Pub Date : 1996-11-25DOI: 10.4188/TRANSJTMSJ.49.11_T290
Shunzo Abe, Shozo Ohta, A. Yamanaka, A. Nagara
The cotton fabrics treated with formaldehyde vapor show high wash and wear (W&W) properties, but poor tensile strength as compared with the resin treated fabrics. This property is expected to be improved by liquid ammonia pre-treatment before the treatment with formaldehyde vapor. In this study, from a practical viewpoint of formaldehyde vapor treatment of cotton fabrics, the microscopic and macroscopic strain relaxation along the cross sectional direction of cellulose fibers by the pre-treatment with liquid ammonia, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide/liquid ammonia were examined in terms of crystallinity, crystalline transition (microscopic uniformity index), barium activity number(amorphous content index) and aspect ratio of cross section of a fiber(macroscopic index). It was found that all examined pre-treatments bring about considerable changes in fine structural properties, but the liquid ammonia pre-treatment is superior to the other pre-treatments. This is due to the fact that the liquid ammonia pre-treatment brings about a uniform strain relaxation of cellulose fibers.
{"title":"Effects of Sodium Hydroxide and Liquid Ammonia Treatments on Shape Changes of Cross-Sectional of Cotton Fibers Due to Swelling","authors":"Shunzo Abe, Shozo Ohta, A. Yamanaka, A. Nagara","doi":"10.4188/TRANSJTMSJ.49.11_T290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4188/TRANSJTMSJ.49.11_T290","url":null,"abstract":"The cotton fabrics treated with formaldehyde vapor show high wash and wear (W&W) properties, but poor tensile strength as compared with the resin treated fabrics. This property is expected to be improved by liquid ammonia pre-treatment before the treatment with formaldehyde vapor. In this study, from a practical viewpoint of formaldehyde vapor treatment of cotton fabrics, the microscopic and macroscopic strain relaxation along the cross sectional direction of cellulose fibers by the pre-treatment with liquid ammonia, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide/liquid ammonia were examined in terms of crystallinity, crystalline transition (microscopic uniformity index), barium activity number(amorphous content index) and aspect ratio of cross section of a fiber(macroscopic index). It was found that all examined pre-treatments bring about considerable changes in fine structural properties, but the liquid ammonia pre-treatment is superior to the other pre-treatments. This is due to the fact that the liquid ammonia pre-treatment brings about a uniform strain relaxation of cellulose fibers.","PeriodicalId":17585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan","volume":"47 1","pages":"43-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80668192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-10-25DOI: 10.4188/TRANSJTMSJ.49.10_T253
Takehiro Yamamoto, K. Nakamura
Start-up flow of viscoelastic fluid in two-dimensional channels with a four to one tapered contraction was numerically analyzed using the finite element method, and the transient behavior of viscoelastic flow was discussed. The Leonov model was applied to describe the rheological behavior of the fluid.In the flow through the tapered contraction, the velocity gradient in the flow direction, ∂u/∂x, along the center line became smaller than that in the flow through an abrupt contraction, and the maximum of the normal stress difference, Txx-Tyy, in the tapered contraction channel was also smaller than that of the flow in the abrupt contraction channel.The peak position of ∂u/∂x moved with time, and this phenomenon has not been observed in the numerical simulation of the start-up flow in the channel with the abrupt contraction.
{"title":"Numerical Analysis of Viscoelastic Start-up Flow in Channels with a Tapered Contraction","authors":"Takehiro Yamamoto, K. Nakamura","doi":"10.4188/TRANSJTMSJ.49.10_T253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4188/TRANSJTMSJ.49.10_T253","url":null,"abstract":"Start-up flow of viscoelastic fluid in two-dimensional channels with a four to one tapered contraction was numerically analyzed using the finite element method, and the transient behavior of viscoelastic flow was discussed. The Leonov model was applied to describe the rheological behavior of the fluid.In the flow through the tapered contraction, the velocity gradient in the flow direction, ∂u/∂x, along the center line became smaller than that in the flow through an abrupt contraction, and the maximum of the normal stress difference, Txx-Tyy, in the tapered contraction channel was also smaller than that of the flow in the abrupt contraction channel.The peak position of ∂u/∂x moved with time, and this phenomenon has not been observed in the numerical simulation of the start-up flow in the channel with the abrupt contraction.","PeriodicalId":17585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan","volume":"40 1","pages":"83-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82323404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of the Reflection Properties of Embroidery Yarn by Graphic Image Analysis","authors":"A. Sugane, T. Gunji","doi":"10.4188/JTE1955.42.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4188/JTE1955.42.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan","volume":"165 1","pages":"16-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86415925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relation between the magnitudes of instrumental measurement and subjective assessment of the surface topography of three series of plain weave, weft pile and knitted fabrics is reported. It is found that the surface feel of fabrics is influenced by the number, height and relative variation of surface asperities. In woven fabrics, a systematic increase in yarn sett greatly altered the peripheral boundaries and hence smoothness of fabric surface. The tactile smoothness of cord fabrics is influenced by the number, height and variation of heights of the fiber piles. Surface fuzziness and number of detectable ribs appear to govern the smoothness of knitted fabrics. Magnitude estimation and surface contour causal factors such as number and height of irregularities correlate linearly.
