Policy analysis primarily looks backward to solve problems of individual and public choice. Analysts often seek to derive and draw marginal curves from existing data to extrapolate observed relationships into the future. Indeed, the White House Council on Environmental Quality recently issued a proposed rule that would, among other things, codify the concepts underlying these tools for environmental matters, i.e., requiring the considered effects of a proposed action to be “reasonably foreseeable” and meet a “reasonably close causal relationship.” That proposal expresses a perspective with a long tradition, yet it presents a curious circumstance. Although marginal and statistical regression tools are among the most powerful methods for understanding past continuous change, their power and efficacy diminish when applied to discontinuous change, meaning disjointed or abrupt.
This article discusses the discontinuity problem that is inherent in reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions (decarbonization). It suggests that combinatorics (i.e., mathematical analysis by counting and ordering) offers a useful methodology for evaluating that discontinuous change. Here, a simple counting approach (viz. Equivalent Substitution Analysis) considers, as two corresponding sets, the discrete number and combination of technological substitutions that are required for decarbonization. One implication of the analysis is that decarbonization need not be analyzed solely as a collective action problem. The article proceeds by exploring decarbonization conceptually and against archetypal modern analysis. The article concludes with a detailed case study of an electric utility, the nexus of decarbonization in the United States (“U.S.”).
{"title":"Counting Carbon: Forward-Looking Analysis of Decarbonization","authors":"R. T. Trahan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3463557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3463557","url":null,"abstract":"Policy analysis primarily looks backward to solve problems of individual<br>and public choice. Analysts often seek to derive and draw marginal curves<br>from existing data to extrapolate observed relationships into the future.<br>Indeed, the White House Council on Environmental Quality recently issued<br>a proposed rule that would, among other things, codify the concepts<br>underlying these tools for environmental matters, i.e., requiring the<br>considered effects of a proposed action to be “reasonably foreseeable” and<br>meet a “reasonably close causal relationship.” That proposal expresses a<br>perspective with a long tradition, yet it presents a curious circumstance.<br>Although marginal and statistical regression tools are among the most<br>powerful methods for understanding past continuous change, their power<br>and efficacy diminish when applied to discontinuous change, meaning<br>disjointed or abrupt.<br><br>This article discusses the discontinuity problem that is inherent in reducing<br>atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions (decarbonization). It suggests that<br>combinatorics (i.e., mathematical analysis by counting and ordering) offers<br>a useful methodology for evaluating that discontinuous change. Here, a<br>simple counting approach (viz. Equivalent Substitution Analysis)<br>considers, as two corresponding sets, the discrete number and combination<br>of technological substitutions that are required for decarbonization. One<br>implication of the analysis is that decarbonization need not be analyzed<br>solely as a collective action problem. The article proceeds by exploring<br>decarbonization conceptually and against archetypal modern analysis. The<br>article concludes with a detailed case study of an electric utility, the nexus<br>of decarbonization in the United States (“U.S.”).","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133420130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Output-based carbon regulations—such as fuel economy standards and the rate-based standards in the Clean Power Plan—create well-known incentives to inefficiently increase output. Similar distortions are created by attribute-based regulations. This paper demonstrates that, despite these distortions, output and attribute-based standards can always yield strictly greater expected welfare than “flat” emission standards given uncertainty in demand for output (or attributes), assuming locally constant marginal damages. For fuel economy standards, the welfare-maximizing amount of attribute or mileage-basing is likely small relative to current policy. For the electricity sector, however, an intensity standard may yield greater expected welfare than a flat standard.
