Inward pumping spiral groove seals are used in many applications, such as transmission gear boxes or electric vehicles, as they can provide zero leakage and very low operating friction. The spiral grooves are connected to the low pressure side (typically atmosphere) and pump the fluid inward that is to say toward the high pressure side (inlet). If the rotational speed is high enough, the low pressure fluid (air) completely occupies the sealing area and is used as a low friction lubricant. However, for lower operating speeds or higher fluid pressures, the seal can be lubricated by both fluids simultaneously. This occurs particularly during start-up and shut down. In this work a numerical simulation of the two phases in the sealing gap of an upstream pumping spiral groove seal during start-up is performed. The establishment of the film is analyzed and the effect of the rotational speed and operating pressure on the fluid composition (air and liquid) in the sealing interface is studied. For the analyzed seal, it is shown that the amount of air pumped in the sealing area is controlled by the duty parameter.
{"title":"Simulation of air ingestion in a mechanical seal with inward pumping spiral grooves","authors":"A. Medjahed, A. Blouin, B. Pap, N. Brunetière","doi":"10.1115/1.4062899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062899","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Inward pumping spiral groove seals are used in many applications, such as transmission gear boxes or electric vehicles, as they can provide zero leakage and very low operating friction. The spiral grooves are connected to the low pressure side (typically atmosphere) and pump the fluid inward that is to say toward the high pressure side (inlet). If the rotational speed is high enough, the low pressure fluid (air) completely occupies the sealing area and is used as a low friction lubricant. However, for lower operating speeds or higher fluid pressures, the seal can be lubricated by both fluids simultaneously. This occurs particularly during start-up and shut down. In this work a numerical simulation of the two phases in the sealing gap of an upstream pumping spiral groove seal during start-up is performed. The establishment of the film is analyzed and the effect of the rotational speed and operating pressure on the fluid composition (air and liquid) in the sealing interface is studied. For the analyzed seal, it is shown that the amount of air pumped in the sealing area is controlled by the duty parameter.","PeriodicalId":17586,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45249957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wu Ouyang, Qilin Liu, Xingxin Liang, Xueqin Zhang, Wenjing Wang
To resolve the contradiction between the method used to design bearings based on traditional lubrication theory and the actual state of service of water-lubricated bearings (WLBs), this paper proposes a data-driven method for the model of the distribution of lubrication on WLBs. A full-sized WLB test bench featuring multi-sectional pressure due to the film of water and a system to measure the axis of the orbit was built to perform tests under severe operating conditions (75 kN, 25~220 r/min). A dataset of the operating parameters of the bearings was obtained based on the results of tests under varying operating conditions. An artificial neural network algorithm was applied to train the proposed model, and its capabilities of prediction and extrapolation were systematically analyzed by using samples with different ranges of values. The proposed model was then used to examine the distributed characteristics of lubrication of the WLB to investigate the effects of variations in speed and elevation on bearing performance. The results showed that it has satisfactory capabilities of prediction and extrapolation under the same elevation and variation in speed. Under severe operating conditions, two significant peaks of pressure of the film of water appeared at both ends of the WLB, and variations in the speed of the shaft and the elevation of the bearings had prominent effects on the state of distributed lubrication of the bearings. The results reported here provide a new approach to designing and optimizing the structure of WLB.
{"title":"Data-driven model of the distribution lubrication on water-lubricated bearing under severe operating conditions","authors":"Wu Ouyang, Qilin Liu, Xingxin Liang, Xueqin Zhang, Wenjing Wang","doi":"10.1115/1.4062900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062900","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To resolve the contradiction between the method used to design bearings based on traditional lubrication theory and the actual state of service of water-lubricated bearings (WLBs), this paper proposes a data-driven method for the model of the distribution of lubrication on WLBs. A full-sized WLB test bench featuring multi-sectional pressure due to the film of water and a system to measure the axis of the orbit was built to perform tests under severe operating conditions (75 kN, 25~220 r/min). A dataset of the operating parameters of the bearings was obtained based on the results of tests under varying operating conditions. An artificial neural network algorithm was applied to train the proposed model, and its capabilities of prediction and extrapolation were systematically analyzed by using samples with different ranges of values. The proposed model was then used to examine the distributed characteristics of lubrication of the WLB to investigate the effects of variations in speed and elevation on bearing performance. The results showed that it has satisfactory capabilities of prediction and extrapolation under the same elevation and variation in speed. Under severe operating conditions, two significant peaks of pressure of the film of water appeared at both ends of the WLB, and variations in the speed of the shaft and the elevation of the bearings had prominent effects on the state of distributed lubrication of the bearings. The results reported here provide a new approach to designing and optimizing the structure of WLB.","PeriodicalId":17586,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45462927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current increase in power density, contact load and speeds have imposed new challenges on elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) contact models. To overcome possible EHL limitations under such conditions, the present work presents a unified thermal plasto-elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TPEHL) model for circular contact with real surface roughness capable to simulate the different lubrication regimes. Among the main characteristics of the proposed model, one should mention the minimal implementation changes in standard EHL models; there is no need for a preliminary assessment to verify whether thermal and plastic effects are negligible (or not) since these effects will naturally take place in the simulations; and good agreement between the predictions using the model and the experimental measurements.
