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Flat sheet metakaolin ceramic membrane for water desalination via direct contact membrane distillation 平板偏高岭土陶瓷膜用于直接接触膜蒸馏海水淡化
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Pub Date : 2022-03-10 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.001
Tsegahun Mekonnen Zewdie, N. Habtu, A. Dutta, B. Van der Bruggen
Hydrophobic metakaolin-based flat sheet membrane was developed via phase inversion and sintering technique and modified through 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane grafting agents. The prepared membrane was characterized by different techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, contact angle, porosity, and mechanical strength. Their results indicated that the wettability, structural, and mechanical properties of the prepared membrane confirm the suitability of the material for membrane distillation (MD) application. The prepared metakaolin-based flat sheet membrane acquired hydrophobic properties after surface modification with the water contact angle values of 113.2° to 143.3°. Afterward, the membrane performance was tested for different sodium chloride aqueous solutions (synthetic seawater) and various operating parameters (feed temperature, feed flow rate) using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Based on the findings, the prepared membrane at metakaolin loading of 45 wt.% and sintered at 1,300 °C was achieved the best performance with >95% salt rejection and permeate flux of 6.58 ± 0.3 L/m2 · h at feed temperature of 80 °C, feed concentration of 35 g/L, and feed flow rate of 60 L/h. It can be concluded that further optimization of membrane porosity, mechanical, and surface properties is required to maximize the permeate flux and salt rejection.
采用相转化和烧结技术制备了偏高岭土基疏水平板膜，并采用1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷接枝剂对其进行了改性。采用XRD、FTIR、SEM、接触角、孔隙率、机械强度等方法对制备的膜进行了表征。结果表明，制备的膜的润湿性、结构和力学性能证实了该材料适合膜蒸馏(MD)的应用。经表面改性制备的偏高岭土基平板膜具有疏水性，水接触角为113.2°~ 143.3°。随后，采用直接接触膜蒸馏(DCMD)测试了不同氯化钠水溶液(合成海水)和不同操作参数(进料温度、进料流量)下的膜性能。实验结果表明，在偏高岭土掺量为45 wt.%、烧结温度为1300℃时，制备的膜在80℃、35 g/L、60 L/h的进料温度下，滤盐率为>95%，渗透通量为6.58±0.3 L/m2·h。因此，需要进一步优化膜的孔隙度、力学性能和表面性能，以最大限度地提高渗透通量和阻盐性能。
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引用次数: 0
Public perceptions and perspectives on alternative sources of water for reuse generated at the household level 公众对家庭一级可重复使用的其他水源的看法和看法
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Pub Date : 2022-03-02 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.002
M. Portman, Olga Vdov, M. Schuetze, Y. Gilboa, E. Friedler
Studying perceptions about reuse of alternative water sources informs about conditions necessary for transition to large-scale decentralized water reuse. We administered a perceptions survey to the public based on results of initial open interviews of water management experts in Israel. Experts indicated their views on impediments to widespread household water reuse which became the basis for developing the questionnaire. The latter aimed to understand views among the general public of: (a) willingness to adopt reuse practices from three sources: greywater, air conditioner condensate and roof-harvested rainwater; and (b) preferences for targeted use of these three types of reused water. The survey elicited 372 responses. A maximum-likelihood regression analysis was conducted using independent variables (i.e., demographic characteristics, individual positions regarding the state of the country's water resources and plans for the provision of domestic water (i.e., desalination), knowledge of the reuse practices and views about risks from various uses of the reused water, including off-premise). Willingness to implement reuse practices served as the dependent variable. We found that respondents indicating that they heard of the reuse of the particular types of reuse practices (variable: ‘Knowledge’) was the most significant of the independent variables for all three alternative water sources. Also, using an analytic hierarchy process, we determined that health risks were much more important when compared to convenience of use and costs under hypothetical scenarios of both moderate and significant savings in monthly water expenditures.
