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Associations between Ornithodoros spp. Ticks and Mojave Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) Obtained from Health Assessment Documents. 从健康评估文件中获取的 Ornithodoros spp.
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00172
Molly J Bechtel, Jeffrey T Foster, Todd C Esque, Nathan C Nieto, Kristina Drake, Mike B Teglas

Soft ticks in the genus Ornithodoros occur throughout the Mojave Desert in southern Nevada, southeastern California, and parts of southwestern Utah and northwestern Arizona, USA, and are frequently observed parasitizing Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). However, limited research exists examining the relationship between ticks and desert tortoises. Mojave desert tortoises are listed as threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and as such, their populations are monitored and individual tortoise health is routinely assessed. These health assessments document the presence and abundance of ticks present on tortoises, but detailed examination of the relationship between ticks and tortoise health has been lacking. This study analyzed the relationship between tick presence and desert tortoise health assessments as a function of season, location, age (adult vs. juvenile), foraging behavior, evidence of clinical signs of disease, body condition score, and sex. Our results indicate that more ticks were found on tortoises in the summer than in any other season. Ticks were observed more frequently on captive tortoises versus wild tortoises, and more ticks were likely to be present on adult tortoises than on juveniles. Ticks were also more likely to be observed on tortoises that lacked evidence of foraging and on tortoises with observed clinical signs of disease. These findings provide valuable insights into the biology of ticks in relation to tortoises that may be useful for management of both captive and free-living threatened tortoise populations where ticks are detected. Our study also may improve understanding of potential tick-borne disease dynamics in the Mojave desert tortoise habitat, including Borrelia sp. carried by Ornithodoros ticks, which cause tick-borne relapsing fever in people.

Ornithodoros 属软蜱遍布美国内华达州南部、加利福尼亚州东南部、犹他州西南部和亚利桑那州西北部的莫哈韦沙漠,并经常被观察到寄生在莫哈韦沙漠陆龟(Gopherus agassizii)身上。然而,关于蜱虫与沙漠陆龟之间关系的研究却很有限。莫哈韦沙漠陆龟被美国鱼类和野生动物管理局列为濒危物种,因此对其种群进行监测,并对陆龟个体的健康状况进行例行评估。这些健康评估记录了陆龟身上蜱虫的存在和数量,但缺乏对蜱虫与陆龟健康之间关系的详细研究。本研究分析了蜱虫的存在与沙漠陆龟健康评估之间的关系,并将其作为季节、地点、年龄(成年与幼年)、觅食行为、疾病的临床表现、身体状况评分和性别的函数。我们的研究结果表明,夏季在陆龟身上发现的蜱虫比其他季节都多。与野生陆龟相比,在人工饲养的陆龟身上发现蜱虫的频率更高,而且成年陆龟身上的蜱虫可能比幼年陆龟身上的更多。此外,在没有觅食迹象的陆龟和有临床疾病症状的陆龟身上也更容易观察到蜱虫。这些发现为了解蜱虫与陆龟的生物学关系提供了宝贵的信息,可能对发现蜱虫的人工饲养和自由生活的受威胁陆龟种群的管理有用。我们的研究还可以加深对莫哈韦沙漠陆龟栖息地潜在的蜱传疾病动态的了解,包括由 Ornithodoros 蜱携带的 Borrelia sp.
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引用次数: 0
Records of the Invasive Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus on Wild Hosts and of a Neotropical Tick, Amblyomma dubitatum, on Invasive Alien Mammals, Southern Brazil. 巴西南部野生寄主上的入侵牛蜱 Rhipicephalus microplus 和入侵外来哺乳动物上的新热带蜱 Amblyomma dubitatum 的记录。
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00047
José Reck, Greice Zorzato Gonchoroski, Thais Michel, Rovaina Doyle, Guilherme Klafke, Tatiane C Trigo, Márcia Jardim

Invasive species threaten wildlife. We detected invasive ticks on wildlife and indigenous ticks on invasive mammals in southern Brazil. The invasive cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus was found on 12 native mammals and one invasive exotic (Axis axis). The Neotropical tick Amblyomma dubitatum was found on three invasive alien mammal species.

