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Effects of the Immunocontraceptive Gonacon on Pregnancy in Brucella-Seropositive American bison (Bison bison). 免疫抑制剂 Gonacon 对布鲁氏菌血清反应阳性野牛怀孕的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-21-00168
Rebecca K Frey, Morgan E Wehtje, Pauline Nol, Patrick R Clarke, Jack C Rhyan, Matthew P McCollum, Lowell A Miller, Douglas C Eckery

The purpose of this study was to determine if the number of pregnancies in naturally infected Brucella abortus-positive bison (Bison bison) cows would be reduced over a period of 5 yr after one treatment with 3000 µg gonadotropin-releasing hormone immunocontraceptive (GonaCon) compared to a similar group of naturally infected B. abortus-positive bison cows not treated with GonaCon. In each of the 5 yr, GonaCon-treated cows produced fewer offspring in relation to number of cows than the nontreated cows. Fisher's Exact test comparing offspring produced during the first reproductive season showed a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.0028). Differences in number of calves produced in GonaCon-treated and control groups were also noted in remaining years, but statistics were not applied because of data constraints. These data indicate that one treatment with GonaCon in brucellosis-seropositive female bison reduced pregnancies over five reproductive years. Thus, immunocontraception could potentially be used to manage brucellosis in affected herds.

本研究的目的是确定,与未使用 GonaCon 治疗的同类自然感染流产布鲁氏菌阳性野牛(野牛)相比,使用 3000 µg 促性腺激素释放激素免疫抑制剂(GonaCon)治疗一次后,自然感染流产布鲁氏菌阳性野牛的怀孕数量是否会在 5 年内减少。在 5 年中的每一年,接受过 GonaCon 治疗的奶牛与未接受治疗的奶牛相比,所产后代数量较少。费雪精确检验比较了第一个繁殖季节的后代,结果显示两组之间存在显著差异(P=0.0028)。在其余年份,经 GonaCon- 处理组和对照组生产的犊牛数量也存在差异,但由于数据限制,没有进行统计。这些数据表明,对布鲁氏菌血清反应阳性的雌性野牛进行一次 GonaCon 治疗后,在五个繁殖年中的怀孕率降低了。因此,免疫抑制剂有可能用于控制受影响牛群的布鲁氏菌病。
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引用次数: 0
A Global Perspective on Oral Vaccination of Wildlife against Rabies. 野生动物狂犬病口服疫苗的全球视角。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00078
Charles E Rupprecht, Tore Buchanan, Florence Cliquet, Roni King, Thomas Müller, Boris Yakobson, Dong-Kun Yang

The long-term mitigation of human-domestic animal-wildlife conflicts is complex and difficult. Over the last 50 yr, the primary biomedical concepts and actualized collaborative global field applications of oral rabies vaccination to wildlife serve as one dramatic example that revolutionized the field of infectious disease management of free-ranging animals. Oral vaccination of wildlife occurred in diverse locales within Africa, Eurasia, the Middle East, and North America. Although rabies is not a candidate for eradication, over a billion doses of vaccine-laden baits distributed strategically by hand, at baiting stations, or via aircraft, resulted in widespread disease prevention, control, or local disease elimination among mesocarnivores. Pure, potent, safe, and efficacious vaccines consisted of either modified-live, highly attenuated, or recombinant viruses contained within attractive, edible baits. Since the late 1970s, major free-ranging target species have included coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus; Vulpes vulpes), jackals (Canis aureus; Lupulella mesomelas), raccoons (Procyon lotor), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Operational progress has occurred in all but the latter species. Programmatic evaluations of oral rabies vaccination success have included: demonstration of biomarkers incorporated within vaccine-laden baits in target species as representative of bait contact; serological measurement of the induction of specific rabies virus neutralizing antibodies, indicative of an immune response to vaccine; and most importantly, the decreasing detection of rabies virus antigens in the brains of collected animals via enhanced laboratory-based surveillance, as evidence of management impact. Although often conceived mistakenly as a panacea, such cost-effective technology applied to free-ranging wildlife represents a real-world, One Health application benefiting agriculture, conservation biology, and public health. Based upon lessons learned with oral rabies vaccination of mesocarnivores, opportunities for future extension to other taxa and additional diseases will have far-reaching, transdisciplinary benefits.