研究对替代水源再利用的认识，可以了解向大规模分散式水再利用过渡的必要条件。根据对以色列水管理专家的初步公开访谈结果，我们对公众进行了一项看法调查。专家们表明了他们对阻碍广泛使用家庭用水的障碍的看法，这成为编制调查表的基础。后者旨在了解公众对以下三个来源的意见:(a)是否愿意采用循环再用的做法:灰水、空调冷凝水和屋顶收集的雨水;(b)有针对性地使用这三种回用水的偏好。这项调查得到了372份回复。使用独立变量(即人口特征、关于国家水资源状况的个人立场和提供生活用水的计划(即海水淡化)、对再利用做法的了解以及对再利用水的各种用途(包括非室内使用)的风险的看法)进行了最大似然回归分析。实现重用实践的意愿充当了因变量。我们发现，受访者表示他们听说过特定类型的再利用实践(变量:“知识”)的再利用是所有三种替代水源的最重要的自变量。此外，使用层次分析法，我们确定，在每月水支出适度和显著节省的假设情景下，与使用的便利性和成本相比，健康风险更为重要。
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引用次数: 9
Enhanced desalination efficiency of flow-through capacitive deionization cell by mesh electrode with granular aerogel carbon in the removal of ions from synthetic and real samples 颗粒气凝胶碳网状电极提高了流式电容去离子电池的脱盐效率，对合成样品和实际样品中的离子进行了去除
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2021.067
Bahram Roshan, Hassan Rasoulzadeh, Mohamadreza Massoudinejad, Mohsen Saadani, Daryoush Sanaei

Flow-through capacitive deionization (FTCDI) is a traditional improved flow-by CDI cellular structure, used to remove ions from aqueous solutions. In this study, a new FTCDI was designed consisting of mesh electrodes (ME) containing ion-exchange membranes (IEM) and aerogel carbon granules with a specific surface area of 489 m2/g. All analyses and experiments performed showed that the new design can remove nitrate, phosphate, sodium, calcium, and chloride. Under optimal conditions, the new FTCDI system can remove 82.5, 49, 85, and 90% of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, nitrate, and phosphate with a maximum input concentration of 450 mg/L, 450 mg/L, 70 mg/L, and 3 mg/L, respectively. The efficiency of this system was also evaluated for real samples. Findings of the study showed that if the initial amount of turbidity is 12 NTU, total soluble solids (TDS) 1,700 mg/L, total hardness 540 mg/L, phosphate 0.09 mg/L, nitrate 28.8 mg/L, and electrical conductivity (EC) 3,480 μs/cm, the system can remove 25, 23.5, 33.3, 66.6, 54.4, and 39.1%, respectively.

流式电容去离子(FTCDI)是一种传统的改进流式电容去离子(CDI)细胞结构，用于去除水溶液中的离子。在这项研究中，设计了一种新的FTCDI，由含有离子交换膜(IEM)的网状电极(ME)和比表面积为489 m2/g的气凝胶碳颗粒组成。所有的分析和实验表明，新的设计可以去除硝酸盐、磷酸盐、钠、钙和氯化物。在最佳条件下，当最大输入浓度分别为450 mg/L、450 mg/L、70 mg/L和3 mg/L时，新型FTCDI系统对氯化钠、氯化钙、硝酸盐和磷酸盐的去除率分别为82.5%、49%、85%和90%。并对实际样品进行了效率评价。研究结果表明，当初始浊度为12 NTU，总可溶性固形物(TDS)为1700 mg/L，总硬度为540 mg/L，磷酸盐为0.09 mg/L，硝酸盐为28.8 mg/L，电导率为3480 μs/cm时，该体系的去除率分别为25、23.5、33.3、66.6、54.4和39.1%。
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引用次数: 0
Adsorption of phosphorus onto nanoscale zero-valent iron/activated carbon: removal mechanisms, thermodynamics, and interferences 纳米级零价铁/活性炭对磷的吸附:去除机制、热力学和干扰
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.103
Adel Adly, Nagwan G. Mostafa, Abdelsalam Elawwad

