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Functional Affinity of Eleven Commercial Conjugates for Use in Serological Assays for Wild Rodents and Shrews. 用于野生啮齿动物和鼩鼱血清学检测的 11 种商用共轭物的功能亲和力。
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00119
Miriam Maas, Ankje de Vries, Hein Sprong

Serological assays are important tools for detecting the presence of antibodies that are indicative of past and ongoing infections. For wildlife, species-specific conjugates, which are used as detection antibodies in primary binding assays, are not available for most species. In these cases, conjugates for closely related species or immunoglobulin-binding proteins are frequently used. These are often not validated and their low functional affinity may result in false-negative results. We tested 11 commercial conjugates, including protein G and species- or family-specific secondary conjugated antibodies, on eight rodent and two insectivore species (shrews). Using direct ELISAs, between-species and within-species differences in the functional affinity of the conjugates were assessed. Large differences in antibody binding of the conjugates were observed. Some conjugates were species-specific, binding only to antibodies from one species, whereas others were able to bind across a broad range of species. The strength of the antibody-conjugate interaction varied between species and sometimes within species. In general, stronger antibody-conjugate interactions were observed for rodent species than for shrews. Our study underlines the importance of confirming species-specific functional affinity of a conjugate, even if the conjugate is known to bind to antibodies of a closely related species.

血清学检测是检测抗体存在与否的重要工具,这些抗体表明了过去和正在发生的感染。对于野生动物来说,物种特异性共轭物在初级结合试验中用作检测抗体,但大多数物种都没有这种共轭物。在这种情况下,通常会使用近亲物种或免疫球蛋白结合蛋白的共轭物。这些抗体往往未经验证,而且功能亲和力低,可能导致假阴性结果。我们在 8 种啮齿动物和 2 种食虫动物(鼩鼱)身上测试了 11 种商用共轭物,包括蛋白 G 和物种或家族特异性二抗。通过直接酶联免疫吸附试验,评估了种间和种内共轭物功能亲和力的差异。结果发现,共轭物的抗体结合力存在很大差异。一些共轭物具有物种特异性,只能与一种物种的抗体结合,而另一些则能与多种物种的抗体结合。抗体与共轭物相互作用的强度因物种而异,有时在物种内部也有差异。一般来说,与鼩鼱相比,啮齿类动物的抗体-结合物相互作用更强。我们的研究强调了确认共轭物的物种特异性功能亲和力的重要性,即使已知共轭物能与近亲物种的抗体结合。
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引用次数: 0
Thelazia rhodesi and Thelazia skrjabini in wild European bison (Bison bonasus) and farmed American bison (Bison bison) from Romania, 2021-2023.
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00169
Vlad-Dan Cotuțiu, Cristina D Cazan, Angela M Ionică, Andrada S Cârstolovean, Angel-Gabriel Irimia, Adrian M Aldea, Călin C Şerban, Gabriel B Chişamera, Alina D Haşaş, Andrei D Mihalca

Between November 2021 and January 2023, the eyes of either slaughtered or deceased male American bison (Bison bison) and European bison (Bison bonasus) from Romania were investigated for the presence of Thelazia spp. nematodes (eye worms). These included seven farmed American bison from two locations and two wild European bison from reintroduction sites. Thelazia rhodesi and Thelazia skrjabini were present in three American bison and both European bison. A total of 38 nematodes were recovered, with T. rhodesi being the predominant species. Molecular analysis confirmed these findings and identified unique sequences for both species. The nematodes in American bison were distributed across the Pannonian and Continental biogeoregions, and those in European bison originated from the Alpine region. Thelazia spp. have not previously been reported in American bison, nor in European bison from Romania. The findings underscore the need for continuous monitoring and management of Thelazia infections to support conservation and reintroduction efforts. Future research should focus on the ecological factors influencing these infections and develop strategies to mitigate their impact on wildlife health.

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引用次数: 0
Limited or No Serologic Evidence for Reunion Harrier (Circus maillardi) Exposure to Avian Influenza Virus, West Nile Virus, and Infectious Bronchitis Virus.
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00167
Camille Lebarbenchon, Pierrick Ferret, Damien Chiron, Céline Toty, Steve Augiron

Using molecular testing and serology, we investigated Reunion Harrier (Circus maillardi) exposure to avian influenza virus, West Nile virus, and infectious bronchitis virus. We detected influenza virus antibodies in 2 of 73 birds and hypothesized that infection might occur by consumption of poultry.