{"title":"A simplified thermal plasto-elastohydrodynamic lubrication model for circular contact with real surface roughness","authors":"P. Romio, P. Marques, C. M. Fernandes, J. Seabra","doi":"10.1115/1.4062898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062898","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The current increase in power density, contact load and speeds have imposed new challenges on elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) contact models. To overcome possible EHL limitations under such conditions, the present work presents a unified thermal plasto-elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TPEHL) model for circular contact with real surface roughness capable to simulate the different lubrication regimes. Among the main characteristics of the proposed model, one should mention the minimal implementation changes in standard EHL models; there is no need for a preliminary assessment to verify whether thermal and plastic effects are negligible (or not) since these effects will naturally take place in the simulations; and good agreement between the predictions using the model and the experimental measurements.","PeriodicalId":17586,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44389840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a simplistic approach toward estimating incremental wear in a multi-contact scenario using a vibrational analysis approach and in turn goes a step forward to model its associated sound. Predicted wear depth and frictional sound are compared to the experimental values obtained using a standardized pin-on-disc tribometer setup affixed with a free-field microphone to capture air-borne noise. The results show good conformity between the proposed analytical model values and the standardized experiments, hence ensuing that within certain limitations, the proposed model and the intended approach can effectively be used as a good estimator of wear and its sound in a multi-contact scenario.
{"title":"Vibration Analysis Approach to Model Incremental Wear and Associated Sound in Multi-Contact Sliding Friction Mechanisms","authors":"K. Basit, H. Shams, M. Khan, A. Mansoor","doi":"10.1115/1.4062720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062720","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper proposes a simplistic approach toward estimating incremental wear in a multi-contact scenario using a vibrational analysis approach and in turn goes a step forward to model its associated sound. Predicted wear depth and frictional sound are compared to the experimental values obtained using a standardized pin-on-disc tribometer setup affixed with a free-field microphone to capture air-borne noise. The results show good conformity between the proposed analytical model values and the standardized experiments, hence ensuing that within certain limitations, the proposed model and the intended approach can effectively be used as a good estimator of wear and its sound in a multi-contact scenario.","PeriodicalId":17586,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41423772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The friction and wear performances of Haynes 25 alloy sliding against Si3N4 in a ball-on-disk configuration are investigated from room temperature (RT) to 800 °C. The friction-induced changes of morphology and chemical composition in the surface and subsurface regions of the wear tracks were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the friction coefficient (COF) decreases considerably via temperature, while the wear-rate increases and then decreases with temperature. During dry-sliding contact, the spontaneous formation of multiple metal oxides on the rubbing surface varies as a function of the test temperature, being responsible for either wear loss and/or a change of friction coefficient. The results of this study indicate that the presence of the glazed surface of Haynes 25 helps to lower friction. At 800 °C, a glaze layer with a multilayer structure appears on the rubbing surfaces, leading to the lowest friction coefficient and wear-rate.