入侵物种威胁野生动物。我们在巴西南部发现了野生动物身上的入侵蜱虫和入侵哺乳动物身上的本地蜱虫。在 12 种本地哺乳动物和一种外来入侵动物(轴类)身上发现了入侵牛蜱 Rhipicephalus microplus。在 3 种外来入侵哺乳动物身上发现了新热带蜱虫 Amblyomma dubitatum。
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引用次数: 0
Toxoplasma gondii Exposure and Dietary Habits of Two Sympatric Carnivores in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest, Southern Chile. 智利南部瓦尔迪维亚温带雨林中两种同栖食肉动物的弓形虫暴露和饮食习惯。
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00118
Carlos Calvo-Mac, Andrés Ugarte-Barriga, Carlos Canales-Cerro, Sebastián A Klarian, Carolina Cárcamo, Juan Vargas-Pérez, Gonzalo Medina-Vogel

Toxoplasma gondii, a parasitic protozoan, may infect most warm-blooded animals, including humans and carnivores. Our study focused on alien-invasive American minks (Neogale vison) and domestic cats (Felis catus) in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest, Chile. The main goal was to investigate the relationship between their dietary habits and T. gondii exposure in the Valdivia River watershed. To detect T. gondii exposure, blood serum samples from 49 domestic cats and 40 American minks were analyzed using an ELISA, and stable isotope analysis of δ15N and δ13C from vibrissae was performed to determine the dietary habits of both species. Relationships between T. gondii exposure and dietary habits were explored using generalized linear mixed-effects models. American minks that were T. gondii seropositive exhibited a broader prey range compared to seropositive domestic cats, with minimal dietary overlap between the two groups. Exposure of domestic cats to T. gondii had no significant association with any isotope value or prey item in their diet. In American minks, we found a positive and significant association between the proportion of Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in the diet and high δ15N values with T. gondii exposure. This suggests that domestic species prey related to anthropogenic areas, and the consumption of high-trophic-level prey, may contribute to T. gondii exposure in American minks. Conversely, contrary to previous hypotheses, consumption of rodents showed no significant association with T. gondii exposure in either species. Our findings emphasize the importance of further research to investigate trophic interactions in the transmission dynamics of T. gondii in the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest.

摘要:弓形虫是一种寄生原生动物,可感染大多数温血动物,包括人类和食肉动物。我们的研究主要针对智利瓦尔迪维亚温带雨林中的外来入侵美洲水貂(Neogale vison)和家猫(Felis catus)。研究的主要目的是调查它们的饮食习惯与瓦尔迪维亚河流域淋球菌暴露之间的关系。为了检测淋球菌暴露情况,研究人员使用酶联免疫吸附法分析了 49 只家猫和 40 只美洲水貂的血清样本,并对猫科动物匍匐茎的 δ15N 和 δ13C 进行了稳定同位素分析,以确定这两种动物的饮食习惯。使用广义线性混合效应模型探讨了淋病双球菌暴露与饮食习惯之间的关系。与血清反应呈阳性的家猫相比,T. gondii血清反应呈阳性的美洲水貂的猎物范围更广,两组之间的饮食重叠极少。家猫感染淋病与它们饮食中的任何同位素值或猎物都没有明显的联系。在美洲水貂中,我们发现家鸡(Gallus gallus domesticus)在食物中的比例与淋病双球菌暴露的高δ15N值之间存在显著的正相关。这表明,与人为地区相关的家养物种猎物以及高营养级猎物的食用可能会导致美洲水貂接触到淋病双球菌。相反,与之前的假设相反,食用啮齿类动物与这两种动物的淋病接触均无明显关联。我们的发现强调了进一步研究瓦尔迪维亚温带雨林中淋球菌传播动态中营养相互作用的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Poor Survival Rate of Eastern Gray Kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) Affected by Chronic Phalaris Toxicity. 受慢性法桐毒性影响的东部灰袋鼠(Macropus giganteus)存活率低。
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00168
Tian Chen, Pam Whiteley, Lee F Skerratt, Charles El-Hage, Richard Ploeg, Naomi Davis, Jasmin Hufschmid