{"title":"Output and Attribute-Based Carbon Regulation Under Uncertainty","authors":"Ryan P. Kellogg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3439423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3439423","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Output-based carbon regulations—such as fuel economy standards and the rate-based standards in the Clean Power Plan—create well-known incentives to inefficiently increase output. Similar distortions are created by attribute-based regulations. This paper demonstrates that, despite these distortions, output and attribute-based standards can always yield strictly greater expected welfare than “flat” emission standards given uncertainty in demand for output (or attributes), assuming locally constant marginal damages. For fuel economy standards, the welfare-maximizing amount of attribute or mileage-basing is likely small relative to current policy. For the electricity sector, however, an intensity standard may yield greater expected welfare than a flat standard.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116266255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Green Revolution, which bolstered agricultural yields and economic well-being in Asia and Latin America beginning in the 1960s, largely bypassed sub-Saharan Africa. We study the first randomized controlled trial of a government-implemented input subsidy program (ISP) in Africa intended to foment a Green Revolution. We find that this temporary subsidy for Mozambican maize farmers stimulates Green Revolution technology adoption and leads to increased maize yields. Effects of the subsidy persist in later unsubsidized years. In addition, social networks of subsidized farmers benefit from spillovers, experiencing increases in technology adoption, yields, and beliefs about the returns to the technologies. Spillovers account for the vast majority of subsidy-induced gains. ISPs alleviate informational market failures, stimulating learning about new technologies by subsidy recipients and their social networks. (JEL O13, Q12, Q16, Q18)
{"title":"Subsidies and the African Green Revolution: Direct Effects and Social Network Spillovers of Randomized Input Subsidies in Mozambique","authors":"M. Carter, Rachid Laajaj, Dean Yang","doi":"10.3386/w26208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26208","url":null,"abstract":"The Green Revolution, which bolstered agricultural yields and economic well-being in Asia and Latin America beginning in the 1960s, largely bypassed sub-Saharan Africa. We study the first randomized controlled trial of a government-implemented input subsidy program (ISP) in Africa intended to foment a Green Revolution. We find that this temporary subsidy for Mozambican maize farmers stimulates Green Revolution technology adoption and leads to increased maize yields. Effects of the subsidy persist in later unsubsidized years. In addition, social networks of subsidized farmers benefit from spillovers, experiencing increases in technology adoption, yields, and beliefs about the returns to the technologies. Spillovers account for the vast majority of subsidy-induced gains. ISPs alleviate informational market failures, stimulating learning about new technologies by subsidy recipients and their social networks. (JEL O13, Q12, Q16, Q18)","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"46 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121048420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Draft Environment (Principles and Governance) Bill published by DEFRA in late 2018 is part of a process of reimagining environmental law in light of Brexit. The Draft Bill creates frameworks for policy statements on environmental principles and environmental implementation plans, as well as creating a new enforcement body – the Office for Environmental Protection. This Draft Bill is, at the very least, an ineffectual response to the challenges of environmental law post‐Brexit. More alarmingly, it raises the possibility of a legal future in which the executive dominates how the norms, ambitions, and accountabilities of environmental law are defined. These are matters of concern for environmental and public lawyers alike.
{"title":"Executive Environmental Law","authors":"E. Fisher","doi":"10.1111/1468-2230.12456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12456","url":null,"abstract":"The Draft Environment (Principles and Governance) Bill published by DEFRA in late 2018 is part of a process of reimagining environmental law in light of Brexit. The Draft Bill creates frameworks for policy statements on environmental principles and environmental implementation plans, as well as creating a new enforcement body – the Office for Environmental Protection. This Draft Bill is, at the very least, an ineffectual response to the challenges of environmental law post‐Brexit. More alarmingly, it raises the possibility of a legal future in which the executive dominates how the norms, ambitions, and accountabilities of environmental law are defined. These are matters of concern for environmental and public lawyers alike.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123153786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is an attempt to assess the status of the current level of entrepreneurial orientation among the Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) in Malaysia. This study collected primary data based on a set of questionnaire survey among 134 executives and managers of GLCs in Malaysia. The data were collected based on opinions of the seven factors of entrepreneurial orientation practices by using the five-point Likert scale. