Endemic fluorosis is a chronic, crippling, skeletal and dental disease caused by ingesting large amounts of fluoride either through water or rarely from foods of endemic areas. Although systemic disorders of fluorosis have a wide variety of appearances, little attention has been given to the spectrum of lenticular findings. Thirty rats were given commercially available spring water either with 100 ppm fluoride (Experimental group, n=15 rats, 30 eyes) or 0.07 ppm fluoride (control group, n=15 rats, 30 eyes) for 24 weeks. The examinations revealed various levels of opacifications and histopathologic changes in 12 eyes of the high fluoride intake group, whereas none of the eyes were affected in the control group. Differences between groups were statistically significant (p<0.05). Our study demonstrates that fluoride is a potential cataractogenic agent. Hence, we believe that dilution of fluoride in tap waters in endemic areas is an important measure for ophthalmic health. We suggest that ophthalmologic examinations should be performed on patients with documented endemic dental and skeletal fluorosis.
{"title":"Cataractogenic Effect of Fluorosis in an Animal Model","authors":"E. Aytuluner, E. Mensiz, Ö. Çandır, Serife Aydin","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120019327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120019327","url":null,"abstract":"Endemic fluorosis is a chronic, crippling, skeletal and dental disease caused by ingesting large amounts of fluoride either through water or rarely from foods of endemic areas. Although systemic disorders of fluorosis have a wide variety of appearances, little attention has been given to the spectrum of lenticular findings. Thirty rats were given commercially available spring water either with 100 ppm fluoride (Experimental group, n=15 rats, 30 eyes) or 0.07 ppm fluoride (control group, n=15 rats, 30 eyes) for 24 weeks. The examinations revealed various levels of opacifications and histopathologic changes in 12 eyes of the high fluoride intake group, whereas none of the eyes were affected in the control group. Differences between groups were statistically significant (p<0.05). Our study demonstrates that fluoride is a potential cataractogenic agent. Hence, we believe that dilution of fluoride in tap waters in endemic areas is an important measure for ophthalmic health. We suggest that ophthalmologic examinations should be performed on patients with documented endemic dental and skeletal fluorosis.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"91 1","pages":"23 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89233579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Triazine is often added as a biocide/preservative to cutting fluids formulations that are used in the metal machine industry. Workers involved in metal machining are not only exposed to components in these cutting fluids, but also to biocides such as triazine that have been implicated in occupational irritant dermatitis. Very little is known about how these cutting fluids and their ingredients influence the dermal disposition of triazine. The purpose of this study was to assess 14C‐triazine membrane transport when topically applied to inert silastic membranes and porcine skin in an in vitro flow‐through diffusion cell system as aqueous mineral oil (MO) or aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixtures. 14C‐triazine mixtures were formulated with three commonly used cutting fluid additives; namely, 0% or 5% linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), 0% or 5% triethanolamine (TEA), and 0% or 5% sulfurized ricinoleic acid (SRA). Triazine partitioning from the formulation into the stratum corneum (SC) was reduced significantly by the presence of LAS, while SRA significantly reduced the pH of the formulation. Triazine absorption ranged from 2.2% to 3.9% dose in porcine skin and 12.6% to 18.6% dose in silastic membranes. In silastic membranes, the complete mixture reduced triazine absorption significantly in MO‐based mixtures, while in PEG‐based mixtures triazine absorption and apparent permeability were significantly increased. In porcine skin, triazine permeability was significantly increased for both MO‐ and PEG‐based complete mixtures with a trend towards greater triazine absorption in more complex PEG‐based mixtures. Interestingly, SRA + TEA significantly increased triazine permeability absorption in MO‐ and PEG‐based mixtures, but this interaction appears to be more additive than synergistic. Although the physicochemical experiments suggest otherwise, triazine readily permeates a homogenous lipid membrane such as the SC, while triazine permeability was significantly enhanced by the complete mixture, especially in PEG‐based mixtures.
