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Meta-genomic analysis of Halobacillus trueperi S61 isolated from the Qarhan Salt Lake 察尔汗盐湖真盐杆菌S61的元基因组分析
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.073
Shuo Shen, Wei Li, Jian Wang, Ruiting Xu
The Qarhan Salt Lake is the second largest salt lake in the world and contains a rich and unique range of extremophiles requiring in-depth exploration. Halophilic microorganisms are promising resources for biotechnology due to their flexibility and survivability. The present study first isolated a novel strain of Halobacillus trueperi S61 from the Qarhan Salt Lake, then whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics using third-generation PacBio combined with second-generation Illumina technology were performed. The whole genome of H. trueperi S61 identified 57,549 reads and consists of a complete circular chromosome of 4,047,887 bp with 43.86% genetic compound (GC) content and no gaps. A total of 139 non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNA) (including 86 tRNA, 30 rRNA, and 23 sRNA),16 gene islands with 260, 275 bp, and two prophages (with 82,682 in length) were predicted. The whole genome of H. trueperi S61 was annotated with 3,982 protein-coding genes using the Nr, Swissport, KOG, and KEGG databases for 3,980, 3,667, 2,998, and 2,303 genes. In addition, 561 carbohydrate enzymes and 4,416 pathogen–host interaction-related genes were identified. The protein function of H. trueperi S61 was focused on biological processes with distribution in gene transcription and amino acids as well as carbohydrate metabolism. The novel strain of H. trueperi S61 isolated from the Qarhan Salt Lake primarily preferred protein biological processes and antibiotic resistance, providing a potential resource for biotechnology.
卡尔汉盐湖是世界第二大盐湖,含有丰富而独特的极端微生物,需要深入勘探。嗜盐微生物由于其灵活性和生存能力,是生物技术的重要资源。本研究首先从察尔汗盐湖分离到一株新的真卤杆菌S61,然后利用第三代PacBio和第二代Illumina技术进行全基因组测序和比较基因组学。H.trueperi S61的全基因组鉴定了57549个读数,由4047887bp的完整环形染色体组成,遗传化合物(GC)含量为43.86%,没有缺口。共预测了139个非编码核糖核酸(RNA)(包括86个tRNA、30个rRNA和23个sRNA)、16个260275bp的基因岛和两个原噬菌体(长度82682)。使用Nr、Swissport、KOG和KEGG数据库对3980、3667、2998和2303个基因用3982个蛋白质编码基因对H.trueperi S61的全基因组进行注释。此外,还鉴定了561个碳水化合物酶和4416个病原体-宿主相互作用相关基因。对H.trueperi S61的蛋白质功能进行了研究,主要集中在基因转录、氨基酸分布以及碳水化合物代谢等生物学过程中。从察尔汗盐湖分离得到的新菌株H.trueperi S61主要偏好蛋白质生物学过程和抗生素耐药性,为生物技术提供了潜在的资源。
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引用次数: 0
Towards efficient water management in large-scale shale gas fields of China 中国大型页岩气田的高效水资源管理
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.064
Kefan Cao, Yi Zeng, Xue-Shi Jin, Zhuo Chen, Yin-Hu Wu, Hong-Ying Hu
China's shale gas industry is developing rapidly, but the associated challenges of water resources shortage and water pollution are becoming more and more prominent. Hydraulic fracturing, the core process of shale gas extraction, consumes a large amount of water and produces refractory wastewater, closely linking shale gas fields with water resources. In this context, this article is to (1) summarize the characteristics of water consumption and wastewater production in typical shale gas fields; (2) introduce the current status of water intake and internal reuse and treatment of shale gas wastewater (SGW); and (3) analyse the challenges of water management in shale gas field. In order to promote the sustainable development of the shale gas industry, it is necessary to establish an efficient water management system according to local conditions. Making use of municipal reclaimed water in fracturing, promoting external reuse of SGW, strengthening the monitoring and safety guarantee of water use, and formulating national or regional water management guidelines can improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in shale gas fields.
