위해 2030년까지 개도국은 연간 5~7조 달러에 달하는 재원이 필요한 것으로 추정된다. 그러나 현재 개도국으로 유입되는 개발재원은 연간 4,000억 달러에 불과한 상태로, 개발재원 확대는 국제사회가 직면한 과제이다. ODA를 비롯한 공적 개발재원 규모가 확대되어야 하나, 글로벌 경기침체와 선진국 정부예산 제약 등으로 힌하여 전망이 밝지 않은 상황이다. 개발재원 공여 주체로서 민간부문에 대한 기대는 지속적으로 고조될 것으로 보이며, 민간재원 유도를 위한 공여국 정부와 공적 개발재원의 역할이 요구된다. \u0000본 연구는 개발재원 확대에 관한 국제사회의 논의 분석, 공적 개발재원 흐름에 관한 동계 분석, 수원국의 대응동향 분석을 통해 개발재원 확대를 위한 정책방안을 도출하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 개발재원 흐름에 관한 새로운 측정수단인 'TOSSD' 및 혼합금융 관련 주요 쟁점을 정리하였다. 또한 공적 개발재원 흐름에 관한 통계를 바탕으로 재원 유형별 특징과 공여 결정요인을 분석했다. 세네갈과 필리핀을 사례조사 대상국으로 선정하여 개발재원의 수혜자로서 대응전략과 이슈를 살펴봤다. \u0000 \u0000English Abstract: An estimated total of 5-7 trillion USD will be needed annually for developing countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. However, financial flows to developing countries currently account for only 400 billion USD per year, thus highlighting the need to expand financial resources. Although public development finance should be increased in order to achieve the SDGs and the 0.7% ODA/GNI target set by DAC member countries, the prospect of increasing the total volume of ODA looks dim when considering the mounting constraints placed on the donor government’s budget. Therefore, the role of private finance will likely become more important to support the economic growth and sustainable development of developing countries. \u0000 \u0000This research aims to derive policy implications to increase financial flows to developing countries by examining current international debates on financing for development, conducting a statistical analysis of official development finance including ODA and other official flows (OOF), and analyzing case studies which cover the development finance landscape from the perspective of partner countries. Firstly, the study examines the major issues regarding development finance based on a study of international dialogue on financing for development. Secondly, the study derives the characteristics of official development resources and determinants of resource allocation by type based on statistical analysis of official development finance. This is followed by a study of cases in the Philippines and Senegal to understand the issues on development finance from the perspective of partner countries.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126874526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Popular discussions of environmentally-motivated policies include much talk about job loss that can be confusing. Does job loss in a polluting industry mean that others should endure dirty air or that complementary policies are needed? I make sense of the issue by drawing concepts from research on international trade and its effects and applying them to recent job loss in the coal industry. The coal case study illustrates the economic adjustment that could plausibly stem from an environmental policy as well as the equity, efficiency, and political issues that adjustment raises. Each coal job lost reduced earnings in the county by nearly $100,000, and one third of those who lost jobs did not move and remained unemployed. The losses affected counties that were poorer on average, and the losses exacerbated the disparity. They also contributed to a shift towards pro-coal Trump in the 2016 presidential election, a shift that helped him win Pennsylvania. More broadly, a type of environmental adjustment assistance may improve the equity and political feasibility of environmental policies that benefit many but harm some. The how and when of assistance is unclear, but one case for study is the Assistance to Coal Communities initiative.
{"title":"On Environmental Policy and Jobs: An Analogy with Trade and an Illustration with Coal","authors":"Jeremy G. Weber","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3301255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3301255","url":null,"abstract":"Popular discussions of environmentally-motivated policies include much talk about job loss that can be confusing. Does job loss in a polluting industry mean that others should endure dirty air or that complementary policies are needed? I make sense of the issue by drawing concepts from research on international trade and its effects and applying them to recent job loss in the coal industry. The coal case study illustrates the economic adjustment that could plausibly stem from an environmental policy as well as the equity, efficiency, and political issues that adjustment raises. Each coal job lost reduced earnings in the county by nearly $100,000, and one third of those who lost jobs did not move and remained unemployed. The losses affected counties that were poorer on average, and the losses exacerbated the disparity. They also contributed to a shift towards pro-coal Trump in the 2016 presidential election, a shift that helped him win Pennsylvania. More broadly, a type of environmental adjustment assistance may improve the equity and political feasibility of environmental policies that benefit many but harm some. The how and when of assistance is unclear, but one case for study is the Assistance to Coal Communities initiative.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124132700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have created societal and political pressure for pension funds to address sustainable investing. We run two field surveys (n = 1,669, n = 3,186) with a pension fund that grants its members a real vote on its sustainable-investment policy. Two-thirds of participants are willing to expand the fund’s engagement with companies based on selected SDGs, even when they expect engagement to hurt financial performance. Support remains strong after the fund implements the choice. A key reason is participants’ strong social preferences.