{"title":"Dermal Disposition of Triazine in Cutting Fluid Mixtures","authors":"R. Baynes, B. Barlow, J. Riviere","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120026301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120026301","url":null,"abstract":"Triazine is often added as a biocide/preservative to cutting fluids formulations that are used in the metal machine industry. Workers involved in metal machining are not only exposed to components in these cutting fluids, but also to biocides such as triazine that have been implicated in occupational irritant dermatitis. Very little is known about how these cutting fluids and their ingredients influence the dermal disposition of triazine. The purpose of this study was to assess 14C‐triazine membrane transport when topically applied to inert silastic membranes and porcine skin in an in vitro flow‐through diffusion cell system as aqueous mineral oil (MO) or aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixtures. 14C‐triazine mixtures were formulated with three commonly used cutting fluid additives; namely, 0% or 5% linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), 0% or 5% triethanolamine (TEA), and 0% or 5% sulfurized ricinoleic acid (SRA). Triazine partitioning from the formulation into the stratum corneum (SC) was reduced significantly by the presence of LAS, while SRA significantly reduced the pH of the formulation. Triazine absorption ranged from 2.2% to 3.9% dose in porcine skin and 12.6% to 18.6% dose in silastic membranes. In silastic membranes, the complete mixture reduced triazine absorption significantly in MO‐based mixtures, while in PEG‐based mixtures triazine absorption and apparent permeability were significantly increased. In porcine skin, triazine permeability was significantly increased for both MO‐ and PEG‐based complete mixtures with a trend towards greater triazine absorption in more complex PEG‐based mixtures. Interestingly, SRA + TEA significantly increased triazine permeability absorption in MO‐ and PEG‐based mixtures, but this interaction appears to be more additive than synergistic. Although the physicochemical experiments suggest otherwise, triazine readily permeates a homogenous lipid membrane such as the SC, while triazine permeability was significantly enhanced by the complete mixture, especially in PEG‐based mixtures.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"47 1","pages":"215 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84997283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel Sebutape™ skin sampling technique was recently developed and has been applied to the noninvasive study of skin inflammation. Using a simple procedure of Sebutape application and removal from the skin, we have previously detected changes in the profiles of cytokine adsorption from various forms of compromised skin and scalp, including, diaper dermatitis, UV exposed skin, surfactant-treated skin, dandruff, and seborrheic dermatitis. In the current study, we applied this method to the analysis of the chronic skin disorder, rosacea, a condition characterized by inflammation, but for which little is know about the inflammatory process, including the role of cytokines. Sebutape samples were collected from involved and noninvolved (control) facial skin sites of subjects with active rosacea of varying severity. These samples were compared with other samples obtained from the facial skin of normal subjects. The rosacea skin sites were characterized by significantly elevated recoveries of the cytokine, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and also showed significantly elevated ratios of IL-1RA/interleukin-1α, when compared to either the noninvolved facial skin sites of the same subjects or to the skin of the normal subjects. These results are very consistent with those from our earlier studies and further support the utility of this method as the first truly noninvasive technique for diagnostic assessment of skin inflammation.
