Sulfur mustard (SM) is a blistering chemical warfare agent capable of forming deep, bullous lesions in man that heal very slowly and tend to become infected. We have developed a swine model that is used to evaluate candidate treatment regimens for the SM injury. To expand our wound-healing studies, SM mixtures suitable for cutaneous exposure were needed so that a large total body surface area (TBSA) could be covered during the SM application. The vehicles selected for use in the SM exposure experiments would have to be miscible with SM, form a stable mixture, be soluble in an organic solvent that is required for the stability evaluation, be nontoxic, and not interfere with the SM reaction on the skin. Four candidate vehicles were selected for testing. The vehicles were peanut oil, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, and PEG 400. During preliminary screening, PEG 400 was eliminated as a candidate because it was not soluble in hexane, and least soluble in chloroform and methylene chloride. Propylene glycol was eliminated since it did not mix with SM. The SM mixtures of peanut oil and PEG 200 were prepared for stability testing over the 25–75% SM concentration range. The results show that the SM mixtures prepared with peanut oil and PEG 200 at the 25, 50, and 75% levels are stable for more than 8 days when stored at 21°C (room temperature) and more than 35 days when stored at −70°C (freezer).
{"title":"Stability of sulfur mustard in vehicles suitable for cutaneous exposure of swine","authors":"T. L. Miller, J. Graham, T. Hayes, F. Reid","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120001853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120001853","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfur mustard (SM) is a blistering chemical warfare agent capable of forming deep, bullous lesions in man that heal very slowly and tend to become infected. We have developed a swine model that is used to evaluate candidate treatment regimens for the SM injury. To expand our wound-healing studies, SM mixtures suitable for cutaneous exposure were needed so that a large total body surface area (TBSA) could be covered during the SM application. The vehicles selected for use in the SM exposure experiments would have to be miscible with SM, form a stable mixture, be soluble in an organic solvent that is required for the stability evaluation, be nontoxic, and not interfere with the SM reaction on the skin. Four candidate vehicles were selected for testing. The vehicles were peanut oil, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, and PEG 400. During preliminary screening, PEG 400 was eliminated as a candidate because it was not soluble in hexane, and least soluble in chloroform and methylene chloride. Propylene glycol was eliminated since it did not mix with SM. The SM mixtures of peanut oil and PEG 200 were prepared for stability testing over the 25–75% SM concentration range. The results show that the SM mixtures prepared with peanut oil and PEG 200 at the 25, 50, and 75% levels are stable for more than 8 days when stored at 21°C (room temperature) and more than 35 days when stored at −70°C (freezer).","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"36 1 1","pages":"61 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81198926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The anterior segment of the eye consists of the cornea, anterior chamber, trabecular meshwork, iris, and ciliary body (Fig. 1). The cornea usually contains five layers. From anterior to posterior they are: the 50mm-thick epithelium; Bowman’s membrane (10mm); stroma (500mm); Descemet’s membrane (5mm); and endothelium (5mm). The values given for the thickness of each component of the cornea reflect those of humans, where the total corneal thickness is approximately 550mm. Other species have proportional thicknesses of the component layer of stroma relative to their total thickness (bovine .0.8 mm; rabbit .0.4 mm; mouse .0.1 mm). The epithelium is a fiveor six-cell layered membrane that is covered by the 7to 10-mm tear film and thus represents the first barrier against invasion from the environment or the first line of defense (including the tear film) against environmental stress. The cells are of the squamous type at the surface, while the most posterior layer of the epithelium consists of columnar basal cells: wing cells fill the space between the other cell layers. The surface cells are desquamated into the tear film (1,2) on a regular basis as a result of the shear forces of lid movements, with replacement centripetally from both conjunctiva at the corneal periphery and underlying basal cells (3–5). Replacement of epithelial cells occurs on a 5to 6-day cycle such that total epithelial replacement occurs over about a 2-week period (2,6–9).
{"title":"Free radicals and aging of anterior segment tissues of the eye","authors":"K. Green","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120001855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120001855","url":null,"abstract":"The anterior segment of the eye consists of the cornea, anterior chamber, trabecular meshwork, iris, and ciliary body (Fig. 1). The cornea usually contains five layers. From anterior to posterior they are: the 50mm-thick epithelium; Bowman’s membrane (10mm); stroma (500mm); Descemet’s membrane (5mm); and endothelium (5mm). The values given for the thickness of each component of the cornea reflect those of humans, where the total corneal thickness is approximately 550mm. Other species have proportional thicknesses of the component layer of stroma relative to their total thickness (bovine .0.8 mm; rabbit .0.4 mm; mouse .0.1 mm). The epithelium is a fiveor six-cell layered membrane that is covered by the 7to 10-mm tear film and thus represents the first barrier against invasion from the environment or the first line of defense (including the tear film) against environmental stress. The cells are of the squamous type at the surface, while the most posterior layer of the epithelium consists of columnar basal cells: wing cells fill the space between the other cell layers. The surface cells are desquamated into the tear film (1,2) on a regular basis as a result of the shear forces of lid movements, with replacement centripetally from both conjunctiva at the corneal periphery and underlying basal cells (3–5). Replacement of epithelial cells occurs on a 5to 6-day cycle such that total epithelial replacement occurs over about a 2-week period (2,6–9).","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"19 1","pages":"140 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81510622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The most common ophthalmic dosage forms are solutions, ointments, and suspensions. According to a recent article [1], these account for nearly 90% of currently available ophthalmic formulations in ...