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Further, the reliability of the data was tested using Cronbach’s alpha test, the validity of the data was tested by checking the normality test through skewness and kurtosis, and the consistency of the data was tested using factor analysis. On an average, 70.9% of the respondents agreed that they focus on these factors of entrepreneurial orientation. The federal owned GLCs place more emphasis on entrepreneurial orientation than the state owned GLCs. This study suggests improving the practices of entrepreneurial orientation of GLCs in Malaysia by emphasizing on recognizing individual risk takers for their willingness to champion new projects, whether it eventually turns out to be successful or not, encouraging employees to take calculated risks with new ideas, considering the term “risk taker” as a positive attribute for people in the organization, and supporting many small and experimental projects by realizing that some will undoubtedly fail.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Orientation for Sustainable Competitive Advantage and Risk Management: Evidence from Government-Linked Companies in Malaysia","authors":"Md. Mahmudul Alam, N. Zulkarnain, Nik Abdullah","doi":"10.31235/osf.io/wbq97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/wbq97","url":null,"abstract":"This study is an attempt to assess the status of the current level of entrepreneurial orientation among the Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) in Malaysia. This study collected primary data based on a set of questionnaire survey among 134 executives and managers of GLCs in Malaysia. The data were collected based on opinions of the seven factors of entrepreneurial orientation practices by using the five-point Likert scale. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Further, the reliability of the data was tested using Cronbach’s alpha test, the validity of the data was tested by checking the normality test through skewness and kurtosis, and the consistency of the data was tested using factor analysis. On an average, 70.9% of the respondents agreed that they focus on these factors of entrepreneurial orientation. The federal owned GLCs place more emphasis on entrepreneurial orientation than the state owned GLCs. This study suggests improving the practices of entrepreneurial orientation of GLCs in Malaysia by emphasizing on recognizing individual risk takers for their willingness to champion new projects, whether it eventually turns out to be successful or not, encouraging employees to take calculated risks with new ideas, considering the term “risk taker” as a positive attribute for people in the organization, and supporting many small and experimental projects by realizing that some will undoubtedly fail.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116422945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research explores distinct sustainability strategies to be employed by the project host organizations to meet the integration challenges of sustainable development. Based on the research gap and future directions, this study aims to answer a research question: “What sustainability strategies are associated with sustainable project management for successful projects?”. This exploratory and cross-sectional study collected data through 12 face-to-face in-depth interviews from professionals involved in funding process at Planning Commission of Pakistan. Qualitative analysis was performed using Nvivo-10 software by employing relevant analytical techniques for validation of various generated themes from the transcribed data. Coding nodes, word tree, word tag clouds and tree maps were generated for interpretation of results. Findings suggest six distinct strategies imperative to be used by the project host organizations to support sustainability goals. This study provides implications for practitioners to select, execute, control and deliver sustainable projects in future.
{"title":"Identifying Sustainability Strategies for Public Sector Projects of Developing Countries.","authors":"M. Ali, R. Ahmed","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3884727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3884727","url":null,"abstract":"This research explores distinct sustainability strategies to be employed by the project host organizations to meet the integration challenges of sustainable development. Based on the research gap and future directions, this study aims to answer a research question: “What sustainability strategies are associated with sustainable project management for successful projects?”. This exploratory and cross-sectional study collected data through 12 face-to-face in-depth interviews from professionals involved in funding process at Planning Commission of Pakistan. Qualitative analysis was performed using Nvivo-10 software by employing relevant analytical techniques for validation of various generated themes from the transcribed data. Coding nodes, word tree, word tag clouds and tree maps were generated for interpretation of results. Findings suggest six distinct strategies imperative to be used by the project host organizations to support sustainability goals. This study provides implications for practitioners to select, execute, control and deliver sustainable projects in future.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127868239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Car exhaust is a major source of air pollution, but little is known about its impacts on population health. We exploit the dispersion of emissions-cheating diesel cars - which secretly polluted up to 150 times as much as gasoline cars - across the United States from 2008-2015 as a natural experiment to measure the health impact of car pollution. Using the universe of vehicle registrations, we demonstrate that a 10 percent cheating-induced increase in car exhaust increases rates of low birth weight and acute asthma attacks among children by 1.9 and 8.0 percent, respectively. These health impacts occur at all pollution levels and across the entire socioeconomic spectrum.