{"title":"Application of a Novel and Noninvasive Skin Sampling Technique for Analyzing Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Rosacea","authors":"M. Robinson, Jamie F. Schwartz, M. A. Perkins","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120019326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120019326","url":null,"abstract":"A novel Sebutape™ skin sampling technique was recently developed and has been applied to the noninvasive study of skin inflammation. Using a simple procedure of Sebutape application and removal from the skin, we have previously detected changes in the profiles of cytokine adsorption from various forms of compromised skin and scalp, including, diaper dermatitis, UV exposed skin, surfactant-treated skin, dandruff, and seborrheic dermatitis. In the current study, we applied this method to the analysis of the chronic skin disorder, rosacea, a condition characterized by inflammation, but for which little is know about the inflammatory process, including the role of cytokines. Sebutape samples were collected from involved and noninvolved (control) facial skin sites of subjects with active rosacea of varying severity. These samples were compared with other samples obtained from the facial skin of normal subjects. The rosacea skin sites were characterized by significantly elevated recoveries of the cytokine, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and also showed significantly elevated ratios of IL-1RA/interleukin-1α, when compared to either the noninvolved facial skin sites of the same subjects or to the skin of the normal subjects. These results are very consistent with those from our earlier studies and further support the utility of this method as the first truly noninvasive technique for diagnostic assessment of skin inflammation.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"93 1","pages":"13 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85551197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Divkovic, D. Basketter, N. Gilmour, M. Panico, A. Dell, H. Morris, C. Pease
In the search for practical alternatives to the use of animals in the predictive identification of chemicals which possess the intrinsic potential to cause sensitization of the skin, for 2 decades attention has been paid to structure–activity relationships. The work has delivered many valuable insights and has even led to the development of useful computer-based systems (e.g., DEREK). However, these efforts have been predicated very largely on an interrogation of how the chemical itself may be reactive (or may become so after metabolic intervention). Scant attention has been paid to the “substrate” with which the chemical must interact, i.e., skin protein. In this review, we consider in detail those actual protein substructures, examining what is known chemically, what may be predicted to occur, and how they can be investigated. Ultimately, understanding of the protein–hapten binding mechanisms in vitro will increase the confidence in sensitization hazard predictions using in silico tools. It could also permit development of a simple in vitro sensitization screen.
{"title":"Protein–Hapten Binding: Challenges and Limitations for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Assays","authors":"M. Divkovic, D. Basketter, N. Gilmour, M. Panico, A. Dell, H. Morris, C. Pease","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120020382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120020382","url":null,"abstract":"In the search for practical alternatives to the use of animals in the predictive identification of chemicals which possess the intrinsic potential to cause sensitization of the skin, for 2 decades attention has been paid to structure–activity relationships. The work has delivered many valuable insights and has even led to the development of useful computer-based systems (e.g., DEREK). However, these efforts have been predicated very largely on an interrogation of how the chemical itself may be reactive (or may become so after metabolic intervention). Scant attention has been paid to the “substrate” with which the chemical must interact, i.e., skin protein. In this review, we consider in detail those actual protein substructures, examining what is known chemically, what may be predicted to occur, and how they can be investigated. Ultimately, understanding of the protein–hapten binding mechanisms in vitro will increase the confidence in sensitization hazard predictions using in silico tools. It could also permit development of a simple in vitro sensitization screen.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"9 1","pages":"87 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85640089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Sabourin, M. Danne, K. L. Buxton, J. Rogers, N. Niemuth, J. A. Blank, Michael C. Babin, R. Casillas
Cutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (SM)] produces a delayed inflammatory skin response that is followed by severe dermal injury. Assessment of anti-inflammatory therapies against SM-induced skin injury has mainly relied on qualitative histopathological evaluation. The goal of this study was to identify proinflammatory biomarkers in the hairless mouse vesicant model that could be used as additional indicators of SM-induced skin injury for evaluating anti-inflammatory treatment. SM-induced inflammation was determined at 2, 6, and 24 hr postexposure by changes in edema. Ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) was used to determine changes in gene expression of inflammatory mediators. At 2, 6, and 24 hr postexposure, a time-dependent increase in edema was observed in SM-exposed skin, which was significant at 6 and 24 hr when compared to unexposed controls. Ribonuclease protection assay analysis revealed a two-fold or greater increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), MIP-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β following exposure to SM when compared to unexposed controls. A significant time-dependent increase was observed in MCP-1, MIP-1α, and IL-1β over the 24 hr time period. At 24 hr postexposure, skin treated with the anti-inflammatory drug olvanil showed a significant decrease in SM-induced edema. Additionally, mRNA levels of MCP-1, MIP-2, and IL-1β were decreased when compared to skin exposed to SM alone. In this study, we identified molecular biomarkers at the mRNA level, up-regulated in skin exposed to SM, which can be partially suppressed by olvanil. Further characterization of the mRNA and protein expression patterns of proinflammatory biomarkers may enable the use of other classes of anti-inflammatory drugs or therapeutic treatments against SM dermal injury.