Chronic phalaris toxicity (CPT) is a neurological disease caused by animals ingesting toxins produced by early growth stages of Phalaris aquatica, a pasture plant introduced to the southeastern regions of Australia post colonization. Little is known about the clinical progression of CPT in wildlife, as incidents are sporadic and predominantly reported when animals are in the end stages of disease and in a poor welfare state. We studied a cohort of 35 eastern gray kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) affected by CPT to clarify clinical prognosis and survival rates. Kangaroos were captured in May, June, and July of 2022 at Plenty Gorge Parklands, Victoria, Australia. Each animal was radiotracked for 180 d, clinical progression and disease outcomes monitored twice a week. By the conclusion of the study, 24 animals had died (19 by euthanasia due to deterioration, five found dead). Ten animals survived, with two demonstrating a reduction in clinical signs and eight showing full resolution of clinical signs. One animal was disqualified from the study. The overall survival rate was 29.4% (95% confidence interval 17.5-49.5%). The survival duration of animals that died ranged from 5 to 133 d. There was no difference in survival rate based on sex (P=0.2), age class (P=0.49) or the month of capture (P=0.49). These results suggest that CPT is an important health and welfare concern for at-risk macropod populations, with high case-fatality rates and prolonged clinical durations. Further research to manage the disease via methods such as reducing Phalaris aquatica plant coverage and preventative treatments for animals is warranted to reduce disease incidences and improve disease outcomes in wildlife populations.

慢性水飞蓟中毒症(CPT)是一种神经系统疾病,由动物摄入水飞蓟早期生长阶段产生的毒素引起,水飞蓟是澳大利亚殖民后引入东南部地区的一种牧草植物。人们对野生动物CPT的临床进展知之甚少,因为这种疾病只是偶发事件,而且主要是在动物处于疾病晚期和福利状况不佳时才被报道。我们对35只患CPT的东部灰袋鼠(Macropus giganteus)进行了研究,以明确临床预后和存活率。袋鼠于 2022 年 5 月、6 月和 7 月在澳大利亚维多利亚州丰盛峡谷公园(Plenty Gorge Parklands)捕获。对每只动物进行了 180 天的放射追踪,每周监测两次临床进展和疾病结果。研究结束时,24 只动物死亡(19 只因病情恶化而安乐死,5 只被发现死亡)。10只动物存活下来,其中2只临床症状减轻,8只临床症状完全消失。一只动物被取消了研究资格。总存活率为 29.4%(95% 置信区间为 17.5-49.5%)。死亡动物的存活时间从 5 天到 133 天不等。存活率因性别(P=0.2)、年龄等级(P=0.49)或捕获月份(P=0.49)而无差异。这些结果表明,CPT是高危大型腹足类种群的一个重要健康和福利问题,病死率高,临床持续时间长。有必要开展进一步研究,通过减少水生法桐植物覆盖率和对动物进行预防性治疗等方法来管理该疾病,以减少疾病发生率并改善野生动物种群的疾病治疗效果。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of Amphibian Pathogen Detection Using Extended Museum Specimens. 利用扩展的博物馆标本检测两栖动物病原体的动态。
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00025
Ariadna S Torres López, Daniele L F Wiley, Kadie N Omlor, Celina M Eberle, Lisa N Barrow