中国页岩气产业发展迅速,但水资源短缺和水污染问题日益突出。水力压裂是页岩气开采的核心工艺,耗水量大,产生难处理废水,将页岩气田与水资源紧密联系在一起。在此背景下,本文拟:(1)总结典型页岩气田的用水和产废水特征;(2)介绍了页岩气废水的取水现状及内部回用处理;(3)分析了页岩气田水资源管理面临的挑战。为了促进页岩气产业的可持续发展,有必要因地制宜地建立高效的水资源管理体系。利用市政再生水进行压裂,促进SGW的外部回用,加强用水的监测和安全保障,制定国家或地区水资源管理指南,可以提高页岩气田水资源的利用效率。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental studies on the effects of coagulation and adsorption as a pretreatment process on the microfiltration of oily wastewater 混凝吸附预处理工艺对含油废水微滤效果的实验研究
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.052
Niloufar Lashkari Shafiei, Farzin Zokaee Ashtiani, A. Fouladitajar
To improve the performance of the membrane process in the treatment of oily wastewater, the combined effects of pretreatment, membrane modification, and optimization of operating parameters on the microfiltration membrane system were investigated. First, coagulation and adsorption were used as pretreatment steps. Polyaluminium chloride and ferric chloride were employed as coagulants, and granular activated carbon was used as an adsorbent. In the optimal coagulation condition (1 g/L polyaluminium chloride, pH 7.5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced by 96%, while in the optimal adsorption condition, in which large amounts of activated carbon were utilized, 48% of COD was eliminated. A membrane of polyethersulfone containing SiO2-g-polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) nanoparticles was then prepared by the non-solvent-induced phase separation method. To reduce fouling and increase the flux of the membrane, the SiO2 nanoparticles were first activated with amine groups and then PMAA was grafted onto the surface of the particles. Subsequently, the operating parameters were studied to optimize the performance of the polyethersulfone (PES)/SiO2-g-PMAA membrane using the response surface methodology method. The results indicated that the flux of the modified membrane for pretreated wastewater was 72.2% higher than that of the PES membrane and non-pretreated wastewater at an optimum pressure of 2 bar and a flow rate of 3.5 L/min.
为了提高膜法处理含油废水的性能,研究了预处理、膜改性和操作参数优化对微滤膜系统的综合影响。首先,采用混凝和吸附作为预处理步骤。采用聚合氯化铝和氯化铁作为混凝剂,颗粒活性炭作为吸附剂。在最佳混凝条件(1g/L聚合氯化铝,pH 7.5)下,化学需氧量(COD)降低了96%,而在大量使用活性炭的最佳吸附条件下,COD去除了48%。采用非溶剂诱导相分离方法制备了含有SiO2-g-聚甲基丙烯酸(PMAA)纳米粒子的聚醚砜膜。为了减少污垢并增加膜的通量,首先用胺基活化SiO2纳米颗粒,然后将PMAA接枝到颗粒表面。随后,采用响应面法对操作参数进行了研究,以优化聚醚砜/SiO2-g-PMAA膜的性能。结果表明,在2巴的最佳压力和3.5L/min的流速下,改性膜对预处理废水的通量比PES膜和未预处理废水高72.2%。
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引用次数: 3
The perspective of a smart city by endorsing the nexus Bermuda triangle with the risk assessment of polluted water reuse in integrated water and food security management: the case of Semnan, Iran 在水和粮食安全综合管理中,通过对污染水再利用的风险评估,认可百慕大三角关系,从智慧城市的角度来看:以伊朗塞姆南为例
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.047
M. R. Safaeian, M. Ardestani, A. Sarang
In the paradigm of circular economy, the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture is currently regarded as a possible solution for alleviating the issues of water scarcity and pollution. Accordingly, this research aims to assess the use of polluted water in the integrated management of water resources in Semnan. The research used the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) software package to model and analyze the water sector. Also, the Bayesian network method was used to assess the risk of using polluted water and its effects on humans and plants. The research explored two general scenarios for the study site of Semnan. The first scenario assumes the increase in population, crops (food), and industries, and the second has the same assumptions plus an increase in agricultural efficiency (food production). Based on the results, the agricultural, urban, and industrial water demands are 37, 0.06, and 0.01 million m3 in the base year, respectively. The water demand in the next years will be higher due to the population growth. Finally, it is safer to use the wastewater of both treatment plants of the region (Mehdishahr and Semnan) in the industry than in other sectors.