{"title":"Tribological Performance and In Situ-Generated Oxidative Layer of Cobalt-Based Alloy From 25 °C to 800 °C","authors":"Hui Huang, G. Yi, Shanhong Wan, C. Kong, S. Pham","doi":"10.1115/1.4062738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062738","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The friction and wear performances of Haynes 25 alloy sliding against Si3N4 in a ball-on-disk configuration are investigated from room temperature (RT) to 800 °C. The friction-induced changes of morphology and chemical composition in the surface and subsurface regions of the wear tracks were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the friction coefficient (COF) decreases considerably via temperature, while the wear-rate increases and then decreases with temperature. During dry-sliding contact, the spontaneous formation of multiple metal oxides on the rubbing surface varies as a function of the test temperature, being responsible for either wear loss and/or a change of friction coefficient. The results of this study indicate that the presence of the glazed surface of Haynes 25 helps to lower friction. At 800 °C, a glaze layer with a multilayer structure appears on the rubbing surfaces, leading to the lowest friction coefficient and wear-rate.","PeriodicalId":17586,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41468634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Special issue: Tribo-informatics: toward high-efficiency tribology research","authors":"Yi Zhu, Zhinan Zhang, F. Sadeghi","doi":"10.1115/1.4062876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062876","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17586,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44245588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aluminum has many advantages, such as being lightweight, but it may not provide sufficient wear resistance for some applications. Tantalum oxide is a ceramic-based coating layer that can improve wear resistance. In this study, 2024 aluminum alloy samples with different surface treatments were coated with amorphous Ta2O5 using the RF spraying method under the same conditions. Polishing, 10% HCl solution, 5% NaOH solution, and 50% HNO3 solution, as well as sandblasting, were applied to the surfaces of aluminum alloys separately, and the sample groups were coated. The effects of pre-coating surface treatments on coating morphology and wear resistance were investigated. The surface morphologies of the coatings were examined using scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersion spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Wear tests were then conducted to determine the mechanical properties, and after the tests, scanning electron microscopy examinations and volume loss calculations were performed using a profilometer. The wear test results were discussed and compared. The investigation yielded continuous, homogeneous, and crack-free coatings on the 2024 aluminum alloy surfaces. However, the wear resistance of these coatings was compromised by acid etching. Following polishing and sandblasting, the coated surfaces experienced a decrease in volume losses from abrasion by 4.3% and 44.8%, respectively, compared to the uncoated samples.
{"title":"Tribological Characteristics of Tantalum-Oxide Coating Fabricated on Pre-Treated 2024 Aluminum Alloys","authors":"Sevda Albayrak, Canser Gül, H. Çinici, Ö. Şahin","doi":"10.1115/1.4062721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062721","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Aluminum has many advantages, such as being lightweight, but it may not provide sufficient wear resistance for some applications. Tantalum oxide is a ceramic-based coating layer that can improve wear resistance. In this study, 2024 aluminum alloy samples with different surface treatments were coated with amorphous Ta2O5 using the RF spraying method under the same conditions. Polishing, 10% HCl solution, 5% NaOH solution, and 50% HNO3 solution, as well as sandblasting, were applied to the surfaces of aluminum alloys separately, and the sample groups were coated. The effects of pre-coating surface treatments on coating morphology and wear resistance were investigated. The surface morphologies of the coatings were examined using scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersion spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Wear tests were then conducted to determine the mechanical properties, and after the tests, scanning electron microscopy examinations and volume loss calculations were performed using a profilometer. The wear test results were discussed and compared. The investigation yielded continuous, homogeneous, and crack-free coatings on the 2024 aluminum alloy surfaces. However, the wear resistance of these coatings was compromised by acid etching. Following polishing and sandblasting, the coated surfaces experienced a decrease in volume losses from abrasion by 4.3% and 44.8%, respectively, compared to the uncoated samples.","PeriodicalId":17586,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44212197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peng Liang, Xingyang Li, F. Guo, Xiaohan Zhang, Fulin Jiang
When sand enters the gap between shaft and water-lubricated bearing, it will nick surfaces of shaft and bearing bush, and the scratch will appear. The variations of static and transient performance with the number and depth of scratches are studied in the paper. The results show that scratches have a significant effect on the critical load and critical speed of the transformation of bearing lubrication state. The existence of scratches reduces the critical load from elastohydrodynamic lubrication to mixed lubrication. The shaft with scratches vibrates more strongly than the shaft with no scratch at the moment of start-up. The contact area, contact time and bush burning probability are directly proportional to the number of scratches. Shaft center movement orbits under step load have the similar “L” shape, whether the shaft has scratch or not. But the scratched shaft has longer movement orbit and lower equilibrium point than the shaft with no scratch. This paper can provide a reference for structure design and service life evaluation of bearing-shaft system.
