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Experimental investigations on the development of hybrid metal matrix composite of Al7075 on microstructural, mechanical, and dry sliding aspects Al7075杂化金属基复合材料组织、力学和干滑动性能的试验研究
3区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064020
Bhagwan Singh Lovevanshi, P. K. Soni, Savita Dixit
Abstract This research work aims to synthesis hybrid Al7075 metal matrix composite reinforced with sustainable and synthetic reinforcement. With the employment of an ultrasonic transducer, two stage stir-casting is used to synthesis composite materials. The prepared samples were machined and polished for mechanical, tribological, and microstructural characterization. Optical microscopy and Field emission scanning electron microscopy with elemental mapping were used to analyses the microstructure of the composite material. The microstructural examination revealed the homogeneous dispersion of reinforcement particles throughout the matrix. With the incorporation of reinforcement, the synthesized composite's compressive strength and micro-hardness were both increased and highest values are found as to be 569.172 MPa and 178.86 HV respectively in one of the sample (B3 sample) as compared to as-cast Al7075 alloy. Tribological examination of composites samples shows that wear rate enhances with increase in content of reinforcement. Wear resistance of sample B3 is highest among all prepared composite samples. Wear debris, grooves, micro-cracks, and small pits were observed on the worn out surfaces of the samples by FESEM analysis.
摘要本研究旨在合成可持续增强与合成增强相结合的混杂Al7075金属基复合材料。采用超声换能器,采用两级搅拌铸造法合成复合材料。制备的样品经过机械加工和抛光,以进行机械、摩擦学和微观结构表征。采用光学显微镜和元素映射场发射扫描电镜对复合材料的微观组织进行了分析。显微组织检查显示增强颗粒均匀分散在整个基体中。与铸态Al7075合金相比,加入增强剂后,复合材料的抗压强度和显微硬度均有所提高,其中一个样品(B3样品)的硬度最高,分别为569.172 MPa和178.86 HV。对复合材料试样的摩擦学试验表明,随着增强剂含量的增加,复合材料的磨损率提高。在所有制备的复合材料样品中,B3样品的耐磨性最高。通过FESEM分析,在试样的磨损表面观察到磨损碎片、沟槽、微裂纹和小凹坑。
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引用次数: 0
Structural optimization of the main bearing in a tunnel boring machine considering clearance 考虑间隙的隧道掘进机主轴承结构优化
3区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064019
Xinqi Wang, Wei Sun, Lintao Wang, Shihu Liang, Xiaokai Mu
Abstract An optimal design method for the main bearing of a tunnel boring machine is proposed. In this method, the fatigue life is used as the objective function. Structural parameters, including clearance, are considered design variables. First, a quasi-static model of the main bearing and a calculation model of the fatigue life are established. The correctness of the theoretical method is verified by comparing it with the calculation results of the finite element method. Next, the influence of clearance on the load-carrying performance under external loads is analyzed. There is an optimal negative clearance for the axial loaded and radial rows. With the increase in the external loads, the optimal negative clearance gradually decreases. The variation laws of the load-carrying performance for the axial loaded and supporting rows affected by axial clearance mainly depend on the bias load degree of the main bearing. Finally, based on the optimal design model of the main bearing, the optimal internal structure is obtained using the genetic algorithm. The optimized fatigue life is improved by 92.2%. The load-carrying performance of the optimal main bearing has also been significantly enhanced compared to the initial design. Therefore, the proposed optimization method provides a practical approach to the main bearing design.