在循环经济模式下,农业废水的再利用目前被认为是缓解缺水和污染问题的可能解决方案。因此,本研究旨在评估塞姆南水资源综合管理中污染水的使用情况。本研究使用水资源评估和规划系统(WEAP)软件包对水资源部门进行建模和分析。此外,还使用贝叶斯网络方法来评估使用污染水的风险及其对人类和植物的影响。该研究探讨了Semnan研究地点的两种一般情况。第一种情况假设人口、作物(粮食)和工业增加,第二种情况假设相同,加上农业效率(粮食生产)增加。根据结果,基准年农业、城市和工业用水需求分别为3700万m3、0.06万m3和0.01万m3。由于人口增长,未来几年的用水需求将更高。最后,在工业中使用该地区两个处理厂(Mehdishahr和Semnan)的废水比在其他部门更安全。
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引用次数: 1
Effects of chlorine disinfection on RO membrane biofouling at low feed water temperature for wastewater reclamation 氯消毒对低进水温度RO膜生物结垢的影响
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.156
Tong Yu, Shoufang Sun, Yunlong Zhao, Lingxue Wang, Ping Li, Zhuo Chen, X. Bi, Xueqing Shi
Chlorine disinfection has been reported to be ineffective in controlling RO membrane biofouling in some projects. Feed water temperature is a crucial factor in the formation of RO membrane biofouling. It has a positive impact on the wide application of the RO process to ascertain whether chlorine disinfection can alleviate the membrane biofouling at low temperatures. In this study, the effects of chlorination on the RO membrane biofouling at low feed water temperature (10 °C) were investigated by a lab-scale RO apparatus. The final normalized flux was 0.33 and 0.29 with and without chlorination, respectively. According to the normalized flux decline curve, chlorination could not alleviate the RO membrane fouling at low temperature. Based on the intermediate blocking model, chlorination increased the membrane fouling potential of the feed water. At low temperature, the biofilm on the membrane with chlorination was thinner and denser than that without chlorination. In addition, the membrane with chlorination contained more foulants and dissolved organic matter than that without chlorination. Chlorination failed to continuously prevent bacteria accumulation on RO membrane at low temperature, but screened out bacteria that were potentially more suitable for the low-temperature membrane environment.
据报道,氯消毒在某些工程中对反渗透膜生物污染的控制效果不佳。进水温度是反渗透膜生物污染形成的关键因素。确定氯消毒是否能缓解低温下膜生物污染对反渗透工艺的广泛应用具有积极的影响。在实验室规模的反渗透装置上,研究了在低进水温度(10°C)下,氯化对反渗透膜生物污染的影响。加氯和不加氯的最终归一化通量分别为0.33和0.29。由归一化通量下降曲线可知,在低温条件下,氯化处理不能缓解反渗透膜的污染。基于中间堵塞模型,加氯增加了给水的膜污染电位。低温下,加氯处理后的膜上生物膜比未加氯处理的膜更薄、密度更大。此外,加氯处理后的膜比未加氯处理的膜含有更多的污染物和溶解性有机物。在低温条件下,氯化不能持续阻止细菌在反渗透膜上的积聚,反而筛选出了可能更适合低温膜环境的细菌。
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引用次数: 4
The effect of land-use type and climatic conditions on heavy metal pollutants in urban runoff in a semi-arid region 半干旱区土地利用类型和气候条件对城市径流重金属污染物的影响
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.046
Shahrokh Soltaninia, L. Taghavi, S. Hosseini, B. Motamedvaziri, S. Eslamian
This study examined the effects of land-use changes on heavy metal pollution in runoff in a catchment of Tehran, Iran. Urban runoff samples were collected from six stations, including five various land uses and mixed land uses. The event mean concentration (EMC) was applied to determine heavy metals, including mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu), in five land uses. Sampling was done during six events with different antecedent dry days (ADDs) during 2019–2020. The result revealed higher heavy metal concentrations in runoff in the industrial land use compared to other land-use types in the catchment. The calculated EMC rates were as follows: EMC Zn > EMC Pb > EMC Cu > EM As > EMC Hg > EMC Cd. This study also found that the maximum and minimum EMCs of heavy metals were associated with rainfall events with 115 and 1 dry days, respectively. In comparison to other heavy metals, mercury and arsenic were at a higher level in runoff as determined by EMC data analysis. In order to minimize the risk of heavy metal contamination of runoff, the relocation of industrial land uses from urban environments to non-urban areas is recommended.