Natural history collections have long served as the foundation for understanding our planet's biodiversity, yet they remain a largely untapped resource for wildlife disease studies. Extended specimens include multiple data types and specimen preparations that capture the phenotype and genotype of an organism and its symbionts-but preserved tissues may not always be optimized for downstream detection of various pathogens. Frogs are infected by an array of pathogens including Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), Ranavirus (Rv), and Amphibian Perkinsea (Pr), which provides the opportunity to study differences in detection dynamics across tissue types. We used quantitative PCR protocols to screen two tissue types commonly deposited in museum collections, toe clips and liver, from two closely related host species, Rana catesbeiana and Rana clamitans. We compared Bd, Rv, and Pr infection prevalence and intensity between species and tissue types and found no significant difference in prevalence between species, but Bd intensity was higher in R. clamitans than R. catesbeiana. Toe tissue exhibited significantly higher Bd infection loads and was more useful than liver for detecting Bd infections. In contrast, Rv was detected from more liver than toe tissues, but the difference was not statistically significant. Our results support the use of extended specimen collections in amphibian disease studies and demonstrate that broader tissue sampling at the time of specimen preparation can maximize their utility for downstream multipathogen detection.

长期以来,自然历史藏品一直是了解地球生物多样性的基础,但在野生动物疾病研究方面,这些藏品在很大程度上仍是尚未开发的资源。扩展标本包括多种数据类型和标本制备,可捕捉生物体及其共生体的表型和基因型,但保存的组织并不总是最适合下游检测各种病原体。蛙类会受到一系列病原体的感染,包括蝙蝠恙虫(Bd)、拉尼亚病毒(Rv)和两栖类珀金藻(Pr),这为研究不同组织类型的检测动态差异提供了机会。我们使用定量 PCR 方案筛选了博物馆收藏中常见的两种组织类型:趾夹和肝脏,它们分别来自两种亲缘关系很近的宿主物种--蝠鲼(Rana catesbeiana)和蝠鲼(Rana clamitans)。我们比较了不同物种和不同组织类型之间的 Bd、Rv 和 Pr 感染率和感染强度,发现不同物种之间的感染率没有显著差异,但 R. clamitans 的 Bd 感染强度高于 R. catesbeiana。脚趾组织的 Bd 感染量明显较高,在检测 Bd 感染方面比肝脏更有用。相比之下,从肝脏组织中检测到的 Rv 多于脚趾组织,但差异无统计学意义。我们的研究结果支持在两栖动物疾病研究中扩大标本采集范围,并证明在制备标本时进行更广泛的组织取样可最大限度地提高其在下游多种病原体检测中的效用。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence of Natural Zika Virus Infection in Captive Cervid Species in Brazil. 巴西圈养鹿类自然感染寨卡病毒的证据。
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00169
Fabíola de Souza Lemes Dos Santos, Solange de Oliveira, Adriana Hellmeister de Campos Nogueira Romaldini, Helio Junji Shimozako, Bianca Castro Freire, Maria Helena Mazzoni Baldini, Jose Mauricio Barbanti Duarte, Eveline Dos Santos Zanetti, Liria Hiromi Okuda

As part of an epidemiologic study of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in deer (Cervidae), samples from 56 captive deer in south and southeastern Brazil were tested for evidence of ZIKV. Three samples were positive using reverse-transcription quantitative PCR, although no samples were positive by virus isolation.

作为鹿(Xxxx)寨卡病毒(ZIKV)流行病学研究的一部分,对巴西南部和东南部 56 头圈养鹿的样本进行了 ZIKV 证据检测。通过反转录定量 PCR 检测,三个样本呈阳性,但通过病毒分离检测,没有样本呈阳性。
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引用次数: 0
Bird Leg Skin Lesions and Urbanization in a Neotropical Savanna City. 新热带稀树草原城市的鸟类腿部皮损与城市化。
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00199
Eduardo Guimarães Santos, Vinicius Tirelli Pompermaier, Helga Correa Wiederhecker, Miguel Ângelo Marini

Urban sprawl threatens biodiversity and is responsible for significant changes in the species that live in these environments. Given the high cost of comprehensive surveillance, monitoring disease indirectly, such as detecting skin lesions in birds, may help us better understand the prevalence of diseases affecting wild populations. We assessed the frequency of leg skin lesions, as a proxy of disease presence, in 1,565 individuals of 25 species, along the urban matrix of a large Neotropical city, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that there is an increase in the frequency of skin lesions in birds due to urban intensification. We observed an increasing trend in some bird species between the frequency of occurrence of lesions and the intensity of urbanization. Species with a higher number of captures had an increase in the percentage of lesions, indicating that the occurrence of lesions may be linked to higher population density or that detection of the effect occurs only when sample sizes are high and controlled among urbanization categories. Our study highlights how the intensity of urbanization may increase the risk of disease transmission for these species. Unfortunately, studies on this topic are scarce in Neotropical regions, despite the region's high biodiversity and urban expansion.