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引用次数: 0
Mannheimia granulomatis-Infected Pyogranulomatous Oral Lesions with Concurrent Amyloidosis in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) in France.
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00154
Rozenn Le Net, Benoît Thuillier, Pascal Bihannic, Jessica Schmitz, Jan H Bräsen, Reinhold P Linke, Anouk Decors, Karin Lemberger

Abstract: Mannheimia granulomatis-associated lesions have been poorly described compared with those associated with other members of the Pasteurellaceae family; they include pneumonia, panniculitis, and keratoconjunctivitis in domestic and wild ruminants and hares. We describe 15 cases of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) showing M. granulomatis-infected oral lesions that were detected in France between 2016 and 2023. Comprehensive necropsies were performed, with additional analyses based on findings. All deer were >15 mo of age on the basis of tooth eruption. They were thin (1/15), cachectic (13/15), or of unknown body condition (1/15). They exhibited multiple cryptic millimetric to centimetric caseous granulomas within the lips, tongue, or cheeks (13/15); pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis of a mandibular lymph node (1/15); or necrosuppurative mandibular osteomyelitis with bone proliferation (1/15). Histopathologically, oral lesions of 10/15 animals showed multifocal, severe, chronic pyogranulomatous cheilitis, glossitis, or stomatitis with intralesional Gram-negative bacterial colonies lined by Splendore-Hoeppli material. Amyloidosis was detected in 4/11 animals for which tissues were submitted for microscopic examination, affecting the abomasum, the spleen, and a minor salivary gland in, respectively, 4/6, 3/5, and 1/8 animals for which the relevant organs were assessed histologically. Amyloid deposits showed strong immunoreactivity with a murine monoclonal antibody directed against amyloid AA. AA amyloidosis, never previously described in roe deer, was considered secondary to chronic inflammation. Mannheimia granulomatis was cultured and identified biochemically or by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in oral lesions of all individuals. Coinfection with other bacterial species was sporadically identified. We considered the chronic emaciation and death of these animals to be multifactorial, involving oral lesions, secondary amyloidosis when present, parasitic infestation of variable severity, and probably environmental factors. Further investigation is needed to understand the epidemiology and pathogenesis of M. granulomatis infection in roe deer, including a possible propensity to emerge as temporal and geographic clusters and to induce AA amyloidosis.

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引用次数: 0
Pathogen-Induced Stress in Wild House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus): Leukocyte Dynamics as Health Indicators.
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00164
María Teresa Reinoso-Pérez, Keila V Dhondt, Andrés Alejandro Yánez Abad, Víctor Manuel Rodríguez-García, André A Dhondt

Birds are frequently stressed by their exposure to parasites and pathogens. The heterophil to lymphocyte (H:L) ratio has been proposed as a measure of physiological stress. This study investigates the prevalence of the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Haemosporidia in Mexican House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus). To test the extent to which pathogens stress their hosts we compared total and differential leucocyte counts in four groups of birds with different infection statuses: birds co-infected with M. gallisepticum and haemosporidia, birds infected with either M. gallisepticum or haemosporidia, and birds infected with neither. We hypothesized that co-infected birds would exhibit higher physiological stress, reflected in leukocyte parameters, plus, based on previous experiments, that both M. gallisepticum and haemosporidia would benefit from the presence of each other. We found that 73.6% of House Finches were infected with M. gallisepticum, and 43.1% with haemosporida. Both pathogens had a higher load in co-infected birds. Higher H:L ratios were found in co-infected birds compared to birds with a single infection. The study highlights the complexity of immune responses under co-infection. Our results contribute to the understanding of host-pathogen interactions and stress physiology in wild birds, highlighting the importance of hematological parameters as indicators of stress and providing insights into the ecological impacts of pathogen infections in avian populations. This emphasizes the significance of studying leukocyte profiles in the wild.

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引用次数: 0
A Metagenomic Investigation into Apteryx rowi Dermatosis Identifies Multiple Novel Viruses and a Highly Abundant Nematode.
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00115
Jordan T Taylor, Vivian Lee, Tracey Dearlove, Megan Jolly, Janelle R Wierenga, Jeremy Dubrulle, James Hodgkinson-Bean, Stuart Hunter, Brett Gartrell, Kerri Morgan, Kate McInnes, Nigel French, Edward C Holmes, Jemma L Geoghegan

Sporadic cases of dermatosis have been reported in wild Ōkārito Rowi (Apteryx rowi), a species of brown kiwi, for over a decade. The disease exhibits distinctive features, including lesions, lichenification, and feather loss. Swab samples and full-thickness skin biopsies were collected during a survey of affected kiwi in 2023 for a metatranscriptome-based, total infectome investigation to identify any possible microbial agents associated with the disease. Our approach identified novel viruses as well as a species of nematode in high relative abundance. We found a highly abundant hepacivirus within the Flaviviridae, but only in some mild cases of dermatitis across all sample types, and in both active and chronic infections. In addition, we found a significant shift in the taxonomic composition of the nonviral microbiome within severe chronic dermatitis cases, particularly an increased abundance of transcripts from a Eucoleus sp. parasitic. Although determining the primary cause of disease in critically endangered wildlife such as Rowi remains challenging, our detection of novel and highly abundant microorganisms opens new lines of inquiry to investigate their potential association with dermatosis in this nationally iconic species.