这项研究考察了土地利用变化对伊朗德黑兰集水区径流中重金属污染的影响。从六个站点收集了城市径流样本,包括五个不同的土地用途和混合土地用途。事件平均浓度(EMC)用于测定五种土地利用中的重金属,包括汞(Hg)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)和铜(Cu)。在2019-2020年期间,在六次具有不同前期干旱天数(ADDs)的事件中进行了采样。结果表明,与集水区的其他土地使用类型相比,工业用地径流中的重金属浓度更高。计算的EMC率如下:EMC Zn>EMC Pb>EMC Cu>EM as>EMC Hg>EMC Cd。本研究还发现,重金属的最大和最小EMC分别与115和1个干旱日的降雨事件有关。根据EMC数据分析,与其他重金属相比,径流中的汞和砷含量更高。为了最大限度地降低径流中重金属污染的风险,建议将工业用地从城市环境迁移到非城市地区。
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引用次数: 3
Identifying influential priority of factors governing the acute biological toxicity of two kinds of industrial wastewaters 确定两种工业废水急性生物毒性影响因素的优先顺序
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-10-26 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.045
Zhi-Cheng Pan, Chuan-Shu He, Yu-Mei Peng, Yafeng Zhong, Kaijun Wang, J. Zuo
Identifying the key parameters or components mainly contributing to the acute toxicity of wastewater would be helpful to quickly and conveniently reflect their biological toxicity. In this study, the components/parameters and biological toxicity of 64 effluent samples collected from two factories producing konjac and glass were analyzed. It was found that the two types of wastewaters were not effectively dealt with the inner technology. Moreover, the acute biological toxicity evaluated by the bioluminescence inhibition to Vibrio fischeri revealed that ∼90% of the effluents were marked as toxic with bioluminescence inhibition higher than 50%. By applying a grey relational analysis (GRA) method to investigate the influential priorities of the effluent characteristics on biological toxicity, the results demonstrated that the top four influential factors on the bioluminescence inhibition were as follows: TN ≈ SO42− > Cl− > As ≈ Hg (for konjac-manufacturing effluents) and Zn > SO42− ≈ TN > As > Cl− (for glass-producing effluents). These results would be useful for fast recognizing the biological toxicity features of industrial effluents via evaluating the most influential parameters, and helpful for reducing the biological acute toxicity to protect the downstream wastewater treatment plant from abrupt collapse.