长期缓解人类-家畜-野生动物之间的冲突既复杂又困难。在过去的 50 年中,对野生动物口服狂犬病疫苗的主要生物医学概念和全球实地合作应用的实现,是彻底改变散养动物传染病管理领域的一个显著例子。在非洲、欧亚大陆、中东和北美洲的不同地区,野生动物口服疫苗的情况各不相同。尽管狂犬病并不是一种可以根除的疾病,但通过人工、诱饵站或飞机战略性地分发超过十亿剂的疫苗诱饵,在中型食肉动物中广泛地预防、控制或消除了疾病。纯净、强效、安全和有效的疫苗由改良活病毒、高度减毒病毒或重组病毒组成,包含在诱人的可食用毒饵中。自 20 世纪 70 年代末以来,主要的自由活动目标物种包括郊狼(Canis latrans)、狐狸(Urocyon cinereoargenteus; Vulpes vulpes)、豺(Canis aureus; Lupulella mesomelas)、浣熊(Procyon lotor)、浣熊犬(Nyctereutes procyonoides)和臭鼬(Mephitis mephitis)。除后一种动物外,其他动物的防治工作都取得了进展。对口服狂犬病疫苗接种成功与否的计划性评估包括:在目标物种中证明含有疫苗的诱饵中含有生物标记物,作为诱饵接触的代表;对特异性狂犬病病毒中和抗体的诱导进行血清学测量,表明对疫苗的免疫反应;最重要的是,通过加强实验室监测,在收集的动物大脑中检测到狂犬病病毒抗原的数量不断减少,作为管理效果的证据。虽然这种成本效益高的技术常常被误认为是灵丹妙药,但将其应用于自由放养的野生动物,代表了现实世界中的 "统一健康 "应用,有利于农业、保护生物学和公共卫生。根据中型食肉动物口服狂犬病疫苗的经验教训,未来将有机会推广到其他类群和其他疾病,这将产生深远的跨学科效益。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Butorphanol on Respiration in White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) Immobilized with Etorphine-Azaperone. 布托诺啡对使用埃托啡-氮丙酮固定的白犀牛呼吸的影响
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00034
Peter Buss, Michele Miller, Andrea Fuller, Anna Haw, Emily Thulson, Francisco Olea-Popelka, Leith Meyer

This article reports on respiratory function in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) immobilized with etorphine-azaperone and the changes induced by butorphanol administration as part of a multifaceted crossover study that also investigated the effects of etorphine or etorphine-butorphanol treatments. Six male white rhinoceros underwent two immobilizations by using 1) etorphine-azaperone and 2) etorphine-azaperone-butorphanol. Starting 10 min after recumbency, arterial blood gases, limb muscle tremors, expired minute ventilation, and respiratory rate were evaluated at 5-min intervals for 25 min. Alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient, expected respiratory minute volume, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production were calculated. Etorphine-azaperone administration resulted in hypoxemia and hypercapnia, with increases in alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production, and a decrease in expired minute ventilation. Muscle tremors were also observed. Intravenous butorphanol administration in etorphine-azaperone-immobilized white rhinoceros resulted in less hypoxemia and hypercapnia; a decrease in oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and expired minute ventilation; and no change in the alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient and rate of breathing. We show that the immobilization of white rhinoceros with etorphine-azaperone results in hypoxemia and hypercapnia and that the subsequent intravenous administration of butorphanol improves both arterial blood oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures.

本文报告了用乙酰吗啡-阿扎哌隆固定白犀牛(Ceratotherium simum)的呼吸功能以及丁吗啡醇给药引起的变化,这是一项多方面交叉研究的一部分,该研究还调查了乙酰吗啡或乙酰吗啡-丁吗啡醇处理的效果。六头雄性白犀牛分别接受了 1) 依托吗啡-阿扎哌隆和 2) 依托吗啡-阿扎哌隆-丁吗啡醇两种固定治疗。从腰部固定后 10 分钟开始,每隔 5 分钟对动脉血气、四肢肌肉震颤、呼气分钟通气量和 fR 进行一次评估,持续 25 分钟。计算肺泡到动脉血氧梯度、预期呼吸分量、耗氧量和二氧化碳产生量。服用埃托啡-阿扎哌隆会导致低氧血症和高碳酸血症,肺泡与动脉血氧梯度、耗氧量和二氧化碳产生量会增加,呼气分钟通气量会减少。还观察到肌肉震颤。给固定了埃托啡-阿扎哌隆的白犀牛静脉注射丁吗啡诺,可减少低氧血症和高碳酸血症;降低耗氧量、二氧化碳产生量和呼出分钟通气量;肺泡到动脉血氧梯度和呼吸频率没有变化。我们的研究表明,用乙酰吗啡-阿扎哌隆固定白犀牛会导致低氧血症和高碳酸血症,而随后静脉注射丁吗啡醇可改善动脉血氧分压和二氧化碳分压。
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引用次数: 0
Epizootiology and Pathology of Sarcoptic Mange in Two Species of Fox (Lycalopex spp.) in Human-Dominated Landscapes of Central Chile. 智利中部以人类为主的地区两种狐狸(Lycalopex spp.)
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00095
Javier Millán, Aitor Cevidanes, Sophia Di Cataldo, Claudia Hernández, Diego Peñaloza-Madrid, Nicole Sallabery-Pincheira, Karen Terio, Rosa Casais