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引用次数: 0
Adenoviruses in Wild Bog Turtles (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) of the Northeastern USA.
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00112
Susan L Bartlett, Tracie A Seimon, Bonnie Raphael, Nicole Lewis, Batya Nightingale, Brian Zarate

Bog turtles (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) are critically endangered semiaquatic turtles inhabiting fens and bogs along the east coast of the US. Threats to their survival include habitat loss from development, roads, altered hydrology, ecological succession, proliferation of invasive plants, poaching, and infectious disease. In response to an increase in bog turtle mortality and concerns about their health, we assessed bog turtle health and pathogen prevalence across five states-New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland-between 2014 and 2022. Adenoviruses, specifically barthadenovirus, or atadenoviruses, siadenoviruses, and testadenoviruses, have been associated with infection and disease in chelonians. To determine whether adenoviruses were present in free-ranging bog turtle populations, we tested archived choanal-cloacal swabs by PCR. Overall, 26 (49%) of 53 pooled samples collected between 2014 and 2018 and 9 (30%) of 30 samples collected in 2022 were positive for adenovirus. The DNA sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed at least four distinct and novel lineages: Glyptemys adenovirus 1 (a testadenovirus first detected in Delaware and New Jersey in 2014 and in New York and Pennsylvania in 2016), Glyptemys adenovirus 2 (a testadenovirus detected in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in 2014), Glyptemys adenovirus 3 (an unclassified adenovirus detected in New Jersey in 2016), and Glyptemys adenovirus 4 (a siadenovirus detected in Maryland in 2016). None of these adenoviruses were associated with clinical signs or disease; however, knowledge of which pathogenic organisms are circulating in the bog turtle populations can inform decisions on monitoring, species recovery efforts, and captive breeding programs.

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引用次数: 0
Relatively Low Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Trichinella nativa in Wolverines (Gulo gulo) from Churchill, Manitoba, Canada.
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00070
Maya J Derksen, Ashley J Pidwerbesky, Amber Papineau, Stephen D Petersen, Jillian T Detwiler

In the Canadian North, trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease that is primarily transmitted by the consumption of improperly cooked walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) and bear (Ursus spp.) meat. Trichinella spp. infections in other wildlife provide information about where transmission occurs, the species present, and the potential risk of transmission to humans. Wolverines (Gulo gulo) can serve as a sentinel species, due to their scavenging behavior, high trophic level, and high larval burden when infected. We determined the prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella infections in wolverines in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, and compared these results with those of studies conducted in other northern Canadian provinces. Larvae were found in 41% (9/22) of hosts, with a mean intensity of 5.93 larvae per gram of tongue tissue. The DNA sequencing of the cytochrome b gene confirmed that all hosts were infected with Trichinella nativa and that diversity was limited with only two distinct haplotypes recovered. The presence of T. nativa in wolverines indicates that this parasite is being maintained in a sylvatic cycle and that humans could be at risk of transmission in northern Manitoba.

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引用次数: 0
Aphanoascella galapagosensis Shell Lesion Coverage of Free-Living Galapagos Tortoises: Implications for Health and Conservation.
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00118
Timothy J Brunner, Sharon L Deem, Colton Stevens, Jacobo Romano Noriega, Ainoa Nieto-Claudin

Fungal pathogens of reptiles are commonly diagnosed, with Aphanoascella galapagosensis known to affect Galapagos giant tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.), although the implications of this fungus for the health and well-being of these unique species remain understudied. Therefore, the goal of this study was to explore health and environmental variables that may be associated with white shell lesion coverage associated with A. galapagosensis in free-living Galapagos tortoises. For 200 western Santa Cruz tortoises (Chelonoidis porteri) and 70 Alcedo tortoises (Chelonoidis vandenburghi), the percentage of fungal lesion coverage was calculated based on images taken from six different projections per individual, including the carapace and plastron. White lesion shell coverage was compared between species and correlated with hematology and blood chemistry parameters, season, elevation, shell integrity (i.e., scratches, lesions, and fractures), and land-use type. A higher percentage of carapacial fungal white lesion coverage was found in western Santa Cruz tortoises (3.3%) than Alcedo tortoises (0.055%). In both species, a positive correlation was found between fungal white lesion coverage and lymphocyte counts. In addition, tortoises sampled in more humid areas had a higher prevalence of fungal coverage. This study indicates that fungal coverage may be influenced by environmental factors and may affect the overall health status of critically endangered Galapagos giant tortoises.