{"title":"The Impact of Car Pollution on Infant and Child Health: Evidence from Emissions Cheating","authors":"D. Alexander, H. Schwandt","doi":"10.21033/wp-2019-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21033/wp-2019-04","url":null,"abstract":"Car exhaust is a major source of air pollution, but little is known about its impacts on population health. We exploit the dispersion of emissions-cheating diesel cars - which secretly polluted up to 150 times as much as gasoline cars - across the United States from 2008-2015 as a natural experiment to measure the health impact of car pollution. Using the universe of vehicle registrations, we demonstrate that a 10 percent cheating-induced increase in car exhaust increases rates of low birth weight and acute asthma attacks among children by 1.9 and 8.0 percent, respectively. These health impacts occur at all pollution levels and across the entire socioeconomic spectrum.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129224002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Site safety is one critical factor affecting the sustainability of skyscrapers and decoration, repair, and maintenance projects. Many newly-built skyscrapers exceed 50 storeys in Hong Kong and decoration, repair, and maintenance projects are widely performed to extend the lifespans of buildings. Although many cities do not contain skyscrapers at present, this will change in the future. Likewise, more decoration, repair, and maintenance projects will emerge. Thus, the present research, which compares the safety risks among the new and DSR projects, provides insights for builders, policymakers, and safety personnel. Moreover, research studies which rank and compare decoration, repair, and maintenance projects and new skyscraper constructions are scarce. The use of the evidence-based practice approach, which aims to narrow the gap between practice and academia in construction safety research, is the first of its kind. In this paper, we firstly provide a systematic literature review from 1999 to 2019 regarding construction safety, and then study the industry’s perspectives by analysing the construction practitioners’ interview results, court cases, and analytic hierarchy process survey results to compare them with the literature. It is found that the generation gap and prolonged working hours lead to accidents—a phenomenon which is unique in Hong Kong and absent from the literature. It also reveals that most accidents happen on new building sites due to tower crane failure, while those on DSR projects are linked with the circular saw. Although many of the contractors involved in new buildings are wealthier than DSR contractors, it is surprising to learn that lack of funding for safety is the most important factor linked to safety risks on the sites.
{"title":"Ranking of Risks for Existing and New Building Works","authors":"R. Li, K. Chau, F. F. Zeng","doi":"10.3390/SU11102863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11102863","url":null,"abstract":"Site safety is one critical factor affecting the sustainability of skyscrapers and decoration, repair, and maintenance projects. Many newly-built skyscrapers exceed 50 storeys in Hong Kong and decoration, repair, and maintenance projects are widely performed to extend the lifespans of buildings. Although many cities do not contain skyscrapers at present, this will change in the future. Likewise, more decoration, repair, and maintenance projects will emerge. Thus, the present research, which compares the safety risks among the new and DSR projects, provides insights for builders, policymakers, and safety personnel. Moreover, research studies which rank and compare decoration, repair, and maintenance projects and new skyscraper constructions are scarce. The use of the evidence-based practice approach, which aims to narrow the gap between practice and academia in construction safety research, is the first of its kind. In this paper, we firstly provide a systematic literature review from 1999 to 2019 regarding construction safety, and then study the industry’s perspectives by analysing the construction practitioners’ interview results, court cases, and analytic hierarchy process survey results to compare them with the literature. It is found that the generation gap and prolonged working hours lead to accidents—a phenomenon which is unique in Hong Kong and absent from the literature. It also reveals that most accidents happen on new building sites due to tower crane failure, while those on DSR projects are linked with the circular saw. Although many of the contractors involved in new buildings are wealthier than DSR contractors, it is surprising to learn that lack of funding for safety is the most important factor linked to safety risks on the sites.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126126859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rahema Hasan, Ghulam Mohey-ud-din, Zain Ul Abideen
Social considerations are imperative for the pursuit of sustainable development of an economy. Inclusive or equitable growth requires achieving both economic and social progress. Based on basic human needs approach, a Social Development Index (SDI) for 36 districts of Punjab has been designed to assess the capacity of a society to meet the basic human needs of its citizens and to evaluate the state of social development in three broad Sectors (education, health, water, sanitation and hygiene). The Study comprises of 19 indicators, which are normalized and methodology of Principle component Analysis (PCA) was applied to develop Health, Education and WASH Indexes. The composite Index of Social Development was derived by the integration of aforementioned sectors. The data sets of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) for Punjab and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) are mainly used in the study. The paper confirms that despite claims of economic growth in districts of Punjab, it continues to lag behind in terms of social development. There is substantial variation between the performance of the Northern and Southern districts. The disparity reflected in social development in Southern Punjab demands discourse from the policy makers ensuring balanced resource allocation for the deprived districts if Punjab is to improve its socio-economic conditions.