联合国可持续发展目标(sdg)为养老基金解决可持续投资问题带来了社会和政治压力。我们对一家养老基金进行了两次实地调查(n = 1,669, n = 3,186)，该基金允许其成员对其可持续投资政策进行真正的投票。三分之二的参与者愿意根据选定的可持续发展目标扩大基金与公司的合作，即使他们预计这种合作会损害财务业绩。imf实施这一选择后，支持依然强劲。一个关键原因是参与者强烈的社会偏好。
{"title":"Get Real! Individuals Prefer More Sustainable Investments","authors":"Rob Bauer, T. Ruof, Paul Smeets","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3287430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3287430","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have created societal and political pressure for pension funds to address sustainable investing. We run two field surveys (n = 1,669, n = 3,186) with a pension fund that grants its members a real vote on its sustainable-investment policy. Two-thirds of participants are willing to expand the fund’s engagement with companies based on selected SDGs, even when they expect engagement to hurt financial performance. Support remains strong after the fund implements the choice. A key reason is participants’ strong social preferences.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122089778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joanna Hendy, A. Ausseil, Isaac Bain, É. Blanc, David A. Fleming, Joel Gibbs, A. Hall, A. Herzig, P. Kavanagh, Suzi Kerr, Catherine Leining, Laetitia Leroy, Edmund Y. Lou, J. F. Monge, A. Reisinger, Jim Risk, T. Soliman, A. Stroombergen, L. Timar, T. J. van der Weerden, Dominic White, C. Zammit
New Zealand faces the challenge of using our land in ways that are not only resilient to future pressures and sustain our rural communities but also enhance our natural environment. For the public and private sectors to make robust land-use decisions under uncertainty, high-quality modelling tools and data are essential. The drivers of land-use decisions are complex and models provide a structured methodology for investigating these. While New Zealand is fortunate to have a range of different modelling tools, these have historically been used in a sporadic and ad hoc way, and underlying datasets are deficient in some areas. As the foundation for more strategic development of New Zealand’s modelling capability, this paper profiles the main land-sector and farm- and production-related models and datasets currently applied in New Zealand. It also explores priority policy areas where modelling is needed, such as achieving emission reduction targets; managing freshwater, biodiversity and soil quality; and understanding the distributional impacts of policy options as well as climate change. New Zealand’s modelling capability could be strengthened by collecting and sharing land-use data more effectively; building understanding of underlying relationships informed by primary research; creating more collaborative and transparent processes for applying common datasets, scenarios and assumptions, and conducting peer review; and conducting more integrated modelling across environmental issues. These improvements will require strategic policies and processes for refining model development, providing increased, predictable and sustained funding for modelling activity and underlying data collection and primary research, and strengthening networks across modellers inside and outside of government.
