The rule of Law is one of the critical concepts that guarantee the existence of a state. This concept becomes even more critical, especially in the mechanisms of the state that are directly related to the public, such as public administrations. Although the idea of the rule of Law is ontologically vital for the countries, it is essential to correctly determine the elements that constitute the Rule of Law in public administration and the internal and external factors. In addition, the relationship between public administration reforms and justice reforms, the effects of the Rule of Law, or how to increase and better integrate the rule of law dimensions in public administration reforms may constantly come up. In this research, the effect of supranational institutions such as the United Nations and the European Union, which are external factors, on establishing the Rule of Law in public administrations is examined through the example of Turkey. The study claims that supranational institutions such as the UN and the EU have essential effects on establishing law. After the beginning of the 2000s, when the EU membership process started to be especially effective, reports on Turkey produced by both the UN and EU institutions were discussed. Problems, the relations between them, and the reforms made in Turkey are examined, and the adequacy of the reforms made in Turkey in ensuring the Rule of Law is discussed. Even though events such as terrorist incidents and coup attempts have caused severe disruptions in practices in Turkey, it has been concluded that the public administration and legal reforms made significant contributions to the Rule of Law.
{"title":"LAW REFORM IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE RULE OF LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF TURKEY","authors":"Ahmet Efe, S. Yazici","doi":"10.33416/baybem.1162895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.1162895","url":null,"abstract":"The rule of Law is one of the critical concepts that guarantee the existence of a state. This concept becomes even more critical, especially in the mechanisms of the state that are directly related to the public, such as public administrations. Although the idea of the rule of Law is ontologically vital for the countries, it is essential to correctly determine the elements that constitute the Rule of Law in public administration and the internal and external factors. In addition, the relationship between public administration reforms and justice reforms, the effects of the Rule of Law, or how to increase and better integrate the rule of law dimensions in public administration reforms may constantly come up. In this research, the effect of supranational institutions such as the United Nations and the European Union, which are external factors, on establishing the Rule of Law in public administrations is examined through the example of Turkey. The study claims that supranational institutions such as the UN and the EU have essential effects on establishing law. After the beginning of the 2000s, when the EU membership process started to be especially effective, reports on Turkey produced by both the UN and EU institutions were discussed. Problems, the relations between them, and the reforms made in Turkey are examined, and the adequacy of the reforms made in Turkey in ensuring the Rule of Law is discussed. Even though events such as terrorist incidents and coup attempts have caused severe disruptions in practices in Turkey, it has been concluded that the public administration and legal reforms made significant contributions to the Rule of Law.","PeriodicalId":176205,"journal":{"name":"İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"545 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127658092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
20. yy ortalarından beri teknoloji ve yenilik kavramları her geçen gün artan bir önemle dünyada yerini almaktadır. Bunun bir sonucu olarak ülkelerde üretim geleneksel yapısından sıyrılmakta ve karmaşık bir yapıya bürünmektedir. Ülkelerin üretimde farklılaşması ve birçok pazarı elinde tutmaya yarayacak çeşitli inovasyonlarla üretimlerini benzersiz kılma gereksinimleri ekonomik karmaşıklık kavramını gündeme getirmektedir. Öte yandan gelişmiş ülkeler de dahi karmaşık bir ekonomi doğaya zarar verebilmekte özellikle ekolojik ayak izi kapsamında geniş bir yer tutan karbon emisyonunun artmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışmada ekonomik karmaşıklık ile ekolojik ayak izi ilişkisi 1970-2016 dönemi ve Almanya, İsveç, Japonya ve Türkiye için Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik analizi kullanılarak değerlendirilmektedir. Verilen ilk üç ülke gelişmiş ve ekonomik karmaşıklık yönünden güçlü ülkelerken; Türkiye ise gelişmekte olan ve ekonomik karmaşıklık yönünden hala arzu edilen düzeyde bir ülke değildir. Analiz sonuçları, Almanya ve Japonya’ da değişkenler arasında bir nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğunu; İsveç ve Türkiye’ de iki değişken arasında herhangi bir nedensellik ilişkisinin olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır.