城市扩张威胁着生物多样性,并导致生活在这些环境中的物种发生重大变化。由于全面监测的成本较高,间接监测疾病(如检测鸟类的皮肤损伤)可能有助于我们更好地了解影响野生种群的疾病流行情况。我们评估了巴西联邦区巴西利亚这座新热带大城市中 25 种鸟类 1565 只个体腿部皮肤病变的频率,作为疾病存在的替代指标。我们对城市化导致鸟类皮肤病变频率增加的假设进行了检验。我们观察到,在一些鸟类物种中,皮损发生频率与城市化强度之间呈上升趋势。捕获数量越多的物种,皮损发生的百分比越高,这表明皮损的发生可能与较高的种群密度有关,或者只有在样本数量较多且在城市化类别之间进行控制的情况下,才能发现这种影响。我们的研究强调了城市化的强度可能会增加这些物种的疾病传播风险。遗憾的是,尽管新热带地区的生物多样性很高,而且城市在不断扩张,但有关这一主题的研究却很少。
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引用次数: 0
Apparent Ophidiomycosis Alters Eastern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) Behavior and Habitat Use. 明显的鹅口疮改变了东方铜头蛇(Agkistrodon contortrix)的行为和栖息地利用。
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00081
Morgan Mark, Tyler C Christensen, Robert E Kwait, Evan A Eskew, Isabelle Zoccolo, Emily J Struck, Brooke Maslo

Pathogens not only cause mortality but also impose nonlethal fitness consequences. Snakes experience trade-offs associated with behaviors that combat disease but divert time and energy away from other critical activities. The impacts of such behaviors on fitness remain poorly understood, raising concerns amid the emergence of novel herpetofaunal diseases. Ophidiomycosis, caused by the ascomycete fungus Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, impacts free-ranging snakes across North America and has been implicated in declines of several imperiled populations. Although previous ophidiomycosis research has primarily focused on disease-related mortality, few studies have evaluated nonlethal impacts on snake fitness. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the effects of apparent ophidiomycosis on the behavior, habitat use, and movement of snakes in central New Jersey, USA, from 2020 to 2021. Our focal species was the eastern copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), a state species of special concern with limited representation in the ophidiomycosis literature. Although we did not observe mortality in our study population, we found that copperheads with apparent ophidiomycosis (8/31 individuals) displayed significantly different thermoregulatory behaviors than snakes without ophidiomycosis. Specifically, individuals with apparent ophidiomycosis favored areas with less canopy cover, less rock cover, and more coarse woody debris. Our findings suggest that snakes with apparent ophidiomycosis select habitats conducive to initiating behavior-mediated fever, potentially facilitating recovery.