{"title":"Modulation Of Sulfur Mustard-induced Inflammation And Gene Expression By Olvanil In The Hairless Mouse Vesicant Model","authors":"C. Sabourin, M. Danne, K. L. Buxton, J. Rogers, N. Niemuth, J. A. Blank, Michael C. Babin, R. Casillas","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120022753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120022753","url":null,"abstract":"Cutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (SM)] produces a delayed inflammatory skin response that is followed by severe dermal injury. Assessment of anti-inflammatory therapies against SM-induced skin injury has mainly relied on qualitative histopathological evaluation. The goal of this study was to identify proinflammatory biomarkers in the hairless mouse vesicant model that could be used as additional indicators of SM-induced skin injury for evaluating anti-inflammatory treatment. SM-induced inflammation was determined at 2, 6, and 24 hr postexposure by changes in edema. Ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) was used to determine changes in gene expression of inflammatory mediators. At 2, 6, and 24 hr postexposure, a time-dependent increase in edema was observed in SM-exposed skin, which was significant at 6 and 24 hr when compared to unexposed controls. Ribonuclease protection assay analysis revealed a two-fold or greater increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), MIP-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β following exposure to SM when compared to unexposed controls. A significant time-dependent increase was observed in MCP-1, MIP-1α, and IL-1β over the 24 hr time period. At 24 hr postexposure, skin treated with the anti-inflammatory drug olvanil showed a significant decrease in SM-induced edema. Additionally, mRNA levels of MCP-1, MIP-2, and IL-1β were decreased when compared to skin exposed to SM alone. In this study, we identified molecular biomarkers at the mRNA level, up-regulated in skin exposed to SM, which can be partially suppressed by olvanil. Further characterization of the mRNA and protein expression patterns of proinflammatory biomarkers may enable the use of other classes of anti-inflammatory drugs or therapeutic treatments against SM dermal injury.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"122 17","pages":"125 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91547484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The human skin penetration of triethanolamine (TEA) was measured using in vitro diffusion cell techniques. [14C]TEA was applied to viable skin in an oil-in-water emulsion containing TEA stearate as an emulsifying agent to simulate cosmetic exposure. The percent of the applied dose of TEA absorbed into the receptor fluid was similar with both 1% and 5% TEA formulations. Absorption of TEA was reduced by lowering the pH of the formulation, presumably due to the increased ionization of TEA. Absorption of TEA into the receptor fluid (1% formulation, pH 7.0) was 0.43% of the applied dose in a 24 h study. Substantial amounts of TEA remained in the skin at the end of the study (9.4% of dose), but only minimal amounts diffused into the receptor fluid when the collection time was extended to 72 h in separate studies. The amount of TEA remaining in skin at the end of the 24 h studies should not be included in estimates of systemic absorption.
{"title":"In Vitro Absorption of Triethanolamine Through Human Skin","authors":"M. Kraeling, R. Bronaugh","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120022754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120022754","url":null,"abstract":"The human skin penetration of triethanolamine (TEA) was measured using in vitro diffusion cell techniques. [14C]TEA was applied to viable skin in an oil-in-water emulsion containing TEA stearate as an emulsifying agent to simulate cosmetic exposure. The percent of the applied dose of TEA absorbed into the receptor fluid was similar with both 1% and 5% TEA formulations. Absorption of TEA was reduced by lowering the pH of the formulation, presumably due to the increased ionization of TEA. Absorption of TEA into the receptor fluid (1% formulation, pH 7.0) was 0.43% of the applied dose in a 24 h study. Substantial amounts of TEA remained in the skin at the end of the study (9.4% of dose), but only minimal amounts diffused into the receptor fluid when the collection time was extended to 72 h in separate studies. The amount of TEA remaining in skin at the end of the 24 h studies should not be included in estimates of systemic absorption.