{"title":"ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT RELATIONSHIP: TODA-YAMAMOTO CAUSALITY ANALYSIS","authors":"Ş. Ersungur, Elifnur Tiğtepe, Fatma Kiliç","doi":"10.33416/baybem.1118496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.1118496","url":null,"abstract":"20. yy ortalarından beri teknoloji ve yenilik kavramları her geçen gün artan bir önemle dünyada yerini almaktadır. Bunun bir sonucu olarak ülkelerde üretim geleneksel yapısından sıyrılmakta ve karmaşık bir yapıya bürünmektedir. Ülkelerin üretimde farklılaşması ve birçok pazarı elinde tutmaya yarayacak çeşitli inovasyonlarla üretimlerini benzersiz kılma gereksinimleri ekonomik karmaşıklık kavramını gündeme getirmektedir. Öte yandan gelişmiş ülkeler de dahi karmaşık bir ekonomi doğaya zarar verebilmekte özellikle ekolojik ayak izi kapsamında geniş bir yer tutan karbon emisyonunun artmasına neden olabilmektedir. \u0000Bu noktadan hareketle çalışmada ekonomik karmaşıklık ile ekolojik ayak izi ilişkisi 1970-2016 dönemi ve Almanya, İsveç, Japonya ve Türkiye için Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik analizi kullanılarak değerlendirilmektedir. Verilen ilk üç ülke gelişmiş ve ekonomik karmaşıklık yönünden güçlü ülkelerken; Türkiye ise gelişmekte olan ve ekonomik karmaşıklık yönünden hala arzu edilen düzeyde bir ülke değildir. Analiz sonuçları, Almanya ve Japonya’ da değişkenler arasında bir nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğunu; İsveç ve Türkiye’ de iki değişken arasında herhangi bir nedensellik ilişkisinin olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır.","PeriodicalId":176205,"journal":{"name":"İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123261824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhasebe, işletmenin bir fonksiyonu olmakla beraber, yatırımlarla da ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda komuta ekonomisinden, serbest piyasa ekonomisine geçiş yapan Kırgızistan için; doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarına ihtiyaç duyulmuş, ayrıca üretim, istihdam ve ekonomi konuları da önemli bir hale gelmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu çerçevede ‘’Muhasebe’’ kavramının bir avantaj oluşturma düşüncesi; bir muhasebe standartları zorunluluğunu da gündeme getirmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda başta Kırgızistan Maliye Bakanlığı yetkilileri ve meslek kuruluşlarından oluşan bir komisyon bir araya gelerek Kırgızistan için bir Kırgızistan Muhasebe Standartlarını hazırlamıştır. Bu çalışmada Kırgızistan’daki muhasebe bilincinin gerek bilgi kullanıcıları, gerekse muhasebe mesleğine yönelmek isteyenler açısından önemli olduğu ortaya konmuş ve daha sonra Kırgızistan’ın SSCB’den ayrılışından sonraki döneminde kendi muhasebe standardının oluşturulmasındaki süreci ve Kırgız Muhasebe Standartları’nın, IAS’ye (Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları) uygunluğu incelenmiş bu bağlamda mevcut muhasebe sisteminin Kırgızistan’da muhasebe işleyişine ve finans sistemine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada doküman analizi kullanılarak, Kırgızistan Muhasebe Standartlarının UFRS’ye geçiş süreci izlenmiş ve Kırgızistan’daki işletmeler açısından önemine vurgu yapılmıştır. Daha sonra bulgulardan hareketle Kırgızistan Muhasebe Standartlarının, uluslararası muhasebe standartları ile karşılaştırılması yapılarak uygulamadaki eksiklikler tespit edilmiş ve bu doğrultuda çözüm önerilerinde bulunulmuştur.