{"title":"Influence of shaft scratch on static and transient behavior of water-lubricated bearing","authors":"Peng Liang, Xingyang Li, F. Guo, Xiaohan Zhang, Fulin Jiang","doi":"10.1115/1.4062814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062814","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When sand enters the gap between shaft and water-lubricated bearing, it will nick surfaces of shaft and bearing bush, and the scratch will appear. The variations of static and transient performance with the number and depth of scratches are studied in the paper. The results show that scratches have a significant effect on the critical load and critical speed of the transformation of bearing lubrication state. The existence of scratches reduces the critical load from elastohydrodynamic lubrication to mixed lubrication. The shaft with scratches vibrates more strongly than the shaft with no scratch at the moment of start-up. The contact area, contact time and bush burning probability are directly proportional to the number of scratches. Shaft center movement orbits under step load have the similar “L” shape, whether the shaft has scratch or not. But the scratched shaft has longer movement orbit and lower equilibrium point than the shaft with no scratch. This paper can provide a reference for structure design and service life evaluation of bearing-shaft system.","PeriodicalId":17586,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49531859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jefferson Silva Barbosa, A. Cavalini, I. Santos, V. Steffen
The present contribution aims to evaluate the effects of the oil pressure injection on the dynamic behavior of a hybrid-lubricated tilting-pad thrust bearing. Firstly, a thermohydrodynamic (THD) model is applied to determine the equilibrium position as dictated by pressure and temperature distributions resulting from both hydrodynamic and hybrid lubrication regimes. Subsequently, the perturbation and frequency reduction methods are applied to determine the stiffness and damping coefficients of the bearing for various operational conditions. The results show that the dynamic force coefficients are strongly dependent on the operational conditions of the bearing, such as static load and rotating speed, as well as the perturbation frequency, for both lubrication regimes. The quantification of the injection pressure influence on the force coefficients of hybrid-lubricated thrust bearings is the main original contribution of this work.
{"title":"Dynamic Behavior of a Tilting-pad Thrust Bearing Operating under a Hybrid Lubrication Regime","authors":"Jefferson Silva Barbosa, A. Cavalini, I. Santos, V. Steffen","doi":"10.1115/1.4062817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062817","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present contribution aims to evaluate the effects of the oil pressure injection on the dynamic behavior of a hybrid-lubricated tilting-pad thrust bearing. Firstly, a thermohydrodynamic (THD) model is applied to determine the equilibrium position as dictated by pressure and temperature distributions resulting from both hydrodynamic and hybrid lubrication regimes. Subsequently, the perturbation and frequency reduction methods are applied to determine the stiffness and damping coefficients of the bearing for various operational conditions. The results show that the dynamic force coefficients are strongly dependent on the operational conditions of the bearing, such as static load and rotating speed, as well as the perturbation frequency, for both lubrication regimes. The quantification of the injection pressure influence on the force coefficients of hybrid-lubricated thrust bearings is the main original contribution of this work.","PeriodicalId":17586,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47417520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a study of the oil flow in a vertically arranged FZG gearbox. The splash and churning losses are experimentally evaluated using measurements of the resistance torque. Using high speed imaging, the instantaneous oil splashing inside the gearbox is also presented and compared with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results from the Lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM), instead of the traditional grid-based finite volume method. Four different configurations, including a spur gear based on the standard FZG geometry and a disc pair wheel-pinion with the same tip diameters of the standard geometries are used. The experiments cover a range from 500 to 3000 rpm and three oil levels are studied. For the CFD simulations, the same oil levels and rotational speeds are used. The experimental results indicate torque differences depending on the oil level and the configuration. The splashing pattern is also different from the standard horizontal FZG case, which is typically studied in the literature. On the other hand, the CFD simulations and flow visualization experiments are in relative agreement with one another. The similarities and differences in the torque values for the different configurations and the splashing pattern for both experiments and CFD simulations are analyzed and discussed.
{"title":"Experiments and Lattice-Boltzmann Simulation of Flow in a Vertically Aligned Gearbox","authors":"B. Niebles Atencio, H. Yao, V. Chernoray","doi":"10.1115/1.4062813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062813","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents a study of the oil flow in a vertically arranged FZG gearbox. The splash and churning losses are experimentally evaluated using measurements of the resistance torque. Using high speed imaging, the instantaneous oil splashing inside the gearbox is also presented and compared with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results from the Lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM), instead of the traditional grid-based finite volume method. Four different configurations, including a spur gear based on the standard FZG geometry and a disc pair wheel-pinion with the same tip diameters of the standard geometries are used. The experiments cover a range from 500 to 3000 rpm and three oil levels are studied. For the CFD simulations, the same oil levels and rotational speeds are used. The experimental results indicate torque differences depending on the oil level and the configuration. The splashing pattern is also different from the standard horizontal FZG case, which is typically studied in the literature. On the other hand, the CFD simulations and flow visualization experiments are in relative agreement with one another. The similarities and differences in the torque values for the different configurations and the splashing pattern for both experiments and CFD simulations are analyzed and discussed.","PeriodicalId":17586,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45518104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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