Sarcoptic mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei can have catastrophic consequences for wildlife. We inspected 122 Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus), collected by active (n=66) or passive (n=56) surveillance, and 28 South American gray foxes (Lycalopex griseus; all from passive surveillance) for mange in Chile (2015-19). In Andean foxes, gross lesions of mange were diagnosed in 24% of passively and 9% of actively collected foxes, although observed prevalences might be underestimated. Seroprevalence was 37 and 18%, respectively, indicating that some individuals recovered from infection or were developing the disease. No differences were found between age and sex groups. Comparing data from passive surveillance, occurrence of gross lesions was lower in gray foxes (5%). Body condition was significantly better in Andean foxes without lesions than in diseased foxes, which had significantly lower albumin concentrations than healthy individuals. Among the 12 foxes with gross lesions, four, six and two individuals were categorized as having type I, type II, and type III lesions, respectively, based on clinical severity. Histologic severity correlated with gross lesions and included irregular epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis, which was marked in type II and III infections. Conventional PCR targeting of the cox1 gene fragment revealed four nucleotide sequence types, showing 99-100% identity among them and between 99% and 100% identity with previously published sequences of S. scabiei. A significant association between the occurrence of mange in foxes and distance to the nearest house was found. We speculate that diseased foxes tended to approach human settlements, perhaps in search of food. Visual inspection of 211 rural dogs from the study area did not reveal gross mange lesions in any animal. Sarcoptic mange is enzootic in the Andean fox in the study area and should be considered in the management of the species.

疥螨引起的疥癞病会给野生动物带来灾难性后果。在智利(2015-19 年),我们对通过主动监测(66 只)或被动监测(56 只)收集到的 122 只安第斯狐(Lycalopex culpaeus)和 28 只南美灰狐(Lycalopex griseus;全部来自被动监测)进行了疥癣检查。在安第斯狐狸中,24%的被动采集狐狸和9%的主动采集狐狸被诊断出患有疥癣的大体病变,但观察到的患病率可能被低估。血清流行率分别为 37% 和 18%,这表明有些个体已从感染中恢复或正在发病。年龄组和性别组之间没有差异。与被动监测数据相比,灰狐的毛发病变发生率较低(5%)。没有病变的安第斯狐狸的身体状况明显好于患病狐狸,患病狐狸的白蛋白浓度明显低于健康狐狸。根据临床症状的严重程度,在12只出现大体病变的狐狸中,分别有4只、6只和2只出现了I型、II型和III型病变。组织学上的严重程度与大体病变相关,包括不规则的表皮增生和角化过度,这在 II 型和 III 型感染中很明显。对 cox1 基因片段的常规 PCR 检测发现了四种核苷酸序列类型,它们之间的同一性为 99%-100%,与以前公布的疥疮杆菌序列的同一性在 99%-100%之间。研究发现,狐狸疥癣病的发生与距离最近的房屋的距离有明显的关联。我们推测,患病狐狸倾向于接近人类居住区,也许是为了寻找食物。对研究地区的 211 只农村狗进行了目测,没有发现任何动物身上有疥癣病变。疥癣在研究地区的安第斯狐狸中流行,在管理该物种时应加以考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Validation of a Field-Portable, Handheld Real-Time PCR System for Detecting Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the Causative Agent of White-Nose Syndrome in Bats. 验证用于检测蝙蝠白鼻综合症病原体 Pseudogymnoascus destructans 的现场便携式手持 Real-Time PCR 系统。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00083
Sabrina S Greening, Katie Haman, Tracy Drazenovich, Maria Chacon-Heszele, Michael Scafini, Greg Turner, John Huckabee, Jean Leonhardt, Jesse vanWestrienen, Max Perelman, Patricia Thompson, M Kevin Keel