识别主要导致废水急性毒性的关键参数或成分将有助于快速方便地反映其生物毒性。在本研究中,分析了从两个生产魔芋和玻璃的工厂收集的64个出水样品的成分/参数和生物毒性。研究发现,这两种类型的废水没有得到内部技术的有效处理。此外,通过对费氏弧菌的生物发光抑制评估的急性生物毒性显示,约90%的流出物被标记为有毒,生物发光抑制率高于50%。通过应用灰色关联分析(GRA)方法研究出水特性对生物毒性的影响优先级,结果表明,对生物发光抑制作用影响最大的四个因素是:TN≈SO42−>Cl−>as≈Hg(魔芋生产废水)和Zn>SO42−≈TN>as>Cl−(玻璃生产废水)。这些结果将有助于通过评估最具影响的参数来快速识别工业废水的生物毒性特征,并有助于降低生物急性毒性,保护下游污水处理厂免受突然坍塌的影响。
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引用次数: 1
A modified spectrophotometric method for selective determination of trace urea: application in the production process of ultrapure water 改进的分光光度法选择性测定痕量尿素:在超纯水生产过程中的应用
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.036
Shilong Jiang, Jianglei Xiong, Song Cheng, Jiashun Cao, Runbo Yuan
Conventional spectrophotometric methods were unable to accurately detect urea concentrations below 100 μg/L. A modified spectrophotometric method was developed to determine the trace urea in the ultrapure water (UPW) production process of the semiconductor manufacturing industry. This method was optimized based on the dosage of chemical agents, length of the optical path, and mode of the water bath. Metal ions were added to promote the stability of the chromogenic system. A calibration graph was observed with ideal linearity in the range of 0.8–100 μg/L. The detection and quantification limits of urea were 0.24 and 0.80 μg/L, respectively. The distribution of urea in raw water for the UPW production process was observed and the urea in tap water was 10–20 μg/L. The urea of municipal reclaimed water was 24–40 μg/L, which was twice that of industrial reclaimed water at 10–18 μg/L. The total removal rate of urea by the UPW production process was 50–70%. Reverse osmosis membranes played a critical role in the removal of urea (over 30%). The urea in the final UPW produced from tap water was approximately 4.1 μg/L, which creates a potential risk of excessive total organic carbon.
常规分光光度法无法准确检测100μg/L以下的尿素浓度。采用改进的分光光度法测定半导体制造业超纯水生产过程中的微量尿素。根据化学试剂的用量、光路长度和水浴方式对该方法进行了优化。加入金属离子以提高显色体系的稳定性。在0.8–100μg/L范围内观察到具有理想线性的校准图。尿素的检测限和定量限分别为0.24和0.80μg/L。观察了UPW生产过程中尿素在原水中的分布,自来水中的尿素浓度为10-20μg/L。城市中水的尿素浓度为24-40μg/L,是工业中水浓度为10-18μg/L的两倍。UPW生产工艺对尿素的总去除率为50-70%。反渗透膜在去除尿素(超过30%)方面发挥着关键作用。自来水生产的最终UPW中的尿素约为4.1μg/L,这会产生总有机碳过量的潜在风险。
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引用次数: 5
Adopting the circular model: opportunities and challenges of transforming wastewater treatment plants into resource recovery facilities in Saudi Arabia 采用循环模式:沙特阿拉伯将污水处理厂转变为资源回收设施的机遇和挑战
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.038
Muhammad Ishtiaq Ali, P. Hong, H. Mishra, J. Vrouwenvelder, P. Saikaly
With the ever-growing population, water, energy, and resources need to be used carefully, reused, and renewed. There is an increasing global interest in resource recovery from ‘waste’, which is driven by sustainability and environmental concerns and motivated by the potential for economic benefits. A new era in waste (water) management is being realized where wastewater treatment is becoming part of the circular economy by integrating the production of reusable water with energy and resource recovery. In this new perspective, wastewater is no longer seen as a waste to be treated with energy expenditure but rather as a valuable resource of freshwater, energy, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous), and materials (e.g., bioplastics, cellulose fibres, and alginate). In this review paper, the conversion of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) into resource recovery factories (RRFs) is presented as one of the ways forward to achieve a circular economy in the water sector for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The advanced technologies, some highlighted in the article, can be installed, integrated, or retrofitted into existing WWTPs to create RRFs enabling the recovery of freshwater, cellulose, alginate-like exopolymers (bio-ALE), and biogas from municipal wastewater achieving climate neutrality, decarbonization, and production of new and promising resources. The article highlights the need for modular, adaptive, and/or decentralized approaches using sustainable technologies such as aerobic granular sludge (AGS)-gravity-driven membrane (AGS-GDM), anaerobic electrochemical membrane bioreactor (AnEMBR), and anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for conducive localized water reuse. The increase in reuse will reduce the pressure on non-renewable water resources and decrease dependency on the energy-intensive desalination process. This article also outlines the water challenges that are arising in KSA and what are the major water research programmes/themes undertaken to address these major challenges.