病原体不仅会导致死亡,还会造成非致命的健康后果。蛇类的抗病行为需要权衡利弊,这些行为占用了蛇类从事其他重要活动的时间和精力。人们对这种行为对生存能力的影响仍然知之甚少,这引起了人们对新型爬行动物疾病的关注。由子囊真菌鹅膏菌(Ophidiomyces ophidiicola)引起的鹅膏菌病影响着北美洲的自由活动蛇类,并与一些濒危种群的减少有关。虽然以前的蚜蝇疫病研究主要集中在与疾病相关的死亡率上,但很少有研究评估了对蛇类健康的非致命性影响。为了填补这一知识空白,我们调查了 2020 年至 2021 年期间美国新泽西州中部地区明显的蛇疫病对蛇的行为、栖息地使用和移动的影响。我们的研究对象是东部铜头蛇(Agkistrodon contortrix),这是一种州立特别关注物种,在嗜口炎文献中的代表性有限。虽然我们没有观察到研究种群的死亡率,但我们发现患有明显口蹄疫的铜头蛇(8/31 个个体)的体温调节行为与未患口蹄疫的铜头蛇明显不同。具体来说,患有明显口蹄疫的铜头蛇喜欢栖息在树冠覆盖较少、岩石覆盖较少、粗木屑较多的区域。我们的研究结果表明,患有明显蚜蝇疫病的蛇会选择有利于发起行为介导的发热的栖息地,这可能会促进蛇的康复。
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引用次数: 0
Surveillance for Toxoplasma gondii, Brucella spp., and Chlamydia spp. in Australian Fur Seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) Abortions. 澳大利亚海狗(Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus)流产中弓形虫、布鲁氏杆菌和衣原体的监测。
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00171
Brett R Gardner, Andrew Stent, Rhys Bushell, John P Y Arnould, Rebecca McIntosh, K L D Tharaka D Liyanage, Aymeric Fromant, Jonathan Botha, Yonina H Eizenberg, O Martins Olaogun, Marc Marenda, Michael Lynch, Jasmin Hufschmid

The intracellular pathogens Toxoplasma gondii, Brucella spp., and Chlamydia spp. are all known causative agents of abortion in wildlife. Both T. gondii and Brucella spp. have been identified in marine mammal abortions and a limited number of studies have detected their potential presence in Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus), but data are sparse for these pathogens in Australian fur seal breeding colonies. Australian fur seals have been shown to have a high degree of third-trimester pregnancy loss in one of their largest breeding colonies. Additionally, pup production has declined at the largest breeding colony for the species. This study surveyed the presence of T. gondii, Brucella spp., and Chlamydia spp. as potential infectious causes of this reproductive loss. Aborted fetuses were collected from two of the largest breeding colonies for the species, Seal Rocks (n=19) and Kanowna Island (n=34). These were examined grossly and through histopathological evaluation, in conjunction with molecular testing for all three pathogens. Placentas were collected from full-term births during the pupping season from Kanowna Island (n=118). These were used to compare the molecular prevalence of the three pathogens in presumed successful pregnancies. Chlamydia spp. was not detected in aborted fetuses in this study. Brucella spp. was detected with PCR in both aborted fetuses (9.4%) and placentas from full-term births (3.4%), and T. gondii was detected using routine histopathology (n=2/53), immunohistochemistry (n=3/4), and PCR (n=4/53) in tissues from aborted fetuses. Toxoplasma gondii was present in 7.5% of third-trimester abortions and absent from all full-term placentas. Brucella spp. was detected in both aborted fetuses and full-term placentas. This is the first description of vertical transmission of T. gondii in a marine mammal from the southern hemisphere.

细胞内病原体弓形虫、布鲁氏杆菌和衣原体都是野生动物流产的已知致病因子。弓形虫和布鲁氏菌都已在海洋哺乳动物的流产中被发现,少数研究发现它们可能存在于澳大利亚海狗(Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus)中,但有关这些病原体在澳大利亚海狗繁殖地的数据却很稀少。在澳大利亚海狗最大的繁殖地之一,第三胎妊娠损失率很高。此外,该物种最大繁殖地的幼崽产量也有所下降。本研究调查了导致这种生殖损失的潜在感染原因--弓形虫、布鲁氏杆菌和衣原体。从该物种最大的两个繁殖地海豹岩(19 只)和卡诺纳岛(34 只)收集了流产的胎儿。对这些胎儿进行了大体检查和组织病理学评估,并对所有三种病原体进行了分子检测。在卡诺纳岛(n=118)的产仔季节,从足月新生儿身上采集胎盘。这些胎盘用于比较三种病原体在推定成功妊娠中的分子流行率。本研究未在流产胎儿中检测到衣原体。在流产胎儿(9.4%)和足月产儿胎盘(3.4%)中,通过 PCR 检测到布鲁氏菌;在流产胎儿组织中,通过常规组织病理学(n=2/53)、免疫组化(n=3/4)和 PCR(n=4/53)检测到弓形虫。7.5%的第三孕期流产胎儿体内存在弓形虫,所有足月胎盘中均未检出弓形虫。在流产胎儿和足月胎盘中均检测到布鲁氏菌。这是首次描述南半球海洋哺乳动物中淋病双球菌的垂直传播。
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引用次数: 0
Trypanosomiasis in Introduced Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) Gifts to Ex Situ Habitat in Aitong, Kenya. 肯尼亚艾通原生境引进的南方白犀牛(Ceratotherium simum simum)的锥虫病。
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00026
Francis Gakuya, Richard Kock, Isaac Lekolool, Steve Mihok