White-nose syndrome (WNS), caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has decimated bat populations across North America. Despite ongoing management programs, WNS continues to expand into new populations, including in US states previously thought to be free from the pathogen and disease. This expansion highlights a growing need for surveillance tools that can be used to enhance existing monitoring programs and support the early detection of P. destructans in new areas. We evaluated the feasibility of using a handheld, field-portable, real-time (quantitative) PCR (qPCR) thermocycler known as the Biomeme two3 and the associated field-based nucleic acid extraction kit and assay reagents for the detection of P. destructans in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Results from the field-based protocol using the Biomeme platform were compared with those from a commonly used laboratory-based qPCR protocol. When using dilutions of known conidia concentrations, the lowest detectable concentration with the laboratory-based approach was 108.8 conidia/mL, compared with 1,087.5 conidia/mL (10 times higher, i.e., one fewer 10× dilution) using the field-based approach. Further comparisons using field samples suggest a high level of concordance between the two protocols, with positive and negative agreements of 98.2% and 100% respectively. The cycle threshold values were marginally higher for most samples using the field-based protocol. These results are an important step in establishing and validating a rapid, field-assessable detection platform for P. destructans, which is urgently needed to improve the surveillance and monitoring capacity for WNS and support on-the-ground management and response efforts.

由真菌 Pseudogymnoascus destructans 引起的白鼻综合症(WNS)已使北美各地的蝙蝠数量锐减。尽管正在实施管理计划,但 WNS 仍在继续向新的种群扩展,包括以前被认为没有病原体和疾病的美国各州。这种扩张凸显出对监测工具的需求日益增长,这些工具可以用来加强现有的监测计划,并支持在新的地区及早发现毁灭蝠。我们评估了使用名为 Biomeme two3 的手持式现场便携实时(定量)PCR(qPCR)热循环仪以及相关的现场核酸提取试剂盒和检测试剂检测小棕蝠(Myotis lucifugus)体内破坏性褐斑蝶菌的可行性。将使用 Biomeme 平台的现场方案与常用的实验室 qPCR 方案的结果进行了比较。当使用已知分生孢子浓度的稀释液时,实验室方法检测到的最低浓度为 108.8 个分生孢子/毫升,而现场方法检测到的最低浓度为 1,087.5 个分生孢子/毫升(高出 10 倍,即少一个 10 倍稀释液)。使用现场样本进行的进一步比较表明,两种方案之间的一致性很高,正负一致性分别为 98.2% 和 100%。使用基于现场的方案,大多数样本的周期阈值略高。这些结果是建立和验证快速、可现场评估的毁坏性蝙蝠蛾检测平台的重要一步,而这正是提高 WNS 监测和监控能力以及支持现场管理和响应工作所急需的。
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引用次数: 0
Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Coastal Seabirds Rehabilitated on the Southeastern and Southern Coast of Brazil. 在巴西东南部和南部海岸康复的沿海海鸟的血液学和血清生物化学。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-22-00127
Raquel B Ferioli, Amanda R da Mata, Angélica M Sánchez-Sarmiento, Melissa Marcon, Karina K M C Flaiban, Pedro Castilho, Cristiane K M Kolesnikovas, Adriane Steuernagel, Giulia G Lemos, Camila Domit, Renata L Soares, Maria C L Alvarez, Rodrigo Del Rio do Valle, Andrea Maranho, Anneliese C Kyllar, Hugo G Neto, Carla B Barbosa

Complete blood counts (n=566) and serum biochemistry (n=426) were assessed in seven coastal seabirds species that underwent rehabilitation along the southeastern and southern coast of Brazil from Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro State (22°56'16.44″S, 42°18'24.16″W) to Laguna, Santa Catarina State (28°29'43″S, 48°45'39.2″W), from August 2016 to August 2020. Blood samples were collected from four species of Charadriiformes, including Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus, n=136), South American Tern (Sterna hirundinacea, n=25), Cabot's Tern (Thalasseus acuflavidus, n=17), and Common Tern (Sterna hirundo, n=14) as well as three species of Suliformes, the Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster, n=212), Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens, n=104), and Neotropic Cormorant (Nannopterum brasilianum, n=58). The individuals were sampled as part of the protocol required before their release into the wild when considered healthy. This work aimed to establish the normal hematologic and biochemical reference values of those seabird species and, when possible, to analyze variations among age class and sex and to compare those with the available data in the literature. In addition, we provide the first baseline data for the South American Tern, Cabot's Tern, and Neotropic Cormorant. Baseline hematologic data are crucial for assessing health status of individuals and to support management and conservation actions, including release of seabirds into the wild.