{"title":"Ophthalmic emulsions and suspensions","authors":"M. Saettone, B. Giannaccini, D. Monti","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120001857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120001857","url":null,"abstract":"The most common ophthalmic dosage forms are solutions, ointments, and suspensions. According to a recent article [1], these account for nearly 90% of currently available ophthalmic formulations in ...","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"18 1","pages":"183 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89415167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numerous analytical techniques have been used to examine the nature of skin, and in particular the barrier structure of human stratum corneum, including thermal methods (1,2), electron spin resonance (3), and x-ray diffractometry (4,5). One approach has been to use vibrational spectroscopy to probe the molecular nature of the skin, with early work concentrating on the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (6). While the infrared technique has provided valuable insights into the concentration of water in the tissue (7) and has been used successfully to probe the tissue in vivo using attenuated total reflection methods (8,9), infrared is not ideally suited to examine the vibrational modes of biological samples that are naturally hydrated. This is because such materials show interference from water vibrational modes, while the water absorbs strongly the infrared radiation. An alternative vibrational spectroscopic technique is Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is both a qualitative and quantitative technique for characterizing materials at the molecular level in terms of molecular normal vibrational frequencies. If a sample is irradiated with an intense beam of monochromatic radiation (usually from a laser) operating at a wavenumber n0, most of the radiation is transmitted by the sample. However, a small portion of the exciting radiation (about 1 photon in 10) scatters elastically with a wavenumber equal to that of the incident radiation. An even smaller fraction (around 1 photon in 10) scatters inelastically with wavenumbers different to the incident radiation. The elastically scattered radiation is known as Rayleigh scattering, whereas the
{"title":"Raman spectroscopy","authors":"Adrian C Williams, B. W. Barry","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120001872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120001872","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous analytical techniques have been used to examine the nature of skin, and in particular the barrier structure of human stratum corneum, including thermal methods (1,2), electron spin resonance (3), and x-ray diffractometry (4,5). One approach has been to use vibrational spectroscopy to probe the molecular nature of the skin, with early work concentrating on the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (6). While the infrared technique has provided valuable insights into the concentration of water in the tissue (7) and has been used successfully to probe the tissue in vivo using attenuated total reflection methods (8,9), infrared is not ideally suited to examine the vibrational modes of biological samples that are naturally hydrated. This is because such materials show interference from water vibrational modes, while the water absorbs strongly the infrared radiation. An alternative vibrational spectroscopic technique is Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is both a qualitative and quantitative technique for characterizing materials at the molecular level in terms of molecular normal vibrational frequencies. If a sample is irradiated with an intense beam of monochromatic radiation (usually from a laser) operating at a wavenumber n0, most of the radiation is transmitted by the sample. However, a small portion of the exciting radiation (about 1 photon in 10) scatters elastically with a wavenumber equal to that of the incident radiation. An even smaller fraction (around 1 photon in 10) scatters inelastically with wavenumbers different to the incident radiation. The elastically scattered radiation is known as Rayleigh scattering, whereas the","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"71 1","pages":"497 - 511"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86814947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is generally accepted that the barrier to permeation is effectively the outermost 10–15mm of the skin (1–3). To overcome this stratum corneum (SC) obstacle, a molecule must first enter and then cross it. Fick’s law relates the steady-state flux, Js, to the concentration gradient across the SC. If the viable dermis is regarded as a sink, the gradient determining the flux is Csc/h. Since the partition coefficient K of a solute between the SC and vehicle can be written as Csc /Cv, Js can be expressed as: Js 1⁄4 ADKCv=h
{"title":"Relationship between H-bonding of penetrants to stratum corneum lipids and diffusion","authors":"W. Pugh","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120001862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120001862","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally accepted that the barrier to permeation is effectively the outermost 10–15mm of the skin (1–3). To overcome this stratum corneum (SC) obstacle, a molecule must first enter and then cross it. Fick’s law relates the steady-state flux, Js, to the concentration gradient across the SC. If the viable dermis is regarded as a sink, the gradient determining the flux is Csc/h. Since the partition coefficient K of a solute between the SC and vehicle can be written as Csc /Cv, Js can be expressed as: Js 1⁄4 ADKCv=h","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"7 1","pages":"303 - 317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82357566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.3109/15569520009068351
W. Epstein
Abstract Potential irritants lurk everywhere. Even attempts to beautify our surroundings with plants, shrubs, flowers, and trees can be a dangerous experience. And those who attempt to get away from it all by consorting in their unique way with nature may meet a similar fate. Most physicians are trained to think of plant dermatitis in terms of allergy, because these reactions tend to be more dramatic and require dermatological care; but for frequency of encounters and niggling annoyance, the irritant plants surely take the prize. Fortunately, most of these cutaneous transgressions lead to limited disability that can be treated conservatively without medical intervention. This paper deals with irritant plant dermatitis as seen after casual exposure and not with the problem of plant product eruptions nor, with a few exceptions, with the rashes encountered in the workplace. For a general background into plant dermatitis, readers are referred to an eminently readable, if not totally comprehensive, book,1 and specific sources will be cited where useful.