{"title":"Land-Use Modelling in New Zealand: Current Practice and Future Needs","authors":"Joanna Hendy, A. Ausseil, Isaac Bain, É. Blanc, David A. Fleming, Joel Gibbs, A. Hall, A. Herzig, P. Kavanagh, Suzi Kerr, Catherine Leining, Laetitia Leroy, Edmund Y. Lou, J. F. Monge, A. Reisinger, Jim Risk, T. Soliman, A. Stroombergen, L. Timar, T. J. van der Weerden, Dominic White, C. Zammit","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3477050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3477050","url":null,"abstract":"New Zealand faces the challenge of using our land in ways that are not only resilient to future pressures and sustain our rural communities but also enhance our natural environment. For the public and private sectors to make robust land-use decisions under uncertainty, high-quality modelling tools and data are essential. The drivers of land-use decisions are complex and models provide a structured methodology for investigating these. While New Zealand is fortunate to have a range of different modelling tools, these have historically been used in a sporadic and ad hoc way, and underlying datasets are deficient in some areas. As the foundation for more strategic development of New Zealand’s modelling capability, this paper profiles the main land-sector and farm- and production-related models and datasets currently applied in New Zealand. It also explores priority policy areas where modelling is needed, such as achieving emission reduction targets; managing freshwater, biodiversity and soil quality; and understanding the distributional impacts of policy options as well as climate change. New Zealand’s modelling capability could be strengthened by collecting and sharing land-use data more effectively; building understanding of underlying relationships informed by primary research; creating more collaborative and transparent processes for applying common datasets, scenarios and assumptions, and conducting peer review; and conducting more integrated modelling across environmental issues. These improvements will require strategic policies and processes for refining model development, providing increased, predictable and sustained funding for modelling activity and underlying data collection and primary research, and strengthening networks across modellers inside and outside of government.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114985264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This report considers the extent to which human rights and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can work together to further substantive gender equality. It argues for a synergistic approach, which requires a reconfiguration of both development goals and human rights. The report highlights the central differences between a human rights approach to gender equality and that of the SDGs, but argues that there are nevertheless crucial spaces for synergies between the two systems. One of the risks of placing empowerment of women at the centre of the development agenda is that they will be regarded primarily as carrying the responsibility for development. Because the evidence shows that women are likely to prioritise their children’s welfare in using available resources, they are frequently seen as the key agents for poverty alleviation. For the SDGs to be truly transformative for women, it is therefore crucial to ensure that they are infused with a transformative understanding of gender equality. Rather than simply focussing on like treatment or aggregate outcomes, this requires attention to be paid simultaneously to four dimensions of equality: redressing disadvantage; addressing stereotyping, stigma, prejudice and violence; facilitating voice and participation; and systemic or institutional change. The report uses the lens of transformative equality to compare the ways in which the SDGs and human rights address two main issues: women and reproductive health, and women and poverty. The aim is to construct an evaluative framework based on a multi-dimensional understanding of substantive equality and apply it to selected topics to illuminate areas of potential synergy. The report emphasises that furthering transformative gender equality requires a concerted effort on many fronts. The SDGs, with their many interlocking goals touching on gender equality, represent great promise. However, their focus on aggregate outcomes pays too little attention to the qualitative dimensions of substantive gender equality; while the inadequacy of the accountability mechanisms leaves the attainment of the SDGs vulnerable to political will. The human rights framework, for its part, adds a greater level of accountability and more attention to the individual, as well as aiming to put in place ways to achieve the ultimate goals, and checking that these in turn are human rights compliant. However, the substance of human rights, through the prism of gender equality, is still contested, particularly in relation to women in poverty. Moreover, the accountability structures, while in principle legally binding, are only as strong as the political will of signatory states to implement them. Thus the report closes by reasserting that it is crucial for the two structures to work together in a synergistic manner to achieve transformative gender equality and to ensure that the ambitious promises of the SDGs are not simply fleeting hopes. This in turn depends on sustained civil soci
{"title":"Working Together: Human Rights, the Sustainable Development Goals and Gender Equality","authors":"S. Fredman","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3295693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3295693","url":null,"abstract":"This report considers the extent to which human rights and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can work together to further substantive gender equality. It argues for a synergistic approach, which requires a reconfiguration of both development goals and human rights. The report highlights the central differences between a human rights approach to gender equality and that of the SDGs, but argues that there are nevertheless crucial spaces for synergies between the two systems. One of the risks of placing empowerment of women at the centre of the development agenda is that they will be regarded primarily as carrying the responsibility for development. Because the evidence shows that women are likely to prioritise their children’s welfare in using available resources, they are frequently seen as the key agents for poverty alleviation. For the SDGs