{"title":"THE CONCEPT OF ACCOUNTING IN KYRGYZSTAN AND LEGAL REGULATION IN THE KYRGYZ ACCOUNTING SYSTEM","authors":"Eyüp Çi̇kolar","doi":"10.33416/baybem.1130627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.1130627","url":null,"abstract":"Muhasebe, işletmenin bir fonksiyonu olmakla beraber, yatırımlarla da ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda komuta ekonomisinden, serbest piyasa ekonomisine geçiş yapan Kırgızistan için; doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarına ihtiyaç duyulmuş, ayrıca üretim, istihdam ve ekonomi konuları da önemli bir hale gelmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu çerçevede ‘’Muhasebe’’ kavramının bir avantaj oluşturma düşüncesi; bir muhasebe standartları zorunluluğunu da gündeme getirmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda başta Kırgızistan Maliye Bakanlığı yetkilileri ve meslek kuruluşlarından oluşan bir komisyon bir araya gelerek Kırgızistan için bir Kırgızistan Muhasebe Standartlarını hazırlamıştır.\u0000Bu çalışmada Kırgızistan’daki muhasebe bilincinin gerek bilgi kullanıcıları, gerekse muhasebe mesleğine yönelmek isteyenler açısından önemli olduğu ortaya konmuş ve daha sonra Kırgızistan’ın SSCB’den ayrılışından sonraki döneminde kendi muhasebe standardının oluşturulmasındaki süreci ve Kırgız Muhasebe Standartları’nın, IAS’ye (Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları) uygunluğu incelenmiş bu bağlamda mevcut muhasebe sisteminin Kırgızistan’da muhasebe işleyişine ve finans sistemine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada doküman analizi kullanılarak, Kırgızistan Muhasebe Standartlarının UFRS’ye geçiş süreci izlenmiş ve Kırgızistan’daki işletmeler açısından önemine vurgu yapılmıştır. Daha sonra bulgulardan hareketle Kırgızistan Muhasebe Standartlarının, uluslararası muhasebe standartları ile karşılaştırılması yapılarak uygulamadaki eksiklikler tespit edilmiş ve bu doğrultuda çözüm önerilerinde bulunulmuştur.","PeriodicalId":176205,"journal":{"name":"İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114904048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many countries undergo economic structural changes over time, and these structural changes are generally from agriculture to industry and from industry to the service sector. While the importance of the agricultural sector decreases with the economic structural change process, the increase in the level of per capita income, the industrial sector begins to come to the fore, but the industrial sector retains its place in the service sector, which is constantly increasing. Turkey, which is a developing country, is also experiencing an economic structural change. From this perspective, the study examines the relationship between economic growth and agriculture, industry, and service sector in the period 1968-to 2020. According to the results of the Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto causality test used in the study, there is a one-way causality relationship between the agricultural sector and economic growth, while there is a bidirectional causality relationship between economic growth and the service sector. However, according to the results of this study, there is no causal relationship between the industrial sector and economic growth. Considering the results obtained, we recommend that policymakers and practitioners take steps regarding some incentives and aid policies such as taxes and subsidies, to develop the agriculture and service sector.
{"title":"THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, SERVICE SECTORS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TURKEY: BOOTSTRAP TODA-YAMAMOTO CAUSALITY TEST","authors":"Özlem Gül Di̇nç","doi":"10.33416/baybem.1125113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.1125113","url":null,"abstract":"Many countries undergo economic structural changes over time, and these structural changes are generally from agriculture to industry and from industry to the service sector. While the importance of the agricultural sector decreases with the economic structural change process, the increase in the level of per capita income, the industrial sector begins to come to the fore, but the industrial sector retains its place in the service sector, which is constantly increasing. Turkey, which is a developing country, is also experiencing an economic structural change. From this perspective, the study examines the relationship between economic growth and agriculture, industry, and service sector in the period 1968-to 2020. According to the results of the Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto causality test used in the study, there is a one-way causality relationship between the agricultural sector and economic growth, while there is a bidirectional causality relationship between economic growth and the service sector. However, according to the results of this study, there is no causal relationship between the industrial sector and economic growth. Considering the results obtained, we recommend that policymakers and practitioners take steps regarding some incentives and aid policies such as taxes and subsidies, to develop the agriculture and service sector.","PeriodicalId":176205,"journal":{"name":"İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131389347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Çevre sorunlarının ortaya çıkışı uzun bir geçmişe sahiptir. Ancak kritik bir nitelik kazanması son yıllarda olmuştur. Küreselleşme ile birlikte yerel olan sorunların küresel bir boyut kazanması da bu konuda etkilidir. İnsanın en temel ihtiyaçlarından birisi olarak “su” değişen çevre ve ekonomi bakış açılarının etkisiyle farklı anlamlar kazanmaya başlamıştır. Artan enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak amacıyla konumu ve kaynakları uygun olan ülkeler hidroelektrik santral yapımına yönelmiştir. Olumlu bir gelişme olarak atılan adımlar beraberinde pek çok olumsuz sonuç meydana getirmiştir. Bu durum hem suyun değişen anlamı hem de ortaya çıkardığı sosyo-ekonomik koşullar açısından değerlendirmeyi gerekli kılmıştır. Su bir kaynak olarak anlam farklılığı yaşayarak metalaşmış aynı zamanda gerçekleşen HES’ler sonrası çevrede pek çok etki meydana gelmiştir. Çalışmada suyun konumunun hak halinden alınıp satılabilir bir mal haline gelmesi ve bu durumun ortaya çıkardığı gelişmeler neticesinde inceleme yapılacaktır. Literatür taraması yapılarak gerçekleştirilen çalışmada veriler doküman analizi ile elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı neoliberalizm sonrası suyun değişen konumunu sorgulamaktır. Bu bağlamda kendine has özellikleri açısından Türkiye’de Fındıklı örneği inceleme alanı olarak tercih edilmiştir.