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":"137 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91074162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 48-year-old woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was admitted to the hospital with respiratory depression and somnolence following an accidental narcotic overdose. Two weeks prior to admission, she developed painful perineal ulcerations requiring opiate analgesics. She was hospitalized and treated for pneumonia four months prior with a full course of ceftazidime, doxycycline, and bactrim. The patient had a long history of rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisone, azathioprine, and methotrexate. Physical examination revealed several small, shallow ulcerations in the suprapubic area and on the labia. A Tzank preparation of the perineal ulcers was negative. A 4 £ 4 mm punch biopsy of the labia demonstrated epidermal ulceration and a dermal perivascular inflammatory infiltrate with enlarged endothelial cells and eccrine glands (Figs. 1 and 2). Intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions (Fig. 3) consistent with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) were demonstrated using an anti-CMV immunoperoxidase detection kit (DAKO Corp, Carpinteria, CA). Serum IgM and IgG anti-CMV antibodies were also elevated. Immunohistochemical staining for herpes simplex virus I/II, respiratory syncitial virus, and influenza A virus were negative. HIV testing was negative. During her hospitalization, the patient’s respiratory status declined and she was transferred to the medical intensive care unit. Chest radiographs demonstrated bilateral, diffuse, interstitial infiltrates. An open lung biopsy was performed and was positive for cytomegalovirus infection. Fungal, bacterial, and mycobacterial stains
{"title":"Cytomegalovirus-Induced Perineal Ulcerations in a Woman: Case Report and Review of the Literature","authors":"B. Hayes, A. Boyd","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120019329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120019329","url":null,"abstract":"A 48-year-old woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was admitted to the hospital with respiratory depression and somnolence following an accidental narcotic overdose. Two weeks prior to admission, she developed painful perineal ulcerations requiring opiate analgesics. She was hospitalized and treated for pneumonia four months prior with a full course of ceftazidime, doxycycline, and bactrim. The patient had a long history of rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisone, azathioprine, and methotrexate. Physical examination revealed several small, shallow ulcerations in the suprapubic area and on the labia. A Tzank preparation of the perineal ulcers was negative. A 4 £ 4 mm punch biopsy of the labia demonstrated epidermal ulceration and a dermal perivascular inflammatory infiltrate with enlarged endothelial cells and eccrine glands (Figs. 1 and 2). Intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions (Fig. 3) consistent with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) were demonstrated using an anti-CMV immunoperoxidase detection kit (DAKO Corp, Carpinteria, CA). Serum IgM and IgG anti-CMV antibodies were also elevated. Immunohistochemical staining for herpes simplex virus I/II, respiratory syncitial virus, and influenza A virus were negative. HIV testing was negative. During her hospitalization, the patient’s respiratory status declined and she was transferred to the medical intensive care unit. Chest radiographs demonstrated bilateral, diffuse, interstitial infiltrates. An open lung biopsy was performed and was positive for cytomegalovirus infection. Fungal, bacterial, and mycobacterial stains","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"13 1","pages":"47 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88445256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Diepgen, K. Andersen, E. Schnetz, O. Kuss, M. Fartasch
The use of skin care creams is a well documented protection measure to reduce the risk of barrier damage and contact dermatitis from exogenous contact with skin irritants. Before choosing a skin care cream two aspects should be considered: a) Is the product able to reduce irritant reactions caused by the irritant, and b) is the product well tolerated, also on damaged skin. Both aspects can be evaluated by experimental models in human volunteers. We used two standard experimental designs to compare six commercially available skin care products: a) the chamber scarification test, designed to assess the irritancy potential, and b) the repeated short-time occlusive irritation test (ROIT), developed to evaluate the efficacy of skin care creams. The results showed that a high score in the chamber scarification test for skin irritation was not necessarily correlated to the products' ability to impede sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced irritant skin reactions. Three products were shown to both have a low irritancy potential and be capable of reducing skin barrier damage induced by SLS, and one product had both an irritant potential on scarified skin and also a modest capability to reduce skin irritation induced by SLS. The use of both test methods, chamber scarification and ROIT, gives valuable information on skin compatibility and efficacy of skin care creams. The clinical relevance of the test results can only be determined by comparing products with high and low scores in both tests in controlled clinical experiments with subjects at risk of developing irritant contact dermatitis.