During the opening of diplomatic relations in the 1990s, South Africa gifted 20 southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) to Kenya. The species is not indigenous to Kenya, and management of the introduction was not clearly addressed in the legislation. Responsibility was left to the private sector and local authorities. Ten of the animals were introduced to land contiguous with the Maasai Mara National Reserve, an area with tsetse-trypanosomiasis challenges, and with rare cases of human sleeping sickness. Mortalities had been previously documented when indigenous naïve black rhinoceros were introduced to areas with tsetse; hence there was no consensus on the management of this introduction. Feasibility was only explored once before with the introduction of two animals in a monitored and managed translocation from Lewa Downs, Laikipia in 1992-1994. Ultimately, Kenyan experts were co-opted to address risk after trypanosomiasis occurred in many animals. Unfortunately, this finding was followed by gradual mortalities of most rhinoceros with only a few being saved by removal to highland private sanctuaries. This event was complicated by many factors. Samples were only sporadically collected, and mainly from sick animals. With no clear responsibility by government agencies, a collaboration between veterinarians and researchers resulted in characterization of the disease challenge, and when invited, assessment of health status. Laboratory diagnostics revealed common and sometimes severe infections with Trypanosoma brucei, a normally infrequent trypanosome. Infection was associated with disturbances in erythropoiesis, especially anemia. Symptoms varied from sudden death associated with intestinal atony, to a semiparalyzed animal that was partially responsive to treatment for trypanosomes. This event should be used as a caution to future movements of this species that are planned or ongoing in Africa, for conservation or other purposes.

在 20 世纪 90 年代开放外交关系期间,南非向肯尼亚赠送了 20 头南方白犀牛(Ceratotherium simum simum)。该物种并非肯尼亚本土物种,立法中也没有明确规定对引进物种的管理。责任由私营部门和地方当局承担。其中十只被引进到与马赛马拉国家保护区毗邻的土地上,该地区面临采采蝇-锥虫病的挑战,也有罕见的人类昏睡病病例。以前曾有记录表明,在有采采蝇的地区引进本地的天真黑犀牛会造成死亡;因此,在引进黑犀牛的管理问题上还没有达成共识。此前只在 1992-1994 年间从莱基皮亚州的卢瓦牧场引进过两头黑犀牛,并对其进行了监控和管理。最终,在许多动物出现锥虫病后,肯尼亚专家被增选来应对风险。不幸的是,这一发现之后,大多数犀牛逐渐死亡,只有少数犀牛通过转移到高原私人保护区而幸免于难。这一事件因多种因素而变得复杂。样本只是零星采集,而且主要是从生病的动物身上采集。在政府机构没有明确责任的情况下,兽医和研究人员合作确定了疾病挑战的特征,并应邀对健康状况进行了评估。实验室诊断显示,布氏锥虫是一种通常并不常见的锥虫,感染很常见,有时甚至很严重。感染与红细胞生成障碍有关,尤其是贫血。症状多种多样,有的动物因肠套叠而猝死,有的动物对锥虫治疗有部分反应。这一事件应警惕今后为保护或其他目的而计划或正在非洲进行的该物种迁移。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Wildlife Diseases
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