摘要提出了隧道掘进机主轴承的优化设计方法。该方法以疲劳寿命为目标函数。结构参数,包括间隙,被认为是设计变量。首先,建立了主轴承的准静态模型和疲劳寿命计算模型。通过与有限元法计算结果的比较,验证了理论方法的正确性。其次,分析了外载荷作用下间隙对承载性能的影响。有一个最佳的负间隙轴向加载和径向行。随着外载荷的增大,最优负间隙逐渐减小。受轴向间隙影响的轴向载荷和支承列承载性能变化规律主要取决于主轴承的偏载程度。最后,在主轴承优化设计模型的基础上,利用遗传算法得到了最优的内部结构。优化后的疲劳寿命提高了92.2%。与初始设计相比,优化后的主轴承的承载性能也得到了显著提高。因此,所提出的优化方法为主轴承设计提供了一种实用的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Recent progress on the tribological applications of solid lubricants 固体润滑剂摩擦学应用的最新进展
3区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063701
Changqing Miao, Bangying Xiong, Kang Yang, Na Xiao, Zihe Shao, Feizhi Zhang, Honglei Zhang, Yahui Xiong, Jun Tang, Hao Chen
Abstract Nonrenewable energy has produced abundant waste during tribological applications because a large portion of energy has been consumed to overcome friction and wear. Solid lubricants have recently aroused significant interest due to their defined friction and wear properties. Despite enormous efforts on solid lubricants, their important contributions to coatings, bulk materials, oil/grease, and super-lubricity have not yet been fully evaluated. This paper discusses in detail the present status of solid lubricants as effective reinforcements in tribology. It begins with the introduction of various descriptions and advanced structures of solid lubricants. Afterwards, it discussed their applications on improving friction properties in coatings and bulk materials. Additionally, lubrication mechanisms of solid lubricants in oil/grease are highlighted, followed by the detailed discussion of super-lubricity for solid lubricants. Finally, this review concludes final outlooks on the main challenges and future directions in this key area.
不可再生能源在摩擦学应用中产生了大量的浪费,因为很大一部分能量被消耗在克服摩擦和磨损上。固体润滑剂由于其明确的摩擦和磨损特性,最近引起了人们的极大兴趣。尽管在固体润滑剂方面付出了巨大的努力,但它们在涂料、散装材料、油/脂和超润滑方面的重要贡献尚未得到充分评价。本文详细论述了固体润滑剂作为有效增强剂在摩擦学中的研究现状。它首先介绍了固体润滑剂的各种描述和先进结构。然后讨论了它们在改善涂层和块状材料摩擦性能方面的应用。此外,重点介绍了固体润滑剂在油脂中的润滑机理,并详细讨论了固体润滑剂的超润滑性。最后,对这一关键领域的主要挑战和未来发展方向进行了展望。
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引用次数: 0
Improved wear profile modelling of planetary roller screw mechanism with thread optimization 基于螺纹优化的行星滚子螺杆机构磨损轮廓建模方法的改进
3区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063703
Jiacheng Miao, Xing Du, Chaoyang Li, Bingkui Chen
Abstract A systematic process of matrices-based wear profile modeling and a new optimization approach for planetary roller screw mechanism (PRSM) was proposed in this paper to improve the anti-wear performance with varied thread geometries. The wear evolution characteristics of thread surfaces for convex–concave contact and convex–straight contact were captured by incorporating updated axial clearances originated from accumulated thread wear, which provides a new perspective to predict the wear process of PRSM. The results show that the wear depth in convex–concave contact is 22% shallower than convex–straight contact with 105 numbers of cycles, which suggests thread wear can be limited with plausible geometrical parameters. Further analysis showed that as the surface roughness increases, the true equivalent pressure, the plastic strain, and the maximum wear depth become larger. In addition, the effect of the surface textures on the tribological properties of threads is also discussed to improve the applicability of the proposed methodology.
为了提高行星滚子螺杆机构在不同螺纹几何形状下的抗磨性能,提出了基于矩阵的系统磨损轮廓建模方法和一种新的优化方法。结合螺纹累积磨损产生的轴向间隙,捕捉凸凹接触和凸直接触时螺纹表面的磨损演化特征,为预测PRSM的磨损过程提供了新的视角。结果表明,在105次循环时,凸凹接触的磨损深度比凸直接触浅22%,这表明合理的几何参数可以限制螺纹磨损。进一步分析表明,随着表面粗糙度的增大,真等效压力、塑性应变和最大磨损深度增大。此外,还讨论了表面纹理对螺纹摩擦学性能的影响,以提高所提出方法的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
Nano Magnesium silicate hydroxide as synergistic lubricant additive with micro carbon sphere for enhanced tribological properties 纳米硅酸氢氧化镁与微碳球增效润滑剂的摩擦学性能
3区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063702
Rongqin Gao, Qiuying Chang, Hao Lichun, Yang He
Abstract In this study, the tribological properties of the mixture of nano magnesium silicate hydroxide (MSH) and micro carbon sphere (CS) are studied, and a superior synergistic anti-wear performance is exhibited under 600 N and 600 RPM. For determining the anti-wear mechanism, an easy two-step experimental method is innovatively used. It is proved that the decomposition of MSH is the key to exhibit the synergistic anti-wear effect with amorphous carbon (a-C). Results show that the H+ protons released by MSH decomposition can effectively convert Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 on worn surfaces. Besides, MSH also helps the formed a-C layer exist in low H content with stronger adhesion on the iron surface, and the detached H atoms from C–H further facilitate the reduction of Fe2O3. It is believed that the critical role of lamellate clay in synergy with a-C as a lubricant additive is determined, and a basis for the further anti-wear mechanism study of various a-C-modified clay composite is provided.