{"title":"Dual Characteristics of Skin Care Creams Evaluated by Two In-Vivo Human Experimental Models","authors":"T. Diepgen, K. Andersen, E. Schnetz, O. Kuss, M. Fartasch","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120022756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120022756","url":null,"abstract":"The use of skin care creams is a well documented protection measure to reduce the risk of barrier damage and contact dermatitis from exogenous contact with skin irritants. Before choosing a skin care cream two aspects should be considered: a) Is the product able to reduce irritant reactions caused by the irritant, and b) is the product well tolerated, also on damaged skin. Both aspects can be evaluated by experimental models in human volunteers. We used two standard experimental designs to compare six commercially available skin care products: a) the chamber scarification test, designed to assess the irritancy potential, and b) the repeated short-time occlusive irritation test (ROIT), developed to evaluate the efficacy of skin care creams. The results showed that a high score in the chamber scarification test for skin irritation was not necessarily correlated to the products' ability to impede sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced irritant skin reactions. Three products were shown to both have a low irritancy potential and be capable of reducing skin barrier damage induced by SLS, and one product had both an irritant potential on scarified skin and also a modest capability to reduce skin irritation induced by SLS. The use of both test methods, chamber scarification and ROIT, gives valuable information on skin compatibility and efficacy of skin care creams. The clinical relevance of the test results can only be determined by comparing products with high and low scores in both tests in controlled clinical experiments with subjects at risk of developing irritant contact dermatitis.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"21 1","pages":"157 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75004152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Nakamura, Y. Kanazawa, Hidetaka Sato, T. Tsuchiya, Y. Ikarashi, W. D. De Jong, K. Andersen, B. Knudsen
A round-robin study was organized in the international standardization working group, ISO/TC194/WG8, with the purpose to compare the efficacy of different sample preparation procedures for determining the sensitization potency of polymeric medical devices. Three custom-made rubber samples were supplied to the participating laboratories and tested according to predetermined extraction and test protocols: A, formulated with a high level of mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT); B, formulated with a low level of MBT; and C, formulated with zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate. Extraction protocols included the so-called ISO method that applies physiological saline and/or vegetable oil extraction media without concentration (designated here “simple extraction”) and the so-called Japanese method that applies organic solvent extract (in this study chloroform–acetone mixture) after concentration to the test systems (designated here “exhaustive extraction”). Tests included human patch test, guinea pig maximization test (GPMT), adjuvant and patch test (APT), and modified local lymph node assay (LLNA). Patch testing in humans indicated that samples A and B were able to elicit delayed-type contact allergy in subjects previously sensitized to MBT chemicals, and that the order of eliciting potential was A=B≫C. According to the exhaustive extraction protocols, samples A and B were both identified as sensitizers, while sample C was identified as a weak or nonsensitizer by all test methodologies (GPMT, APT, and LLNA). In contrast, the simple extraction protocol using vegetable oil gave sometimes weakly positive but sometimes negative or ambiguous results for samples A and B, while the simple extraction protocol using physiological saline did not show any positive result for any samples by GPMT. In conclusion, the animal test results by the exhaustive (so-called Japanese) extraction method corresponded to the patch test results in human volunteers with previously documented MBT contact allergy; and the exhaustive method seems to be more sensitive than the simple (so-called ISO) extraction method for identifying sensitizing hazard of lipophilic chemicals contained in polymeric materials.