{"title":"HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS IN TURKEY IN THE CONTEXT OF COMMODIFICATION OF WATER","authors":"Sevda Nur Çevi̇k","doi":"10.33416/baybem.1055452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.1055452","url":null,"abstract":"Çevre sorunlarının ortaya çıkışı uzun bir geçmişe sahiptir. Ancak kritik bir nitelik kazanması son yıllarda olmuştur. Küreselleşme ile birlikte yerel olan sorunların küresel bir boyut kazanması da bu konuda etkilidir. İnsanın en temel ihtiyaçlarından birisi olarak “su” değişen çevre ve ekonomi bakış açılarının etkisiyle farklı anlamlar kazanmaya başlamıştır. Artan enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak amacıyla konumu ve kaynakları uygun olan ülkeler hidroelektrik santral yapımına yönelmiştir. Olumlu bir gelişme olarak atılan adımlar beraberinde pek çok olumsuz sonuç meydana getirmiştir. Bu durum hem suyun değişen anlamı hem de ortaya çıkardığı sosyo-ekonomik koşullar açısından değerlendirmeyi gerekli kılmıştır. Su bir kaynak olarak anlam farklılığı yaşayarak metalaşmış aynı zamanda gerçekleşen HES’ler sonrası çevrede pek çok etki meydana gelmiştir. Çalışmada suyun konumunun hak halinden alınıp satılabilir bir mal haline gelmesi ve bu durumun ortaya çıkardığı gelişmeler neticesinde inceleme yapılacaktır. Literatür taraması yapılarak gerçekleştirilen çalışmada veriler doküman analizi ile elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı neoliberalizm sonrası suyun değişen konumunu sorgulamaktır. Bu bağlamda kendine has özellikleri açısından Türkiye’de Fındıklı örneği inceleme alanı olarak tercih edilmiştir.","PeriodicalId":176205,"journal":{"name":"İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114512968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of changes in real exchange rate on foreign housing demand. For this purpose, the effect of the exchange rate on house sales to foreigners has been examined. In this study, since the figures of house sales to foreigners by nationality were published as of 2015, monthly house sales data for foreigners covering the period of 2015-2021 were used. In this direction, structural break unit root and cointegration tests were used. In the model in which time series analysis is used, the dependent variable is house sales to foreigners, and the real effective exchange rate and house price index figures are used as independent variables. According to the Gregory-Hansen cointegration test results, it is seen that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between house sales to foreigners, real effective exchange rate and house price index. The analysis of the long-term relationship between the variables with a cointegration relationship was investigated with the FMOLS coefficient method, in which the structural breaks were included in the analysis as a dummy variable, and it was concluded that a 1% decrease in the real effective exchange rate (depreciation of the TL) increased the foreign house sales by 3.43%. The coefficient of the housing price index variable was statistically insignificant.