{"title":"Irritant Contact Dermatitis: House and Garden Plants","authors":"W. Epstein","doi":"10.3109/15569520009068351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15569520009068351","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Potential irritants lurk everywhere. Even attempts to beautify our surroundings with plants, shrubs, flowers, and trees can be a dangerous experience. And those who attempt to get away from it all by consorting in their unique way with nature may meet a similar fate. Most physicians are trained to think of plant dermatitis in terms of allergy, because these reactions tend to be more dramatic and require dermatological care; but for frequency of encounters and niggling annoyance, the irritant plants surely take the prize. Fortunately, most of these cutaneous transgressions lead to limited disability that can be treated conservatively without medical intervention. This paper deals with irritant plant dermatitis as seen after casual exposure and not with the problem of plant product eruptions nor, with a few exceptions, with the rashes encountered in the workplace. For a general background into plant dermatitis, readers are referred to an eminently readable, if not totally comprehensive, book,1 and specific sources will be cited where useful.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"61 1","pages":"207 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79999909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.3109/15569520009051512
M. Edward
{"title":"American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook edited by M. McGuffin, C. Hobbs, R. Upton, and A. Goldberg, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 231 pages, 1997. $$39.95","authors":"M. Edward","doi":"10.3109/15569520009051512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15569520009051512","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"64 1","pages":"167 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86182249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.3109/15569520009051474
F. T. Fraunfelder, A. Laties
Abstract Sildenafil citrate (Viagra), an oral therapy for erectile dysfunction, is a selective inhibitor of PDE-5, but also PDE-6, which is found in the retina. This drug has some ocular side effects which are uncommon, dose-dependent, and reversible. Reported ocular side effects include changes in color perception, blurred vision, changes in light perception, electoretinogram changes, and conjunctival hyperemia.
{"title":"Visual Side Effects Possibly Associated with Viagra","authors":"F. T. Fraunfelder, A. Laties","doi":"10.3109/15569520009051474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15569520009051474","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sildenafil citrate (Viagra), an oral therapy for erectile dysfunction, is a selective inhibitor of PDE-5, but also PDE-6, which is found in the retina. This drug has some ocular side effects which are uncommon, dose-dependent, and reversible. Reported ocular side effects include changes in color perception, blurred vision, changes in light perception, electoretinogram changes, and conjunctival hyperemia.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"26 1","pages":"21 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84142970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.3109/15569520009051511
M. Edward
{"title":"Metals and the Skin: Topical Effects and Systemic Absorption by R. H. Guy, J. J. Hostynek, R. S. Hinz, and C. R. Lorence, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 431 pages, 1999. $$185.00","authors":"M. Edward","doi":"10.3109/15569520009051511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15569520009051511","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"36 1","pages":"165 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90037988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.3109/15569520009068349
X. Zhai, J. Samples
Latanoprost (13,16dihydro15R17-phenyl18,1 9,20-trinor-PGF2, isopropyl ester) is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin Fza developed by Pharmacia and Upjohn as a glaucoma treatment. Since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in August, 1996, multiple published reports have linked a variety of side effects to the use of the drug, some of which are not listed in the original package insert. This review summarizes current understanding of latanoprost-induced side effects and explores potential mechanisms involved in causing these effects based on the available data on this class of medication from basic science and clinical re search.
{"title":"Latanoprost-Induced Side Effects and Potential Mechanisms","authors":"X. Zhai, J. Samples","doi":"10.3109/15569520009068349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15569520009068349","url":null,"abstract":"Latanoprost (13,16dihydro15R17-phenyl18,1 9,20-trinor-PGF2, isopropyl ester) is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin Fza developed by Pharmacia and Upjohn as a glaucoma treatment. Since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in August, 1996, multiple published reports have linked a variety of side effects to the use of the drug, some of which are not listed in the original package insert. This review summarizes current understanding of latanoprost-induced side effects and explores potential mechanisms involved in causing these effects based on the available data on this class of medication from basic science and clinical re search.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"69 1","pages":"177 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89974453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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