{"title":"Aphanoascella galapagosensis Shell Lesion Coverage of Free-Living Galapagos Tortoises: Implications for Health and Conservation.","authors":"Timothy J Brunner, Sharon L Deem, Colton Stevens, Jacobo Romano Noriega, Ainoa Nieto-Claudin","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungal pathogens of reptiles are commonly diagnosed, with Aphanoascella galapagosensis known to affect Galapagos giant tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.), although the implications of this fungus for the health and well-being of these unique species remain understudied. Therefore, the goal of this study was to explore health and environmental variables that may be associated with white shell lesion coverage associated with A. galapagosensis in free-living Galapagos tortoises. For 200 western Santa Cruz tortoises (Chelonoidis porteri) and 70 Alcedo tortoises (Chelonoidis vandenburghi), the percentage of fungal lesion coverage was calculated based on images taken from six different projections per individual, including the carapace and plastron. White lesion shell coverage was compared between species and correlated with hematology and blood chemistry parameters, season, elevation, shell integrity (i.e., scratches, lesions, and fractures), and land-use type. A higher percentage of carapacial fungal white lesion coverage was found in western Santa Cruz tortoises (3.3%) than Alcedo tortoises (0.055%). In both species, a positive correlation was found between fungal white lesion coverage and lymphocyte counts. In addition, tortoises sampled in more humid areas had a higher prevalence of fungal coverage. This study indicates that fungal coverage may be influenced by environmental factors and may affect the overall health status of critically endangered Galapagos giant tortoises.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Viral Prevalence in Galapagos Giant Tortoises.
IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00177
Gislayne Mendoza-Alcívar, Sharon L Deem, Fernando Esperón, Ainoa Nieto-Claudín

Galapagos giant tortoises are the largest terrestrial vertebrates and one of the most iconic species of the Galapagos islands. Their populations continue to be endangered because of multiple factors, mostly driven by anthropogenic activities. In recent years, the presence of novel infectious agents of potential conservation concern, including two adenoviruses and two herpesviruses, has been reported in some Galapagos tortoise species. With the aim of describing the presence and prevalence of these pathogens in additional tortoise species, we collected oral, ocular, and cloacal swabs from 99 free-living tortoises from San Cristobal (Chelonoidis chathamensis) and Isabela islands (Chelonoidis vicina and Chelonoidis guntheri) and screened these for the presence of herpesvirus and adenovirus by PCR. We detected Chelonoidis adenovirus 1 (CheAdV1) and Chelonoidis adenovirus 2 (CheAdV2) in all sampling locations, whereas we did not detect herpesvirus in any tortoises. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that San Cristobal nucleotide and amino acid sequences clustered in a clade with CheAdV1, whereas the Isabela nucleotide and amino acid sequences clustered together with CheAdV2. This contributes additional information regarding tortoise viral distribution in the Galapagos Archipelago. We recommend long-term health surveillance of tortoises and other wildlife species to inform conservation actions in the Galapagos involving captive-breeding and rewilding programs.

{"title":"Viral Prevalence in Galapagos Giant Tortoises.","authors":"Gislayne Mendoza-Alcívar, Sharon L Deem, Fernando Esperón, Ainoa Nieto-Claudín","doi":"10.7589/JWD-D-24-00177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Galapagos giant tortoises are the largest terrestrial vertebrates and one of the most iconic species of the Galapagos islands. Their populations continue to be endangered because of multiple factors, mostly driven by anthropogenic activities. In recent years, the presence of novel infectious agents of potential conservation concern, including two adenoviruses and two herpesviruses, has been reported in some Galapagos tortoise species. With the aim of describing the presence and prevalence of these pathogens in additional tortoise species, we collected oral, ocular, and cloacal swabs from 99 free-living tortoises from San Cristobal (Chelonoidis chathamensis) and Isabela islands (Chelonoidis vicina and Chelonoidis guntheri) and screened these for the presence of herpesvirus and adenovirus by PCR. We detected Chelonoidis adenovirus 1 (CheAdV1) and Chelonoidis adenovirus 2 (CheAdV2) in all sampling locations, whereas we did not detect herpesvirus in any tortoises. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that San Cristobal nucleotide and amino acid sequences clustered in a clade with CheAdV1, whereas the Isabela nucleotide and amino acid sequences clustered together with CheAdV2. This contributes additional information regarding tortoise viral distribution in the Galapagos Archipelago. We recommend long-term health surveillance of tortoises and other wildlife species to inform conservation actions in the Galapagos involving captive-breeding and rewilding programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17602,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Wildlife Diseases
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