{"title":"THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN EXCHANGE RATE ON FOREIGN HOUSİNG DEMAND: IN TURKEY","authors":"Rustem Yanar, Canan Şeyma Demi̇r","doi":"10.33416/baybem.1127414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.1127414","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of changes in real exchange rate on foreign housing demand. For this purpose, the effect of the exchange rate on house sales to foreigners has been examined. In this study, since the figures of house sales to foreigners by nationality were published as of 2015, monthly house sales data for foreigners covering the period of 2015-2021 were used. In this direction, structural break unit root and cointegration tests were used. In the model in which time series analysis is used, the dependent variable is house sales to foreigners, and the real effective exchange rate and house price index figures are used as independent variables. According to the Gregory-Hansen cointegration test results, it is seen that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between house sales to foreigners, real effective exchange rate and house price index. The analysis of the long-term relationship between the variables with a cointegration relationship was investigated with the FMOLS coefficient method, in which the structural breaks were included in the analysis as a dummy variable, and it was concluded that a 1% decrease in the real effective exchange rate (depreciation of the TL) increased the foreign house sales by 3.43%. The coefficient of the housing price index variable was statistically insignificant.","PeriodicalId":176205,"journal":{"name":"İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117104471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, the desire to create a sustainable economy that protects nature, which is on the agenda of all countries of the world under the leadership of the United Nations, has led to the emergence of the concept of a Blue Economy. The economic order of the sustainability of the seas and oceans, which comprises three quarters of the world, is called the Blue Economy. The Blue Economy has a wide range of sectors such as fishing and aquaculture, coastal and yacht tourism, maritime transport, shipbuilding industry, deep-sea mining, biotechnology. In this study, the position of Turkey in the field of Blue Economy was tried to be analyzed by comparing the countries selected according to certain criteria (USA, China, Bangladesh and Greece) with Turkey. The data obtained using the archive-document scanning technique, one of the qualitative research techniques, was explained with descriptive analysis, and then the study was carried out by content analysis. The data for the blue economy are examined in a wider context, as a result of Turkey's shipbuilding industry, maritime transport, coastal tourism and trade fleet is in relatively good condition, although compared to other countries in the world such as China, this area is quite far from the data observed for a strong country. It can be stated that Greece, Turkey's neighbor, is in a better position compared to Turkey due to the fact that it holds the leadership of the merchant fleet in the world. Bangladesh has more biodiversity than Turkey due to its border with the Indian Ocean. As a result, Turkey has world leadership in any sector despite the fact that it varies from sector to sector compared to the related countries. This situation shows the need for Turkey to invest more in the field of the Blue Economy.
{"title":"BLUE ECONOMY: AN ANALYSIS OF TURKEY'S COMPARISON WITH THE UNITED STATES, CHINA, GREECE AND BANGLADESH","authors":"Görkem Yildirim","doi":"10.33416/baybem.1127254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.1127254","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the desire to create a sustainable economy that protects nature, which is on the agenda of all countries of the world under the leadership of the United Nations, has led to the emergence of the concept of a Blue Economy. The economic order of the sustainability of the seas and oceans, which comprises three quarters of the world, is called the Blue Economy. The Blue Economy has a wide range of sectors such as fishing and aquaculture, coastal and yacht tourism, maritime transport, shipbuilding industry, deep-sea mining, biotechnology. In this study, the position of Turkey in the field of Blue Economy was tried to be analyzed by comparing the countries selected according to certain criteria (USA, China, Bangladesh and Greece) with Turkey. The data obtained using the archive-document scanning technique, one of the qualitative research techniques, was explained with descriptive analysis, and then the study was carried out by content analysis. The data for the blue economy are examined in a wider context, as a result of Turkey's shipbuilding industry, maritime transport, coastal tourism and trade fleet is in relatively good condition, although compared to other countries in the world such as China, this area is quite far from the data observed for a strong country. It can be stated that Greece, Turkey's neighbor, is in a better position compared to Turkey due to the fact that it holds the leadership of the merchant fleet in the world. Bangladesh has more biodiversity than Turkey due to its border with the Indian Ocean. As a result, Turkey has world leadership in any sector despite the fact that it varies from sector to sector compared to the related countries. This situation shows the need for Turkey to invest more in the field of the Blue Economy.","PeriodicalId":176205,"journal":{"name":"İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134372494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
State governments take various public policy decisions by considering both the public interest and national interests, in order to maintain the social, social and economic life in order, peace and well-being and in a stable manner. Public policies refer to the actions and procedures of states to make regulations on related issues within the framework of the powers given to them by the laws. public policies; It is created and implemented in order to meet the needs of all layers of society in many areas of life, especially national security, education, health, law, trade, food and shelter.Social security is one of the public policies created in the field of health. Social Security; It is a social policy application that aims to eliminate the damage caused by the risks that individuals face in their social, social and economic lives, materially and morally, and ensures the continuation of social, social and economic life. Retirement is a public policy practice that provides individuals with a decent minimum standard of living in old age.This study is based on the subject of retirement, which is constantly discussed today. The study was created in order to provide positive discussions and contributions in order to shed light on a stable and sustainable retirement practices, based on the problematic that the institutional and legal regulations regarding retirement practices that it has determined should enter a process of change and transformation in the current period. In addition to the literature study covering theoretical information, the study examines some of the basic statistical data and conducts a research both in the world and in Turkey. In this context, OECD data, TURKSTAT and SSI reports were examined and it was concluded that Turkey, together with the world countries, should enter a significant change and transformation process within the scope of medium and long-term goals regarding retirement practices.