{"title":"Tactile and Instrumental Evaluation of Surface Contour of Fabrics","authors":"J. Ajayi, H. Elder","doi":"10.4188/JTE1955.43.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4188/JTE1955.43.25","url":null,"abstract":"The relation between the magnitudes of instrumental measurement and subjective assessment of the surface topography of three series of plain weave, weft pile and knitted fabrics is reported. It is found that the surface feel of fabrics is influenced by the number, height and relative variation of surface asperities. In woven fabrics, a systematic increase in yarn sett greatly altered the peripheral boundaries and hence smoothness of fabric surface. The tactile smoothness of cord fabrics is influenced by the number, height and variation of heights of the fiber piles. Surface fuzziness and number of detectable ribs appear to govern the smoothness of knitted fabrics. Magnitude estimation and surface contour causal factors such as number and height of irregularities correlate linearly.","PeriodicalId":17585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan","volume":"56 1","pages":"25-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89054365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Nakazawa, K. Ishikawa, Shin-ya Nakamura, T. Kawamura, H. Morikawa, H. Sheng
{"title":"Experiments of Yarn Forming State of ^|^ldquo;Garabo^|^rdquo; and Consideration from Control Engineering Viewpoint","authors":"M. Nakazawa, K. Ishikawa, Shin-ya Nakamura, T. Kawamura, H. Morikawa, H. Sheng","doi":"10.4188/JTE1955.42.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4188/JTE1955.42.72","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan","volume":"10 1","pages":"72-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85850126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a corneal reflection system consisting of an eye-mark recorder, were measured eye-movement, fixation time at a point and its frequency distribution and vector direction of eye-movements of experts and non-experts when inspecting fabrics moving on a plate or stopped on it. It was discussed what parts of the fabric were observed by inspectors, and how they recognized the part visually as fabric defects.The results obtained are as follows. (1)When experts and non-experts inspect fabrics, their eye-movements are composed of the saccadic movement moving rapidly and the eye fixation at some characteristic parts of the fabric. When the fabric is moving at low speed, all experts and non-experts evaluate both sides of the fabric which may have valuable information. (2)The mean fixation time at one point on the fabric by experts is shorter than that by non-experts. The fact may be ascribed to the result of long training of experts who inspect fabric defects. (3)The eye-movement pattern shown by experts is almost unchanged irrespective of the fabric speed. But, the eye-movement pattern of non-experts is much different from that of experts in case of high speed fabric.
{"title":"Difference of Eye-Movements between Experts and Non-Experts in Fabric Inspection","authors":"T. Nishimatsu, E. Toba, T. Sakai","doi":"10.4188/JTE1955.41.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4188/JTE1955.41.104","url":null,"abstract":"Using a corneal reflection system consisting of an eye-mark recorder, were measured eye-movement, fixation time at a point and its frequency distribution and vector direction of eye-movements of experts and non-experts when inspecting fabrics moving on a plate or stopped on it. It was discussed what parts of the fabric were observed by inspectors, and how they recognized the part visually as fabric defects.The results obtained are as follows. (1)When experts and non-experts inspect fabrics, their eye-movements are composed of the saccadic movement moving rapidly and the eye fixation at some characteristic parts of the fabric. When the fabric is moving at low speed, all experts and non-experts evaluate both sides of the fabric which may have valuable information. (2)The mean fixation time at one point on the fabric by experts is shorter than that by non-experts. The fact may be ascribed to the result of long training of experts who inspect fabric defects. (3)The eye-movement pattern shown by experts is almost unchanged irrespective of the fabric speed. But, the eye-movement pattern of non-experts is much different from that of experts in case of high speed fabric.","PeriodicalId":17585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan","volume":"16 1","pages":"104-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77845982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-10-25DOI: 10.4188/TRANSJTMSJ.48.10_T244
T. Harada, Minoru Saito, Atsumi Tsutsumi, T. Matsuo
Systems of instrumental method for measuring fabric hand have been successfully developed like KES and its basic way has been well established. On the contrary, systems of sensory method have been remained to be at a controversial state.In this paper, a practical sensory method is proposed on the basis of analogy to sensory colorimetry. Measuraneaa of two kinds of worsted fabrics was conducted by making use of this sensory method. The effective range and the accuracy of this method are discussed based on the data of the above measurement.As a result, it is shown that if a suitable control (temporary standard) sample is chosen, the instrumental values of bending rigidity, thickness and compressibility of worsted fabrics can be estimated by this sensory method with the error of around 20%.