{"title":"Evaluation of Allergic Potential of Rubber Products: Comparison of Sample Preparation Methods for the Testing of Polymeric Medical Devices","authors":"A. Nakamura, Y. Kanazawa, Hidetaka Sato, T. Tsuchiya, Y. Ikarashi, W. D. De Jong, K. Andersen, B. Knudsen","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120022757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120022757","url":null,"abstract":"A round-robin study was organized in the international standardization working group, ISO/TC194/WG8, with the purpose to compare the efficacy of different sample preparation procedures for determining the sensitization potency of polymeric medical devices. Three custom-made rubber samples were supplied to the participating laboratories and tested according to predetermined extraction and test protocols: A, formulated with a high level of mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT); B, formulated with a low level of MBT; and C, formulated with zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate. Extraction protocols included the so-called ISO method that applies physiological saline and/or vegetable oil extraction media without concentration (designated here “simple extraction”) and the so-called Japanese method that applies organic solvent extract (in this study chloroform–acetone mixture) after concentration to the test systems (designated here “exhaustive extraction”). Tests included human patch test, guinea pig maximization test (GPMT), adjuvant and patch test (APT), and modified local lymph node assay (LLNA). Patch testing in humans indicated that samples A and B were able to elicit delayed-type contact allergy in subjects previously sensitized to MBT chemicals, and that the order of eliciting potential was A=B≫C. According to the exhaustive extraction protocols, samples A and B were both identified as sensitizers, while sample C was identified as a weak or nonsensitizer by all test methodologies (GPMT, APT, and LLNA). In contrast, the simple extraction protocol using vegetable oil gave sometimes weakly positive but sometimes negative or ambiguous results for samples A and B, while the simple extraction protocol using physiological saline did not show any positive result for any samples by GPMT. In conclusion, the animal test results by the exhaustive (so-called Japanese) extraction method corresponded to the patch test results in human volunteers with previously documented MBT contact allergy; and the exhaustive method seems to be more sensitive than the simple (so-called ISO) extraction method for identifying sensitizing hazard of lipophilic chemicals contained in polymeric materials.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"5 1","pages":"169 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83757978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barry Weinberger, Nazeeh Hanna, Charles A Gropper, Diane E Heck, Debra L Laskin, Jeffrey D Laskin
Newborn infants are regularly exposed to a wide variety of topical agents, including treatments for rashes, antimicrobial agents, solvents, and skin barriers or moisturizers. Premature and hospitalized infants are also exposed to topical iodine for antisepsis and to topical analgesic agents. The fact that most of these agents have not been specifically evaluated for use in infants has recently been recognized as a major public health concern. The epidermis of preterm infants is not fully developed, constituting an incomplete barrier to systemic absorption of topical agents. Thus, substances applied to the skin can have adverse systemic effects. Povidone-iodine and steroid creams have been associated with thyroid and hypothalamic-pituitary axis suppression, respectively, in premature infants. Application of topical EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics) for analgesia has been implicated in methemoglobinemia in premature infants. Exposure to natural latex in gloves and medical equipment may sensitize infants, leading to the development of airway hyperreactivity and other allergic manifestations. Therefore, it is advisable to limit skin exposure of premature infants to xenobiotics. Further work is required to define safe doses of common agents. In addition, transdermal administration of systemic medications, including methylxanthines, may be practical in premature infants.
{"title":"Transdermal Xenobiotics in Newborn Skin.","authors":"Barry Weinberger, Nazeeh Hanna, Charles A Gropper, Diane E Heck, Debra L Laskin, Jeffrey D Laskin","doi":"10.1081/cus-120019330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/cus-120019330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Newborn infants are regularly exposed to a wide variety of topical agents, including treatments for rashes, antimicrobial agents, solvents, and skin barriers or moisturizers. Premature and hospitalized infants are also exposed to topical iodine for antisepsis and to topical analgesic agents. The fact that most of these agents have not been specifically evaluated for use in infants has recently been recognized as a major public health concern. The epidermis of preterm infants is not fully developed, constituting an incomplete barrier to systemic absorption of topical agents. Thus, substances applied to the skin can have adverse systemic effects. Povidone-iodine and steroid creams have been associated with thyroid and hypothalamic-pituitary axis suppression, respectively, in premature infants. Application of topical EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics) for analgesia has been implicated in methemoglobinemia in premature infants. Exposure to natural latex in gloves and medical equipment may sensitize infants, leading to the development of airway hyperreactivity and other allergic manifestations. Therefore, it is advisable to limit skin exposure of premature infants to xenobiotics. Further work is required to define safe doses of common agents. In addition, transdermal administration of systemic medications, including methylxanthines, may be practical in premature infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"22 1-2","pages":"51-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1081/cus-120019330","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9281835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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