{"title":"PENSION ON THE BASIS OF SOCIAL SECURITY AS A PUBLIC POLICY","authors":"Furkan Erdoğmuş","doi":"10.33416/baybem.1123416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.1123416","url":null,"abstract":"State governments take various public policy decisions by considering both the public interest and national interests, in order to maintain the social, social and economic life in order, peace and well-being and in a stable manner. Public policies refer to the actions and procedures of states to make regulations on related issues within the framework of the powers given to them by the laws. public policies; It is created and implemented in order to meet the needs of all layers of society in many areas of life, especially national security, education, health, law, trade, food and shelter.Social security is one of the public policies created in the field of health. Social Security; It is a social policy application that aims to eliminate the damage caused by the risks that individuals face in their social, social and economic lives, materially and morally, and ensures the continuation of social, social and economic life. Retirement is a public policy practice that provides individuals with a decent minimum standard of living in old age.This study is based on the subject of retirement, which is constantly discussed today. The study was created in order to provide positive discussions and contributions in order to shed light on a stable and sustainable retirement practices, based on the problematic that the institutional and legal regulations regarding retirement practices that it has determined should enter a process of change and transformation in the current period. In addition to the literature study covering theoretical information, the study examines some of the basic statistical data and conducts a research both in the world and in Turkey. In this context, OECD data, TURKSTAT and SSI reports were examined and it was concluded that Turkey, together with the world countries, should enter a significant change and transformation process within the scope of medium and long-term goals regarding retirement practices.","PeriodicalId":176205,"journal":{"name":"İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122300613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hızla küreselleşen ve dijitalleşen dünyamızda, multimedya, haberleşme, bilgisayar sistemleri vb. birçok alanda veri transferi kolaylıkla yapılabilmektedir. Blokzincir veri tabanı ise, bu verilerin haricinde değer atfettiğimiz dijital para gibi varlıkları da transfer etmemizi sağlayan bir teknolojidir. Merkeziyetçiliği ortadan kaldıran, güvenilirliği ve şeffaflığı tüm kullanıcılar arasında dağıtan bu teknoloji, Bitcoin ve Ethereum gibi sanal paraların altındaki teknoloji olarak da bilinmektedir. Bitcoin’i yasal para birimi olarak kabul eden ilk ülke El-Salvador olmuştur. Bu durumun El-Salvador ekonomisinde ve finansal hizmetlerin toplumun tüm üyelerine yayılması konusunda nasıl bir etki göstereceği merak edilen en temel hususlardan birisidir. Bu çalışmada Bitcoin’i yasal para olarak kabul etme sürecinin El-Salvador ekonomisinde ve halkın finansal hizmetlere olan erişim yüzdesinde nasıl bir etki oluşturduğu incelenmiştir. Her ne kadar konu ile ilgili ampirik bir değerlendirme yapmak için büyük bir geçmişi olmasa da, toplumun büyük kesiminin devletin resmi mobil aplikasyonu vasıtasıyla Bitcoin kullanmaya başladığı görülmektedir. Daha önce herhangi bir banka hesabı dahi olmayan vatandaşların dahi bu yöntemle finansal hizmetlere erişim sağlayabildiği görülmektedir. Ayrıca, sağladığı vergisel avantajlar sebebiyle ülkeye gelen yatırımların da hızla artması ülke ekonomisi için büyük bir katma değer olmuştur.