研究了纳米硅酸氢氧化镁(MSH)与微碳球(CS)混合材料在600 N和600 RPM下的摩擦学性能,发现其具有优异的协同抗磨性能。为了确定抗磨机理,创新地采用了简单的两步实验方法。结果表明,MSH的分解是其与非晶碳(a-C)协同抗磨的关键。结果表明,MSH分解释放的H+质子能有效地将磨损表面上的Fe2O3转化为Fe3O4。此外,MSH还有助于形成的a-C层以低H含量存在,在铁表面的附着力更强,并且与C-H分离的H原子进一步促进Fe2O3的还原。确定了层状粘土与a- c作为润滑添加剂协同作用的临界作用,为进一步研究各种a- c改性粘土复合材料的抗磨机理提供了依据。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Friction Parameters on Tribological Properties of Erucamide as Grease Additive on GCr15 Steel 摩擦参数对芥兰酰胺作为GCr15钢润滑脂摩擦学性能的影响
3区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063810
Qingchun Liu, YiMin Mo
The present study investigates the effect of friction parameters on tribological properties of erucamide as an additive in grease on GCr15 steel, as well as the sensitivity of erucamide to these parameters. An orthogonal test design is utilized to sample the friction parameters, followed by the construction of a Kriging model to articulate the relationship between these parameters and the designated objectives (average friction coefficient and wear volume). The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used to optimize the design objectives and verify the accuracy of the model. Monte Carlo method is used to analyze the sensitivity of erucamide to the friction parameters. The results showed that erucamide exhibite excellent tribological properties at 80N/20Hz/25°C and 20N/20Hz/25°C. The sensitivity of erucamide to friction parameters from high to low is temperature, load and speed. This can be ascribed to erucamide's unique structure, encompassing a globular aggregation head and a hydrophobic tail extending outward. The anti-friction effects and lubrication properties of erucamide are driven by its rheological properties and intermolecular interactions. At elevated temperatures, erucamide's fluidity escalates, favoring the lubricating film formation; however, excessive fluidity may impede its adherence to requisite locations, thereby resulting in compromised tribological properties of erucamide at high temperatures.
本文研究了摩擦参数对作为润滑脂添加剂的芥子酰胺在GCr15钢上摩擦学性能的影响,以及芥子酰胺对这些参数的敏感性。采用正交试验设计对摩擦参数进行采样,然后构建Kriging模型来阐明这些参数与指定目标(平均摩擦系数和磨损量)之间的关系。采用非支配排序遗传算法II (non - dominant Sorting Genetic Algorithm II, NSGA-II)对设计目标进行优化,验证模型的准确性。采用蒙特卡罗方法分析了芥子酰胺对摩擦参数的敏感性。结果表明,在80 N/20 Hz/25°C和20 N/20 Hz/25°C条件下,槲皮酰胺具有优异的摩擦学性能。芥子酰胺对摩擦参数的敏感性由高到低依次为温度、载荷和速度。这可以归因于芦芽酰胺的独特结构,包括一个球形聚集头和一个向外延伸的疏水尾部。芥子酰胺的抗摩擦作用和润滑性能是由其流变性能和分子间相互作用驱动的。在高温下,芥子酰胺的流动性增加,有利于润滑膜的形成;然而,过度的流动性可能会阻碍其粘附在所需要的位置,从而导致在高温下的芥子酰胺的摩擦学性能受损。
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引用次数: 0
A Novel Method of Designing Random Rough Surface Considering Its Contact Force-Deformation Characteristic Requirement 一种考虑随机粗糙表面接触力-变形特性要求的设计新方法
3区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063946
Xuxin Guo, Daxin Liu, Zhenyu Liu, Jianrong Tan
Abstract The height probability distribution (HPD) of random rough surface topography has significant effect on its contact behaviors. In this paper, an optimization model to calculate the optimal HPD of random rough surface topography to make its contact force-deformation characteristic satisfy the given target force-deformation characteristic was established. In the solution to calculate the optimal HPD, using Bezier interpolation curve to represent the curve of HPD function and using the positions of the control points of Bezier interpolation curve as optimization variables were proposed. The solution was validated by numerical simulations implemented using MATLAB. The effect of the number of the control points on the minimum objective function value was investigated. Through analyzing the obtained result, we found the most appropriate number of the control points is 35. Comparison with the method using height parameters as optimization variables in literature was implemented. It was found that the proposed method is applicable to broader types of contact force-deformation characteristic requirements than the method using height parameters as optimization variables.