从2016年8月到2020年8月,在巴西东南部和南部海岸,从里约热内卢州的萨夸雷马(南纬22°56'16.44″,西经42°18'24.16″)到圣卡塔琳娜州的拉古纳(南纬28°29'43″,西经48°45'39.2″),对接受康复治疗的7种沿海海鸟的全血细胞计数(n=566)和血清生化指标(n=426)进行了评估。采集了四种燕鸥的血液样本,包括海带鸥(Larus dominicanus,n=136)、南美燕鸥(Sterna hirundinacea,n=25)、卡波特燕鸥(Thalasseus acuflavidus,n=17)、和普通燕鸥(Sterna hirundo,n=14),以及三种鞘形目鸟类:褐鲣鸟(Sula leucogaster,n=212)、壮丽军舰鸟(Fregata magnificens,n=104)和新热带鸬鹚(Nannopterum brasilianum,n=58)。这些个体在被认为健康的情况下被释放到野外之前,都按照规定进行了采样。这项工作的目的是确定这些海鸟物种的正常血液学和生化参考值,并在可能的情况下分析不同年龄和性别之间的差异,并与现有文献数据进行比较。此外,我们还首次提供了南美燕鸥、卡波特燕鸥和新热带鸬鹚的基线数据。血液学基线数据对于评估个体的健康状况以及支持管理和保护行动(包括将海鸟迁移或放归野外)至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Reduce, Replace, Refine: Determining A Posteriori Reference Intervals for Biochemistry in Hermann's Tortoise (Testudo hermanni). 减少、替换、完善:确定赫尔曼陆龟(Testudo hermanni)生物化学的后验参考区间。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00065
Loïc Palumbo, Sébastien Caron, Jean-Marie Ballouard, Xavier Bonnet, Eve Ramery, Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont, Sylvain Larrat

Biochemical and hematological analyses are important for the assessment of animal health. However, for most wild species their use is hindered by the scarcity of reliable reference intervals. Indeed, collecting body fluids (e.g., blood, urine) in free-ranging animals is often technically challenging. Further, sampling many individuals would be essential to consider major sources of variations, such as species, populations, sex, age, and seasons. One alternative, according to the reduction, refinement, and replacement framework, is to establish reference intervals a posteriori using literature survey and unpublished data. We produced reference intervals for free-ranging Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni), using analyses performed on blood samples collected in previous studies and conservation programs conducted in the field between 2010 and 2016 in southern France (n=195 individuals). Thirteen parameters were analyzed: packed-cell volume, blood concentrations of corticosterone, testosterone, glycemia, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, uric acid, calcium, sodium, potassium, asparagine aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferases (ALT). Reference intervals for subgroups defined by sex and season were relevant for corticosterone, triglyceride, and calcium (sex) and cholesterol (season). Comparing our results with those obtained in captive individuals in Germany, except for urea and AST levels the intervals from both free-ranging versus captive tortoises were similar, suggesting that reference intervals established from captive individuals may be suitable for free-ranging populations in this species.

生化和血液学分析对于评估动物健康非常重要。然而,对于大多数野生物种来说,由于缺乏可靠的参考区间,这些分析的使用受到了阻碍。事实上,收集散养动物的体液(如血液、尿液)在技术上往往具有挑战性。此外,要考虑物种、种群、性别、年龄和季节等主要变异来源,必须对许多个体进行采样。根据还原、改进和替代框架,一种替代方法是利用文献调查和未发表的数据事后建立参考区间。我们利用 2010 年至 2016 年期间在法国南部野外开展的先前研究和保护计划中收集的血液样本(n=195 只)进行分析,为自由放养的赫尔曼陆龟(Testudo hermanni)制定了参考区间。分析了 13 项参数:充盈细胞体积、皮质酮、睾酮、血糖、胆固醇、甘油三酯、尿素、尿酸、钙、钠、钾、天冬酰胺转氨酶 (AST) 和丙氨酸转氨酶 (ALT)。按性别和季节划分的亚组的参考区间与皮质酮、甘油三酯、钙(性别)和胆固醇(季节)相关。将我们的结果与在德国人工饲养个体中获得的结果进行比较,除了尿素和谷草转氨酶水平外,自由放养陆龟与人工饲养陆龟的参考区间相似,这表明人工饲养个体所建立的参考区间可能适用于该物种的自由放养种群。
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引用次数: 0
Resolution of Clinical Signs of Sarcoptic Mange in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus), in Ivermectin-Treated and Nontreated Individuals. 伊维菌素治疗过和未治疗过的美洲黑熊(Ursus americanus)疥癣临床症状的缓解。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00134
Hannah S Tiffin, Justin D Brown, Mark Ternent, Brandon Snavely, Emily Carrollo, Ethan Kibe, Frances E Buderman, Jennifer M Mullinax, Erika T Machtinger

The parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei causes mange in nearly 150 species of mammals by burrowing under the skin, triggering hypersensitivity responses that can alter animals' behavior and result in extreme weight loss, secondary infections, and even death. Since the 1990s, sarcoptic mange has increased in incidence and geographic distribution in Pennsylvania black bear (Ursus americanus) populations, including expansion into other states. Recovery from mange in free-ranging wildlife has rarely been evaluated. Following the Pennsylvania Game Commission's standard operating procedures at the time of the study, treatment consisted of one subcutaneous injection of ivermectin. To evaluate black bear survival and recovery from mange, from 2018 to 2020 we fitted 61 bears, including 43 with mange, with GPS collars to track their movements and recovery. Bears were collared in triplicates according to sex and habitat, consisting of one bear without mange (healthy control), one scabietic bear treated with ivermectin when collared, and one untreated scabietic bear. Bears were reevaluated for signs of mange during annual den visits, if recaptured during the study period, and after mortality events. Disease status and recovery from mange was determined based on outward gross appearance and presence of S. scabiei mites from skin scrapes. Of the 36 scabietic bears with known recovery status, 81% fully recovered regardless of treatment, with 88% recovered with treatment and 74% recovered without treatment. All bears with no, low, or moderate mite burdens (<16 mites on skin scrapes) fully recovered from mange (n=20), and nearly half of bears with severe mite burden (≥16 mites) fully recovered (n=5, 42%). However, nonrecovered status did not indicate mortality, and mange-related mortality was infrequent. Most bears were able to recover from mange irrespective of treatment, potentially indicating a need for reevaluation of the mange wildlife management paradigm.

疥螨寄生在近 150 种哺乳动物的皮肤下,引起超敏反应,从而改变动物的行为,导致极度消瘦、继发感染甚至死亡。自 20 世纪 90 年代以来,肉眼疥癣在宾夕法尼亚州黑熊(Ursus americanus)种群中的发病率和地理分布不断增加,包括向其他州扩展。自由放养的野生动物患疥疮后的恢复情况很少得到评估。根据宾夕法尼亚州狩猎委员会当时的标准操作程序,治疗包括一次伊维菌素皮下注射。为了评估黑熊的存活率和疥癣康复情况,从 2018 年到 2020 年,我们为 61 头黑熊(包括 43 头患有疥癣的黑熊)安装了 GPS 项圈,以跟踪它们的行动和康复情况。黑熊按性别和栖息地分为三组,其中包括一只未患疥癣的黑熊(健康对照组)、一只在佩戴项圈时接受了伊维菌素治疗的疥癣黑熊和一只未接受治疗的疥癣黑熊。在每年探访熊舍期间,如果在研究期间重新捕获了熊,以及在发生死亡事件后,都会对熊的疥癣症状进行重新评估。疾病状况和疥癣恢复情况是根据熊的外表和皮肤刮伤处是否有疥螨来确定的。在 36 头已知恢复状况的疥癣黑熊中,81% 的黑熊无论治疗与否都完全恢复了健康,88% 的黑熊在接受治疗后恢复了健康,74% 的黑熊在未接受治疗的情况下恢复了健康。所有没有、较少或中等螨虫负担的黑熊 (
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引用次数: 0
Ecology and Chronic Wasting Disease Epidemiology Shape Prion Protein Gene Variation in Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). 落基山麋鹿(Cervus elaphus nelsoni)的生态学和慢性消耗性疾病流行病学塑造朊病毒蛋白基因变异。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00062
Bruce R Hoar, Holly B Ernest, Laura N L Johnson, Melanie E F LaCava, Douglas J Sandidge, Ken Gerow, Michelle R Mousel, Nathan L Galloway, William Swain, Jennifer L Malmberg