{"title":"FİNANSAL GELİŞME İÇİN BİR KAMU POLİTİKASI OLARAK BİTCOİN: EL SALVADOR ÖRNEĞİ","authors":"Mehmet Oğuz Taçyildiz, Recep Yorulmaz","doi":"10.33416/baybem.1121884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.1121884","url":null,"abstract":"Hızla küreselleşen ve dijitalleşen dünyamızda, multimedya, haberleşme, bilgisayar sistemleri vb. birçok alanda veri transferi kolaylıkla yapılabilmektedir. Blokzincir veri tabanı ise, bu verilerin haricinde değer atfettiğimiz dijital para gibi varlıkları da transfer etmemizi sağlayan bir teknolojidir. Merkeziyetçiliği ortadan kaldıran, güvenilirliği ve şeffaflığı tüm kullanıcılar arasında dağıtan bu teknoloji, Bitcoin ve Ethereum gibi sanal paraların altındaki teknoloji olarak da bilinmektedir. Bitcoin’i yasal para birimi olarak kabul eden ilk ülke El-Salvador olmuştur. Bu durumun El-Salvador ekonomisinde ve finansal hizmetlerin toplumun tüm üyelerine yayılması konusunda nasıl bir etki göstereceği merak edilen en temel hususlardan birisidir. Bu çalışmada Bitcoin’i yasal para olarak kabul etme sürecinin El-Salvador ekonomisinde ve halkın finansal hizmetlere olan erişim yüzdesinde nasıl bir etki oluşturduğu incelenmiştir. Her ne kadar konu ile ilgili ampirik bir değerlendirme yapmak için büyük bir geçmişi olmasa da, toplumun büyük kesiminin devletin resmi mobil aplikasyonu vasıtasıyla Bitcoin kullanmaya başladığı görülmektedir. Daha önce herhangi bir banka hesabı dahi olmayan vatandaşların dahi bu yöntemle finansal hizmetlere erişim sağlayabildiği görülmektedir. Ayrıca, sağladığı vergisel avantajlar sebebiyle ülkeye gelen yatırımların da hızla artması ülke ekonomisi için büyük bir katma değer olmuştur.","PeriodicalId":176205,"journal":{"name":"İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"203 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132907918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organizational change is the transformation that results from the needs or obligations of the organizations. These transformations are often difficult and may encounter certain problems. Reasons such as the organizational structure's unwillingness to this situation and the unpreparedness of the employees may cause resistance to change. It is considered that this resistance may cause disruptions in fulfilling the mission of the organization. Organizational conflict, on the other hand, is the situation in the distribution of scarce resources within the organization, the assignment of work processes among employees, and the transformation of various problems within the organization into disagreements among employees. Resistance to organizational change, organizational conflict, are undesirable situations for organizations and are problems that are difficult to solve. Administrative solution proposals for the solution of these two problems and solution methods have been tried to be defined in the study in order to overcome the problem with the least damage. This study, which was written in order to take into account the possible relationship between these two concepts more in the field and to raise awareness for more studies on them, was tried to explain the purpose by trying to reveal the effect between the two variables in an intellectual sense by making a literature review by making a literature review. The study was handled in a conceptual framework and an original perspective was tried to be brought to the literature.
{"title":"THE POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT AWARENESS STUDY ON","authors":"Oktay Yildiz","doi":"10.33416/baybem.1121866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.1121866","url":null,"abstract":"Organizational change is the transformation that results from the needs or obligations of the organizations. These transformations are often difficult and may encounter certain problems. Reasons such as the organizational structure's unwillingness to this situation and the unpreparedness of the employees may cause resistance to change. It is considered that this resistance may cause disruptions in fulfilling the mission of the organization. Organizational conflict, on the other hand, is the situation in the distribution of scarce resources within the organization, the assignment of work processes among employees, and the transformation of various problems within the organization into disagreements among employees. Resistance to organizational change, organizational conflict, are undesirable situations for organizations and are problems that are difficult to solve. Administrative solution proposals for the solution of these two problems and solution methods have been tried to be defined in the study in order to overcome the problem with the least damage. This study, which was written in order to take into account the possible relationship between these two concepts more in the field and to raise awareness for more studies on them, was tried to explain the purpose by trying to reveal the effect between the two variables in an intellectual sense by making a literature review by making a literature review. The study was handled in a conceptual framework and an original perspective was tried to be brought to the literature.","PeriodicalId":176205,"journal":{"name":"İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123642193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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