随机粗糙表面形貌的高度概率分布(HPD)对其接触行为有重要影响。本文建立了随机粗糙表面形貌的最优HPD优化模型,使其接触力-变形特性满足给定的目标力-变形特性。在计算最优HPD的解中,提出用Bezier插值曲线表示HPD函数曲线,并以Bezier插值曲线控制点的位置作为优化变量。通过MATLAB仿真验证了该方法的有效性。研究了控制点个数对目标函数最小值的影响。通过分析得到的结果,我们发现最合适的控制点数量为35个。并与文献中以高度参数为优化变量的方法进行了比较。结果表明,与以高度参数为优化变量的方法相比,该方法适用于更广泛类型的接触力-变形特性要求。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Vibration Investigation of Roller Element Bearing with Combined Faults using Response Surface Methodology 基于响应面法的组合故障滚动轴承振动试验研究
3区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063947
Samruddhi Patel, Sanjay Patel
Abstract The empirical and mathematical approach is presented in the present paper for multiple distributed and localized flaws analyses in the shaft-rotor-bearing arrangement. These flaws in the combination of inner raceway, outer raceway, and roller are measured for the analysis. To comprehend their relevance and how they affect the vibration response for the shaft-rotor-bearing mechanism, speed, load, and flaws were regarded to be the crucial process factors in this investigation. The Full Factorial method was considered for experimentation, and the experiment was done with the design of experiments (DOE) methodology. The outcomes of the vibration response trials are quantified as Root Mean Square (RMS) values for interpretation. To determine the relationship between the effects of changing process parameters onto the response of vibrations, response surface methodology (RSM) is applied. DOE is used to examine the shaft-rotor-bearing test arrangement, which is employed for exploration. In the present research, it is established how combined parametric effect analysis predicts faults in the shaft-rotor-bearing system and how it affects DOE and RSM.
摘要本文提出了轴-转子-轴承组合中分布和局部多缺陷分析的经验和数学方法。对内滚道、外滚道和滚子组合的缺陷进行了测量分析。为了理解它们的相关性以及它们如何影响轴-转子-轴承机构的振动响应,速度、载荷和缺陷被认为是本研究中的关键过程因素。实验采用全析因法,实验采用实验设计(DOE)方法。振动响应试验的结果被量化为均方根(RMS)值,以便解释。为了确定工艺参数变化对振动响应的影响之间的关系,应用了响应面法(RSM)。用DOE对轴-转子-轴承试验装置进行了检验,用于勘探。在本研究中,建立了组合参数效应分析预测轴-转子-轴承系统故障的方法及其对DOE和RSM的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A Mixed Zero-equation and One-equation Turbulence Model in Fluid-film Thrust Bearings 流体膜推力轴承的混合零方程和单方程湍流模型
3区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063945
Xin Deng
Abstract A thrust bearing is a rotary bearing that facilitates rotational movement between components and is specifically engineered to provide support for a load that is parallel to the axis of rotation. The generation of the inter-surface film pressure is attributed to the relative motion (rotation) of the surfaces, which results in the lubricant being drawn into the converging wedge formed between them. The interface between the unmovable and moving parts is demarcated by a slender layer of lubricating fluid, including but not limited to oil, water, air, or other process fluid. The conventional zero-equation model can be enhanced to achieve higher precision in forecasting and reduce dependence on empirical data, owing to its inherent limitations. A novel turbulence model that combines zero-equation and one-equation approaches has been developed and implemented in the recently introduced modeling tool package for thrust bearings. In the Prandtl one-equation turbulence model, the length scale is a necessary but undetermined term. A novel mixed model has been implemented utilizing the Prandtl one equation along with a novel length scale. The tool package is a Thermo-hydrodynamic (THD) code that involves iterative computations between the Reynolds' equation, turbulence equation, energy equation within the film, and conduction equation in pad and runner. The new model yields an eddy viscosity that exhibits a substantial level of proximity to both Eddy Viscosity Transport (EVT) and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), and exhibits significant enhancements in comparison to the traditional Ng-Pan zero-equation turbulence model.