This study investigated removal mechanisms, thermodynamics, and interferences of phosphorus adsorption onto nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)/activated carbon composite. Activated carbon was successfully used as support for nZVI particles to overcome shortcomings of using nZVI include its tendency to aggregate and separation difficulties. A comprehensive characterization was done for the composite particles, which revealed a high specific surface area of 72.66 m2/g and an average particle size of 37 nm. Several adsorption isotherms and kinetic models have been applied to understand the removal mechanisms. Adsorption isotherm is best fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir models, which indicates that the estimated maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity is 53.76 mg/g at pH 4. Adsorption kinetics showed that the chemisorption process behaved according to a pseudo-second-order model. An adsorption mechanism study conducted using the intra-particle diffusion and Boyd kinetic models indicated that the adsorption rate is limited by surface diffusion. A thermodynamic study showed that phosphorus removal efficiency increased as the solution temperature increased from 15 to 37 °C. Finally, the results of an interference study showed that the presence of Ni2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Na+ cations, nitrate ions (⁠⁠), and sodium acetate improves removal efficiency, while the presence of sulfate ions (⁠

研究了纳米级零价铁(nZVI)/活性炭复合材料对磷的吸附机理、热力学和干扰因素。采用活性炭作为载体，克服了使用nZVI容易聚集和分离困难的缺点。对复合颗粒进行了全面表征，其比表面积为72.66 m2/g，平均粒径为37 nm。应用了几种吸附等温线和动力学模型来了解其去除机理。Freundlich和Langmuir模型对吸附等温线的拟合效果最好，在pH值为4时，磷的最大吸附量为53.76 mg/g。吸附动力学表明，化学吸附过程符合准二阶模型。利用颗粒内扩散和Boyd动力学模型进行的吸附机理研究表明，吸附速率受表面扩散的限制。热力学研究表明，当溶液温度从15℃升高到37℃时，除磷效率提高。最后，干扰研究结果表明，Ni2+、Cu2+、Ca2+、Na+阳离子、硝酸盐离子(ω ω)和乙酸钠的存在提高了去除效率，而硫酸盐离子(ω ω ω)和尿素的存在降低了去除效率。
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引用次数: 0
Low-cost poly(vinyl formal) for heavy metal removal from water of a polluted river 用于去除污染河流水中重金属的低成本聚乙烯
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Pub Date : 2022-02-15 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.077
Francisca Villanueva-Flores, L. A. Palomares
Heavy metal pollution in drinking water is a serious health risk, particularly in developing countries. Membranes of poly(vinyl formal) (PFA) were synthesized to explore their use for heavy metal removal from water samples from the polluted Mexican river ‘Atoyac.’ A single incubation step with PFA membranes for 24 h was sufficient to reduce lead, iron, manganese, arsenic, and thallium concentrations to acceptable levels for drinking water, according to the Mexican standards. PFA showed high adsorption capacities (Qe), even in the presence of multiple metals and low cation concentration. Mass transport phenomena were characterized as a function of the crosslinking degree and pH. To simulate real-life operation conditions, water fluxes across PFA membranes were characterized as a function of their crosslinking degrees and controlled external pressures. PFA membranes allowed fluxes at pressures of up to 2 kg/cm2 with no deformation or breaking. Tensile strength, strain stress, elastic deformation, and Young's modulus were assessed. In contrast with previous reports, no further PFA modifications were required to obtain an excellent adsorption performance, which results in lower production costs. The ease of PFA synthesis and handling, and low production cost make it an ideal material to be applied for remediating the polluted urban water.