{"title":"Social Development in Punjab – Pakistan: A District Level Analysis","authors":"Rahema Hasan, Ghulam Mohey-ud-din, Zain Ul Abideen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3726070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3726070","url":null,"abstract":"Social considerations are imperative for the pursuit of sustainable development of an economy. Inclusive or equitable growth requires achieving both economic and social progress. Based on basic human needs approach, a Social Development Index (SDI) for 36 districts of Punjab has been designed to assess the capacity of a society to meet the basic human needs of its citizens and to evaluate the state of social development in three broad Sectors (education, health, water, sanitation and hygiene). The Study comprises of 19 indicators, which are normalized and methodology of Principle component Analysis (PCA) was applied to develop Health, Education and WASH Indexes. The composite Index of Social Development was derived by the integration of aforementioned sectors. The data sets of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) for Punjab and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) are mainly used in the study. The paper confirms that despite claims of economic growth in districts of Punjab, it continues to lag behind in terms of social development. There is substantial variation between the performance of the Northern and Southern districts. The disparity reflected in social development in Southern Punjab demands discourse from the policy makers ensuring balanced resource allocation for the deprived districts if Punjab is to improve its socio-economic conditions.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130932483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to investigate the relationship of economic development, measured as economic growth, energy use, trade and foreign direct investment one the one hand and environmental degradation (carbon dioxide (hereafter CO2) emissions) on the other hand, in eleven emerging Eastern European countries during the period of 1990 to 2014. The empirical results support a carbon emission’s Kuznets curve hypothesis for Eastern Europe. The current income level indicates that not every country has reached the turning point for CO2 emissions reduction goal. In addition, the study proves a positive effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO2 emissions in Eastern European countries. Also the results show that there is a negative effect of total energy consumption on environment as it increases CO2 emissions. Hence, there is a significant need of reforming the electricity markets that requires necessary improvement and attraction of investment, strong central political support, thorough preparation and continuous development. Income elasticities for CO2 are positive for all 11 countries. The paper concludes that within the group Ukraine and Kazakhstan has the most sensitive change in economic growth in respect to its CO2. It is expected that the innovative transition to a low-carbon economy offers great opportunities for economic growth and job creation. Technological leadership should be accompanied by the development and introduction of new technologies throughout Eastern European countries, hence, the paradigm of “sustainable development” should be considered. This requires the unification of the research, industry and financial sectors, as well as the support of state bodies.
{"title":"Evidence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Emerging Eastern European Economies","authors":"Ola Grytten, Viktoriia Koilo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3400004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3400004","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the relationship of economic development, measured as economic growth, energy use, trade and foreign direct investment one the one hand and environmental degradation (carbon dioxide (hereafter CO2) emissions) on the other hand, in eleven emerging Eastern European countries during the period of 1990 to 2014. The empirical results support a carbon emission’s Kuznets curve hypothesis for Eastern Europe. The current income level indicates that not every country has reached the turning point for CO2 emissions reduction goal. In addition, the study proves a positive effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO2 emissions in Eastern European countries. Also the results show that there is a negative effect of total energy consumption on environment as it increases CO2 emissions. Hence, there is a significant need of reforming the electricity markets that requires necessary improvement and attraction of investment, strong central political support, thorough preparation and continuous development. Income elasticities for CO2 are positive for all 11 countries. The paper concludes that within the group Ukraine and Kazakhstan has the most sensitive change in economic growth in respect to its CO2. It is expected that the innovative transition to a low-carbon economy offers great opportunities for economic growth and job creation. Technological leadership should be accompanied by the development and introduction of new technologies throughout Eastern European countries, hence, the paradigm of “sustainable development” should be considered. This requires the unification of the research, industry and financial sectors, as well as the support of state bodies.","PeriodicalId":175326,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Sustainable Development (Topic)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125589560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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