随着人口的不断增长,水、能源和资源需要谨慎使用、重复利用和更新。全球对从“废物”中回收资源越来越感兴趣,这是由可持续性和环境问题驱动的,也是由潜在的经济效益驱动的。废物(水)管理的一个新时代正在实现,通过将可重复使用的水的生产与能源和资源回收相结合,废水处理正在成为循环经济的一部分。从这个新的角度来看,废水不再被视为需要消耗能源进行处理的废物,而是淡水、能源、营养物质(氮和磷)和材料(如生物塑料、纤维素纤维和藻酸盐)的宝贵资源。在这篇综述文章中,将污水处理厂(WWTP)转变为资源回收厂(RRF)是沙特阿拉伯王国(KSA)实现水务部门循环经济的前进道路之一。文章中强调的一些先进技术可以安装、集成或改造到现有的污水处理厂中,以创建RRF,从而从城市废水中回收淡水、纤维素、藻酸盐类外聚合物(bio-ALE)和沼气,实现气候中和、脱碳和生产新的有前景的资源。这篇文章强调了使用可持续技术的模块化、适应性和/或分散式方法的必要性,如好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)-重力驱动膜(AGS-GDM)、厌氧电化学膜生物反应器(AnEMBR)和厌氧膜生物反应机(AnMBR),以利于局部水的再利用。重复使用的增加将减轻对不可再生水资源的压力,并减少对能源密集型海水淡化过程的依赖。本文还概述了KSA面临的水资源挑战,以及为应对这些重大挑战而开展的主要水资源研究计划/主题。
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引用次数: 8
Effects of influent municipal wastewater microbial community and antibiotic resistance gene profiles on the anaerobic membrane bioreactor effluent 城市污水进水微生物群落及抗生素抗性基因谱对厌氧膜生物反应器出水的影响
IF 2.3 Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2022-08-20 DOI: 10.2166/wrd.2022.018
Christelle Sawaya, Charbel El Khoury, Lama Ramadan, Reem Deeb, M. Harb
Municipal wastewater management is an important target area for reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance, especially given the parallel increasing need for water reuse. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) have the potential to play a key role in safely expanding non-potable wastewater reuse practices. In the present study, the effect of the commencing treatment of municipal wastewater by an AnMBR was evaluated after an extended startup phase using only synthetic wastewater. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) associated with sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and β-lactams were quantified, and effluent microbial community progression was analyzed. Results indicated that the AnMBR effluent inherently harbored all targeted ARGs prior to the introduction of real wastewater (104–109 copies/100 mL effluent). sul1, sul2, and intI1 genes were notably higher initially than other genes and markedly increased after the system was transitioned to municipal wastewater. Although potentially pathogenic bacteria made up over 20% relative abundance of the influent, AnMBR effluents showed a marginalization of these groups as their microbial communities more closely resembled the tightly bound layer of membrane biofilms. This work highlights the need for emerging treatment systems to be evaluated on a basis that incorporates the differentiation of system-associated ARGs and assesses their environmental transmission potential within the effluent communities.
城市污水管理是减少抗生素耐药性传播的一个重要目标领域,特别是考虑到水再利用需求的同时增加。厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBRs)有可能在安全扩大非饮用水再利用实践中发挥关键作用。在本研究中,在仅使用合成废水的延长启动阶段后,评估了AnMBR开始处理城市废水的效果。对与磺酰胺类、四环素类和β-内酰胺类相关的抗生素耐药性基因(ARGs)进行了定量,并分析了出水微生物群落的进展。结果表明,在引入真正的废水(104–109拷贝/100 mL废水)之前,AnMBR废水固有地含有所有靶向ARG。sul1、sul2和intI1基因最初显著高于其他基因,并在系统转化为城市污水后显著增加。尽管潜在致病菌占进水相对丰度的20%以上,但AnMBR出水显示出这些类群的边缘化,因为它们的微生物群落更像膜生物膜的紧密结合层。这项工作强调了对新兴处理系统进行评估的必要性,该系统应结合系统相关ARG的差异,并评估其在污水社区内的环境传播潜力。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
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