饮用水中的重金属污染是一种严重的健康风险，特别是在发展中国家。合成了聚乙烯醇甲醛(PFA)膜，探讨了其在墨西哥受污染的阿托亚克河水样中重金属去除的应用。根据墨西哥标准，用PFA膜孵育24小时就足以将铅、铁、锰、砷和铊的浓度降低到饮用水可接受的水平。PFA具有较高的吸附能力(Qe)，即使在多种金属存在和低阳离子浓度的情况下也是如此。质量传递现象表征为交联度和ph的函数。为了模拟实际操作条件，通过PFA膜的水通量表征为其交联度和受控外部压力的函数。PFA膜允许通量在高达2千克/平方厘米的压力下不变形或破裂。拉伸强度，应变应力，弹性变形和杨氏模量进行了评估。与之前的报道相比，不需要进一步的PFA改性就可以获得优异的吸附性能，从而降低了生产成本。PFA易于合成和处理，生产成本低，是修复城市污水的理想材料。
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引用次数: 0
Performance evaluation of a HDH desalination system using direct contact packed towers: experimental and mathematical modeling study 使用直接接触填料塔的HDH脱盐系统的性能评估：实验和数学建模研究
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.095
Taleb Zarei, M. Miroliaei
Humidification–dehumidification desalination (HDH) is one of the suitable methods for desalination of saline and brackish water in a small scale. In this research, a HDH desalination method with a direct contact dehumidifier has been analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The setup consists of two similar packing towers for humidification and dehumidification, 10 inches in diameter, which are filled up to 1 m with Rushing packing. In this new HDH configuration, seawater and freshwater recirculation has been used in humidifier and dehumidifier sections, respectively. A steady-state mathematical model based on the mass and energy equations for each system component is presented. The effect of various input parameters on the freshwater production, gain output ratio (GOR) and specific energy consumption has been investigated. The results revealed that the inlet seawater and air temperature to the humidification tower had the highest and the lowest effect on the produced freshwater, respectively. Also, the maximum value of the GOR is 3.3, which is obtained in the equilibrium condition of the dehumidifier. The experiments show that the freshwater production of the proposed HDH device is 300 L/day, which can provide water for domestic consumption of a small family.
加湿-除湿脱盐（HDH）是小规模脱盐盐水和微咸水的合适方法之一。在本研究中，对直接接触式除湿器的HDH脱盐方法进行了理论和实验分析。该装置由两个类似的加湿和除湿填料塔组成，直径为10英寸，用Rushing填料填充1米。在这种新的HDH配置中，海水和淡水再循环已分别用于加湿器和除湿器部分。基于每个系统部件的质量和能量方程，提出了一个稳态数学模型。研究了各种输入参数对淡水产量、增益输出比和比能耗的影响。结果表明，进入加湿塔的海水和空气温度对产生的淡水的影响分别最高和最低。此外，GOR的最大值为3.3，这是在除湿器的平衡条件下获得的。实验表明，所提出的HDH装置的淡水产量为300L/天，可以为小家庭的生活用水提供水源。
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引用次数: 5
Analysis of denitrification performance and microbial community structure in a bio-electrochemical reactor under different current densities with wheat-rice stone powder 不同电流密度下生物电化学反应器对麦饭石粉脱氮性能及微生物群落结构的分析
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Pub Date : 2022-01-24 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.086
Hengyuan Liu, Qili Hu
Nitrate widely exists in water pollution and is the most stable form of nitrogen pollution. This study investigated the effect of the current density (CD) and the wheat-rice stone powder (WP) on denitrification performance, microbial diversity and enzyme activity in a bio-electrochemical reactor (BER). It was found that an optimum CD of 200 mA/m2 and the addition of WP significantly improved the nitrate removal rate constant compared with the control group (12.28 d−1 versus 9.75 d−1) and remarkably reduced the intermediate accumulation of nitrite. The application of both optimum CD and WP enhanced the microbial diversity and catalytic activity of nitrate reductase (Nar) and nitrite reductase (Nir). The most dominant microbial taxa in our reactor were Methyloversatilis, Methylotenera, and an unclassified genus of the family Methylophilaceae. Moreover, WP allowed the denitrifiers to better withstand the stress of high CD. This study presented results supporting the use of an optimum CD and natural mineral addition to improving the performance of the denitrification process within a BER.