As chronic wasting disease (CWD) continues to spread across North America, the relationship between CWD and host genetics has become of interest. In Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), one or two copies of a leucine allele at codon 132 of the prion protein gene (132L*) has been shown to prolong the incubation period of CWD. Our study examined the relationship between CWD epidemiology and codon 132 evolution in elk from Wyoming, USA, from 2011 to 2018. Using PCR and Sanger sequencing, we genotyped 997 elk and assessed the relationship between genotype and CWD prevalence estimated from surveillance data. Using logistic regression, we showed that each 1% increase in CWD prevalence is associated with a 9.6% increase in the odds that an elk would have at least one copy of leucine at codon 132. In some regions, however, 132L* variants were found in the absence of CWD, indicating that evolutionary and epidemiologic patterns can be heterogeneous across space and time. We also provide evidence that naturally occurring CWD is not rare in 132L* elk, which merits the study of shedding kinetics in 132L* elk and the influence of genotype on CWD strain diversity. The management implications of cervid adaptations to CWD are difficult to predict. Studies that investigate the degree to which evolutionary outcomes are shaped by host spatial structure can provide useful epidemiologic insight, which can in turn aid management by informing scale and extent of mitigation actions.

随着慢性消耗性疾病(CWD)在北美的不断蔓延,CWD 与宿主遗传学之间的关系也引起了人们的关注。在落基山麋鹿(Cervus elaphus nelsoni)中,朊病毒蛋白基因密码子 132(132L*)上的一个或两个亮氨酸等位基因拷贝已被证明可延长 CWD 的潜伏期。我们的研究考察了2011年至2018年美国怀俄明州麋鹿中CWD流行病学与132密码子进化之间的关系。利用 PCR 和 Sanger 测序,我们对 997 只麋鹿进行了基因分型,并评估了基因型与根据监测数据估计的 CWD 流行率之间的关系。通过使用逻辑回归,我们发现 CWD 流行率每增加 1%,麋鹿在密码子 132 处至少有一个亮氨酸拷贝的几率就会增加 9.6%。然而,在某些地区,132L* 变体在没有 CWD 的情况下也会被发现,这表明进化和流行病学模式在不同的时间和空间可能是异质的。我们还提供证据表明,自然发生的 CWD 在 132L* 麋鹿中并不罕见,这值得研究 132L* 麋鹿的脱落动力学以及基因型对 CWD 株系多样性的影响。很难预测颈鹿对 CWD 的适应性对管理的影响。调查进化结果受宿主空间结构影响程度的研究可提供有用的流行病学见解,进而通过告知缓解行动的规模和程度来帮助管理。
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引用次数: 0
A Novel Hazard for an Endangered Fox in a Novel Environment. 濒危狐狸在新环境中的新危险
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00098
Brian L Cypher, Erica C Kelly, Christine L Van Horn Job, Tory L Westall

Animals colonizing novel environments can encounter novel hazards. Endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) are found in the cities of Bakersfield and Taft in central California, USA. We documented 66 incidents of kit foxes becoming entangled in sports netting (e.g., soccer nets, batting-cage nets) occurring from the 1980s through 2022. Overall, 25 of the foxes died. Adults were more likely to get entangled in soccer nets, whereas pups (<1 yr) were more likely to get entangled in batting-cage nets. Pups are more likely to die while entangled, probably due to smaller body mass and lower energy reserves. The reasons that kit foxes get entangled in netting were unclear, although incidents involving batting-cage netting and pups may be due to natal dens being located under or near batting cages. At current rates, this hazard is unlikely to limit urban kit fox populations. However, losses of this endangered species should be minimized and the incidents are easily mitigated by dropping or lifting nets when not in use.

在新环境中定居的动物可能会遇到新的危险。濒危的圣华金狐狸(Vulpes macrotis mutica)生活在加利福尼亚中部的贝克斯菲尔德和塔夫脱市。我们记录了从 20 世纪 80 年代到 2022 年期间发生的 66 起狐狸被运动网(如足球网、击球笼网)缠住的事件。共有 25 只狐狸死亡。成年狐狸更容易被足球网缠住,而幼狐 (
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Wildlife Diseases
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