推力轴承是一种旋转轴承,它促进了部件之间的旋转运动,并专门设计用于支持平行于旋转轴的负载。表面间膜压力的产生是由于表面的相对运动(旋转),导致润滑剂被吸入它们之间形成的会聚楔形。不可移动部件和活动部件之间的界面由一细长的润滑流体层划分,润滑流体包括但不限于油、水、空气或其他工艺流体。传统的零方程模型由于其固有的局限性,可以提高预测精度,减少对经验数据的依赖。在最近推出的推力轴承建模工具包中,开发了一种结合零方程和单方程方法的新型湍流模型。在Prandtl单方程湍流模型中,长度尺度是一个必要但不确定的项。利用普朗特一方程和新的长度尺度实现了一种新的混合模型。该工具包是一个热流体动力学(THD)代码,包括雷诺方程、湍流方程、膜内能量方程以及垫层和流道内的传导方程之间的迭代计算。新模型产生的涡流黏度与涡流黏度输运(EVT)和直接数值模拟(DNS)相当接近,与传统的Ng-Pan零方程湍流模型相比有显著增强。
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引用次数: 0
Impact elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of transversely isotropic materials in point contact 横向各向同性材料点接触冲击弹流润滑分析
3区 工程技术 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063496
Linh Thi Phuong Nguyen, Wang-Long Li
Abstract In the traditional elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) field, surface elastic deformation is usually determined using an elastic half-space model for isotropic materials. However, this theory may be inefficient when applied to point contact problems involving inherently anisotropic materials, such as transversely isotropic (TI) materials. Accordingly, the present study proposes a method for solving the EHL point contact problem between a rigid ball and a TI substrate under impact loading using a direct-solving numerical method, in which the mechanical properties of the TI material are expressed in the form of a stiffness matrix. For comparison purposes, the TI material is also approximated as an isotropic material using Turner’s approximation method based on the equivalent modulus property of the material. It is found that the direct-solving method outperforms Turner’s approximation in interpreting the mechanical properties of the TI substrate. In addition, it is shown that the initial velocity of the rigid ball and the stiffness of the TI material (i.e., the transverse elastic modulus, longitudinal modulus, and shear modulus) have significant effects on the load, impact velocity, and acceleration of the ball; central pressure and film thickness of the lubricant; and deformation and von Mises stress of the TI substrate, during the impact process. Overall, the results show that the proposed EHL model provides a useful tool for solving impact-EHL problems involving TI materials.
在传统的弹流润滑(EHL)领域中,通常使用各向同性材料的弹性半空间模型来确定表面弹性变形。然而,当应用于涉及固有各向异性材料(如横向各向同性(TI)材料)的点接触问题时,该理论可能是低效的。因此,本研究提出了一种采用直接求解数值方法求解冲击载荷下刚性球与TI基板之间EHL点接触问题的方法,其中TI材料的力学性能以刚度矩阵的形式表示。为了比较,TI材料也使用基于材料等效模量性质的特纳近似方法近似为各向同性材料。结果表明,直接求解法在解释TI基板的力学性能方面优于Turner近似法。此外,研究表明,刚性球的初始速度和TI材料的刚度(即横向弹性模量、纵向弹性模量和剪切模量)对球的载荷、冲击速度和加速度有显著影响;润滑油的中心压力和油膜厚度;TI基板在冲击过程中的变形和von Mises应力。总体而言,结果表明所提出的EHL模型为解决涉及TI材料的冲击EHL问题提供了一个有用的工具。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Tribology-transactions of The Asme
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