硝酸盐广泛存在于水体污染中，是氮污染中最稳定的形式。研究了电流密度(CD)和麦饭石粉(WP)对生物电化学反应器(BER)反硝化性能、微生物多样性和酶活性的影响。结果表明，与对照组相比，最佳CD为200 mA/m2和添加WP显著提高了硝酸盐去除率常数(12.28 d−1比9.75 d−1)，显著降低了亚硝酸盐的中间积累。施用最佳CD和WP均可提高微生物多样性和硝酸盐还原酶(Nar)和亚硝酸盐还原酶(Nir)的催化活性。反应器中最主要的微生物类群是methylomultilis、Methylotenera和Methylophilaceae的一个未分类属。此外，WP使反硝化剂能够更好地承受高CD的压力。本研究的结果支持使用最佳CD和天然矿物添加来改善BER内反硝化过程的性能。
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引用次数: 4
Modeling and optimization of process parametric interaction during high-rate anaerobic digestion of recycled paper mill wastewater using the response surface methodology 基于响应面法的再生造纸废水高速厌氧消化过程参数相互作用的建模与优化
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Pub Date : 2022-01-19 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.088
H. M. Zwain, Hind Barghash, M. Vakili, I. Dahlan
This study carried out the anaerobic digestion of recycled paper mill wastewater (RPMW) in a high-rate novel anaerobic baffled reactor. The parametric interaction between influent chemical oxygen demand (CODin) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was modeled, and process responses were optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) using a three-level factorial design. The results showed that the optimal condition was determined at CODin of 4,000 mg/L and HRT of 2 days and predicted values for COD removal, biological oxygen demand (BOD) removal, lignin removal, CH4 content, and CH4 production were found to be 94%, 98%, 68%, 85%, and 20.8 L CH4/d, respectively. According to the statistical analysis of the RSM, all models were significant with very low probability values (from 0.0045 to <0.0001). The parametric interaction showed that increasing the CODin positively influenced the COD, BOD, and lignin removal efficiencies, effluent alkalinity, and methane content and production but was unfavorable for pH and effluent volatile fatty acid (VFA). Shorting the HRT negatively affected the COD, BOD, and lignin removal efficiencies, pH level, alkalinity, and methane content and production, and increased the VFA effluent concentration. The optimal conditions were established at 4,000 mg/L COD and HRT of 2 days, corresponding to the predicted COD, BOD, and lignin removal efficiencies of 91, 98, and 71%, respectively, whereas 28 mg/L of VFA and 0.125 L of CH4/g CODremoved were generated.
本研究采用新型厌氧折流板反应器对再生造纸废水（RPMW）进行了厌氧消化。对进水化学需氧量（CODin）和水力停留时间（HRT）之间的参数相互作用进行了建模，并采用响应面法（RSM）采用三级因子设计对工艺响应进行了优化。结果表明，在CODin为4000mg/L、HRT为2天的条件下，COD去除率、生物需氧量（BOD）去除率、木质素去除率、CH4含量和CH4产量的预测值分别为94%、98%、68%、85%和20.8L CH4/d。根据RSM的统计分析，所有模型都是显著的，概率值很低（从0.0045到<0.0001）。参数交互作用表明，增加CODin对COD、BOD和木质素去除效率、出水碱度、甲烷含量和产量有积极影响，但对pH和出水挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）不利。缩短HRT会对COD、BOD和木质素的去除效率、pH值、碱度、甲烷含量和产量产生负面影响，并增加VFA出水浓度。在4000mg/L的COD和2天的HRT下建立了最佳条件，相应于预测的COD、BOD和木质素去除率分别为91%、98%和71%，而VFA和CH4/g COD去除率分别达到28mg/L和0.125L。
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引用次数: 3
Process evaluation of urban river replenished with reclaimed water from a wastewater treatment plant based on the risk of algal bloom and comprehensive acute toxicity 基于藻华风险和综合急性毒性的污水处理厂中水回灌城市河流工艺评价
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Pub Date : 2021-12-23 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2021.023
Danyan Sun, Xiaohu Lin, Zhibo Lu, Ju-wen Huang, Guangming Li, Jing-cheng Xu
Municipal wastewater reuse has an important role to play with scarce water resources and serious water pollution. However, the impact of reclaimed water on the aquatic ecology and organisms of the receiving water needs to be assessed. This study investigated one ecological restoration project of an urban river replenished with reclaimed water, and evaluated the risk of algal bloom and acute biological toxicity in the river. Results showed that the concentrations of permanganate index and ammonia nitrogen in the river could stably remain below the standard values, the concentrations of total phosphorus were high and most of the monitoring values were between 0.42 and 0.86 mg/L. The content of chlorophyll a was relatively lower, ranging from 0.06 to 0.10 mg/m3. The maximum value of Fv/Fm was 0.42, which was lower than the algal bloom prediction threshold of 0.63. Moreover, the results of luminescence inhibition rate on luminescent bacteria showed that the reclaimed water did not cause significant biological toxicity to the aquatic ecology. The study suggested that implementing urban reclaimed water reuse projects requires a series of ecological purification and restoration technologies in the receiving water, which can effectively guarantee the stability of water quality and the safety of water ecological environment.