{"title":"Measurement of Fabric Hand by Sensory Method and Inspection on its Effectiveness for Worsted Woven Fabrics","authors":"T. Harada, Minoru Saito, Atsumi Tsutsumi, T. Matsuo","doi":"10.4188/TRANSJTMSJ.48.10_T244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4188/TRANSJTMSJ.48.10_T244","url":null,"abstract":"Systems of instrumental method for measuring fabric hand have been successfully developed like KES and its basic way has been well established. On the contrary, systems of sensory method have been remained to be at a controversial state.In this paper, a practical sensory method is proposed on the basis of analogy to sensory colorimetry. Measuraneaa of two kinds of worsted fabrics was conducted by making use of this sensory method. The effective range and the accuracy of this method are discussed based on the data of the above measurement.As a result, it is shown that if a suitable control (temporary standard) sample is chosen, the instrumental values of bending rigidity, thickness and compressibility of worsted fabrics can be estimated by this sensory method with the error of around 20%.","PeriodicalId":17585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan","volume":"4 1","pages":"47-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86065378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of Continuous Dyeing and Multi-Color Printing System for Slivers:Part 2: Results of Fundamental Test of Suitable Condition for Dye Liquid Sorption","authors":"Michinobu Kaimori, K. Nobukuni, Kenji Kitamura","doi":"10.4188/transjtmsj.47.5_T118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4188/transjtmsj.47.5_T118","url":null,"abstract":"霜降糸は, 異なった色に染色 (浸染) された繊維束を混紡して製造される.ただし, 梳毛紡 (長繊維紡) においては, 色こなれが悪くなる欠点があり, 縞模様にプリントされた繊維を浸染した繊維束と混紡することで改善できる.しかし, このスライバへのプリント装置は, 問題が多く, 改善が望まれている.〈従来技術〉既存のプリント法では, 単一縞模様のみで, 多色プリントは不可能である.また, 経時的に色再現性が不安定である, プリント際の鮮明さに欠ける, 生産性が低いなど大きな問題がある.〈発明技術〉繊維束に染液を定量注入・吸引させる装置として, ドラム対を複数個連結させ単繊維を一挙に, 縞状に, 多色に, 再現性よく着色するシステムを開発した.これにより, 既存のプリント法の問題点を解決し, かつ, 従来法では作ることのできなかった色で, 色こなれに優れた新規霜降糸を創造した.","PeriodicalId":17585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan","volume":"18 1","pages":"109-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73874101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fiber leading end density in the blended sliver composed of long and short fibers was measured and cross-sectional number of fibers was obtained by using sliver diagram. The sliver structure was analyzed along the sliver axis. Subsequently, the influence of various drafting conditions on the sliver structure was also examined. The results obtained are as follows: (1) Variations in the fiber leading end density of short and long fibers in the blended sliver showed a similar tendency along the sliver axis. In all regions along the he sliver sliver axis, variation in the fiber leading end density of the short fiber component is larger than that of the long fiber component. (2) In the blended sliver composed of long and short fibers, there are a large number of short fibers in the region where the sliver gets thicker. On the other hand, there are a large number of long fibers in the region where it gets thinner. This tendency gets more and more noticeable with an increase in draft ratio and roller gauge. (3) The correlation coefficient of the cross-sectional number of long and short fibers increases in accordance with draft ratio and roller gauge. The phase of short fibers advances a little more than that of long fibers.
{"title":"Structural Analysis of Blended Sliver Composed of Long and Short Fibers","authors":"T. Noda, Fujio Konda, Masaaki Okamura","doi":"10.4188/JTE1955.43.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4188/JTE1955.43.65","url":null,"abstract":"The fiber leading end density in the blended sliver composed of long and short fibers was measured and cross-sectional number of fibers was obtained by using sliver diagram. The sliver structure was analyzed along the sliver axis. Subsequently, the influence of various drafting conditions on the sliver structure was also examined. The results obtained are as follows: (1) Variations in the fiber leading end density of short and long fibers in the blended sliver showed a similar tendency along the sliver axis. In all regions along the he sliver sliver axis, variation in the fiber leading end density of the short fiber component is larger than that of the long fiber component. (2) In the blended sliver composed of long and short fibers, there are a large number of short fibers in the region where the sliver gets thicker. On the other hand, there are a large number of long fibers in the region where it gets thinner. This tendency gets more and more noticeable with an increase in draft ratio and roller gauge. (3) The correlation coefficient of the cross-sectional number of long and short fibers increases in accordance with draft ratio and roller gauge. The phase of short fibers advances a little more than that of long fibers.","PeriodicalId":17585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan","volume":"41 1","pages":"65-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90897937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Matsuura, Yaeko Man-e, Sayoko Okita, S. Nakagawa
{"title":"Relationship between Clothing Image and its Design Element Image by Canonical Correlation Analysis","authors":"Y. Matsuura, Yaeko Man-e, Sayoko Okita, S. Nakagawa","doi":"10.4188/JTE1955.41.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4188/JTE1955.41.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17585,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan","volume":"37 1","pages":"16-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73501240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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