to be truly transformative for women, it is therefore crucial to ensure that they are infused with a transformative understanding of gender equality. Rather than simply focussing on like treatment or aggregate outcomes, this requires attention to be paid simultaneously to four dimensions of equality: redressing disadvantage; addressing stereotyping, stigma, prejudice and violence; facilitating voice and participation; and systemic or institutional change. The report uses the lens of transformative equality to compare the ways in which the SDGs and human rights address two main issues: women and reproductive health, and women and poverty. The aim is to construct an evaluative framework based on a multi-dimensional understanding of substantive equality and apply it to selected topics to illuminate areas of potential synergy. The report emphasises that furthering transformative gender equality requires a concerted effort on many fronts. The SDGs, with their many interlocking goals touching on gender equality, represent great promise. However, their focus on aggregate outcomes pays too little attention to the qualitative dimensions of substantive gender equality; while the inadequacy of the accountability mechanisms leaves the attainment of the SDGs vulnerable to political will. The human rights framework, for its part, adds a greater level of accountability and more attention to the individual, as well as aiming to put in place ways to achieve the ultimate goals, and checking that these in turn are human rights compliant. However, the substance of human rights, through the prism of gender equality, is still contested, particularly in relation to women in poverty. Moreover, the accountability structures, while in principle legally binding, are only as strong as the political will of signatory states to implement them. Thus the report closes by reasserting that it is crucial for the two structures to work together in a synergistic manner to achieve transformative gender equality and to ensure that the ambitious promises of the SDGs are not simply fleeting hopes. This in turn depends on sustained civil soci","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"208 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115746128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since Gamson’s (1975) landmark study of social movement organizations, scholars have debated whether it is more advantageous to concentrate on a narrow or diverse set of issues. This paper recasts this debate in terms of organizational survival. Drawing on ideas from theories of category spanning and social movements, we argue that an organization that occupies a distinct niche conveys its purpose more effectively, which increases its chances of survival when compared to more diverse SMOs. Using a longitudinal dataset on environmental social movement organizations (ESMOs), we find organizations that span multiple and distant issue categories are significantly more likely to disband, compared to those with a more specialized focus. Other characteristics of ESMOs affect their survival rate in ways that are strikingly similar to for-profits and other types of non-profits. Larger and more complex ESMOs benefit from economies of scale, while younger, less established organizations are more likely to perish.
{"title":"The Risk of Occupying a Broad Niche for Environmental Social Movement Organizations","authors":"Susan Olzak, Erik W. Johnson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3253974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3253974","url":null,"abstract":"Since Gamson’s (1975) landmark study of social movement organizations, scholars have debated whether it is more advantageous to concentrate on a narrow or diverse set of issues. This paper recasts this debate in terms of organizational survival. Drawing on ideas from theories of category spanning and social movements, we argue that an organization that occupies a distinct niche conveys its purpose more effectively, which increases its chances of survival when compared to more diverse SMOs. Using a longitudinal dataset on environmental social movement organizations (ESMOs), we find organizations that span multiple and distant issue categories are significantly more likely to disband, compared to those with a more specialized focus. Other characteristics of ESMOs affect their survival rate in ways that are strikingly similar to for-profits and other types of non-profits. Larger and more complex ESMOs benefit from economies of scale, while younger, less established organizations are more likely to perish.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129377910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Green municipal bonds are a growing segment of the US municipal bond market. As they face increasing demand, there have been questions about the performance of green muni bonds relative to their conventional counterparts. In this paper, we perform yield curve analysis on a selection of green-labelled muni bonds that were issued at the same time as conventional muni bonds by the same issuers. We further refine this down to a pair-wise analysis to check the yield differential between pairs of bonds that are identical except for the green label. We find that there is a growing trend towards green premium in both the primary and secondary markets in both the series trend analysis and in the pair-wise analysis.
{"title":"Green Premium in the Primary and Secondary U.S. Municipal Bond Markets","authors":"Candace Partridge, F. Medda","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3237032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3237032","url":null,"abstract":"Green municipal bonds are a growing segment of the US municipal bond market. As they face increasing demand, there have been questions about the performance of green muni bonds relative to their conventional counterparts. In this paper, we perform yield curve analysis on a selection of green-labelled muni bonds that were issued at the same time as conventional muni bonds by the same issuers. We further refine this down to a pair-wise analysis to check the yield differential between pairs of bonds that are identical except for the green label. We find that there is a growing trend towards green premium in both the primary and secondary markets in both the series trend analysis and in the pair-wise analysis.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122159717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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