在水资源稀缺、水污染严重的情况下，城市污水回用具有重要意义。然而，再生水对受水的水生生态和生物的影响需要进行评估。本研究以某城市河流中水回灌生态修复工程为研究对象，对该河流发生藻华和急性生物毒性的风险进行了评价。结果表明，河流高锰酸盐指数和氨氮浓度稳定保持在标准值以下，总磷浓度较高，大部分监测值在0.42 ~ 0.86 mg/L之间。叶绿素a含量相对较低，在0.06 ~ 0.10 mg/m3之间。Fv/Fm的最大值为0.42，低于藻华预测阈值0.63。此外，对发光细菌的发光抑制率结果表明，再生水对水生生态没有显著的生物毒性。研究认为，实施城市中水回用工程，需要对受水进行一系列生态净化和修复技术，才能有效保证水质的稳定和水生态环境的安全。
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引用次数: 16
Assessment of rooftop rainwater harvesting in Ajloun, Jordan 约旦Ajloun屋顶雨水收集评估
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Pub Date : 2021-11-24 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2021.064
Z. Al-Houri, A. Al-Omari
In response to water scarcity in Ajloun governorate, Jordan, the effectiveness of implementing rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) was investigated. In addition, a structured questionnaire was prepared and distributed to randomly selected residents to assess the status of the current RRWH practices in the governorate and the people's perceptions of this practice. It was found that between 0.39 million cubic meters (MCM) in a dry year (2017) and 0.96 MCM in a wet year (2018) can be harvested, which is equivalent to 7.6% and 16.8% of the domestic water supply for these years, respectively. The analysis of a total of 360 questionnaires revealed that only 14.2% of the households in Ajloun governorate own a RRWH system. However, the majority, 80.6%, of those who do not own a RRWH system showed interest in installing one. An overwhelming majority of the sample, 96.7%, believes that the government should provide incentives to subsidize the construction of RRWH systems, which is attributed to the high initial cost of these systems. The technical and social feasibilities of RRWH, in addition to the high cost of the alternatives, justifies providing incentives, such as cost sharing for the consumers in Ajloun to implement RRWH systems.
为了应对约旦Ajloun省的水资源短缺，研究了实施屋顶雨水收集(RRWH)的有效性。此外，还编制了一份结构化问卷，并随机向选定的居民分发，以评估该省目前RRWH做法的现状以及人们对这种做法的看法。研究发现，在干旱年(2017年)可以收获39万立方米(MCM)，在潮湿年(2018年)可以收获0.96万立方米(MCM)，分别相当于这几年生活供水量的7.6%和16.8%。对360份问卷的分析显示，Ajloun省只有14.2%的家庭拥有RRWH系统。然而，大多数没有RRWH系统的人(80.6%)表示有兴趣安装RRWH系统。绝大多数样本(96.7%)认为政府应该提供激励措施来补贴RRWH系统的建设，这归因于这些系统的高初始成本。除了替代方案的高成本外，RRWH的技术和社会可行性证明了提供激励措施的合理性，例如为Ajloun的消费者提供实施RRWH系统的成本分担。
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