Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115273
Ting Chu , Jiabei Yu , Qinran Wang , Chen Hu , Lanming Chen , Yongxin Yu , Yongjie Wang
Cell–virus–virophage (CVv) systems involve virophages parasitizing giant viruses within eukaryotic hosts, forming unique virus–virus interactions with complex ecological implications. However, quantitative tools for studying such systems—particularly in freshwater algae—remain limited. In this study, we developed and optimized a duplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay to simultaneously detect and quantify Dishui Lake Large Algal Virus 1 (DSLLAV1), a Mimiviridae-like algal giant virus, and its associated Dishui Lake virophage 8 (DSLV8) in the Dishui Lake ecosystem. Target-specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed based on viral genomic sequences, and assay conditions were optimized for annealing temperature, primer/probe concentrations, and droplet separation. The established assay demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity, with detection limits of 0.13 and 0.16 copies/µL for DSLLAV1 and DSLV8, respectively. The method outperformed qPCR in sensitivity and maintained stability across environmental and infection-derived samples. This ddPCR method provides a robust platform for monitoring virus–virophage dynamics and offers new opportunities for investigating the ecological and evolutionary roles of CVv systems in aquatic environments.
{"title":"Duplex droplet digital PCR enables simultaneous quantification of algal giant virus DSLLAV1 and virophage DSLV8 in natural and laboratory samples","authors":"Ting Chu , Jiabei Yu , Qinran Wang , Chen Hu , Lanming Chen , Yongxin Yu , Yongjie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cell–virus–virophage (CVv) systems involve virophages parasitizing giant viruses within eukaryotic hosts, forming unique virus–virus interactions with complex ecological implications. However, quantitative tools for studying such systems—particularly in freshwater algae—remain limited. In this study, we developed and optimized a duplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay to simultaneously detect and quantify Dishui Lake Large Algal Virus 1 (DSLLAV1), a <em>Mimiviridae</em>-like algal giant virus, and its associated Dishui Lake virophage 8 (DSLV8) in the Dishui Lake ecosystem. Target-specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed based on viral genomic sequences, and assay conditions were optimized for annealing temperature, primer/probe concentrations, and droplet separation. The established assay demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity, with detection limits of 0.13 and 0.16 copies/µL for DSLLAV1 and DSLV8, respectively. The method outperformed qPCR in sensitivity and maintained stability across environmental and infection-derived samples. This ddPCR method provides a robust platform for monitoring virus–virophage dynamics and offers new opportunities for investigating the ecological and evolutionary roles of CVv systems in aquatic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 115273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145232873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115272
Angela Freddi , Metasebia Gebrewold , Wendy J.M. Smith , Elena Manini , Stuart L. Simpson , Warish Ahmed
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) poses a significant public health threat in Asia, the Western Pacific, and Australia, necessitating robust surveillance and management strategies. This study evaluates three RT-qPCR assays (Universal JEV, JEV G4, and VIDRL2 JEV G4) for detecting JEV in piggery wastewater, a promising approach for early outbreak detection. We assessed assay limit of detection (ALOD), process limit of detection (PLOD), and recovery efficiency using gamma-irradiated JEV seeded into wastewater samples, alongside field-derived samples from an Australian piggery. The JEV G4 assay demonstrated superior sensitivity, with an ALOD of 2.2–5.7 copies/reaction and PLOD of 72–282 copies/10 mL of piggery wastewater, detecting JEV in 24/30 field samples compared to 17/30 for Universal JEV and 0/30 for VIDRL2 JEV G4. Recovery efficiencies varied, with JEV G4 showing consistent performance (14.9–26.6 %) across concentrations. McNemar’s test confirmed JEV G4’s higher sensitivity (p < 0.05). Based on the results obtained in this study, the JEV G4 assay is recommended for wastewater surveillance in genotype 4 regions, with a dual-assay approach suggested for broader genotype coverage. These findings enhance JEV surveillance strategies, supporting early detection and control.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of RT-qPCR assay sensitivity and process limit of detection for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) detection in piggery wastewater","authors":"Angela Freddi , Metasebia Gebrewold , Wendy J.M. Smith , Elena Manini , Stuart L. Simpson , Warish Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) poses a significant public health threat in Asia, the Western Pacific, and Australia, necessitating robust surveillance and management strategies. This study evaluates three RT-qPCR assays (Universal JEV, JEV G4, and VIDRL2 JEV G4) for detecting JEV in piggery wastewater, a promising approach for early outbreak detection. We assessed assay limit of detection (ALOD), process limit of detection (PLOD), and recovery efficiency using gamma-irradiated JEV seeded into wastewater samples, alongside field-derived samples from an Australian piggery. The JEV G4 assay demonstrated superior sensitivity, with an ALOD of 2.2–5.7 copies/reaction and PLOD of 72–282 copies/10 mL of piggery wastewater, detecting JEV in 24/30 field samples compared to 17/30 for Universal JEV and 0/30 for VIDRL2 JEV G4. Recovery efficiencies varied, with JEV G4 showing consistent performance (14.9–26.6 %) across concentrations. McNemar’s test confirmed JEV G4’s higher sensitivity (p < 0.05). Based on the results obtained in this study, the JEV G4 assay is recommended for wastewater surveillance in genotype 4 regions, with a dual-assay approach suggested for broader genotype coverage. These findings enhance JEV surveillance strategies, supporting early detection and control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"340 ","pages":"Article 115272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145225734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115270
David B. Olawade , Chiamaka Norah Ezeagu , Chibuike S. Alisi , Aanuoluwapo Clement David-Olawade , Deborah Motilayo Eniola , Temitope Akingbala , Ojima Z. Wada
Mpox, a zoonotic viral disease endemic to several African countries, has re-emerged as a significant public health concern, particularly in regions with limited healthcare resources. Current public health strategies in Africa fall short due to fragmented surveillance systems, delayed diagnostic capabilities, and inadequate resource distribution networks that cannot effectively respond to rapidly evolving outbreaks in remote and underserved areas. This narrative review explores the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance the management and control of Mpox in Africa. AI technologies, including machine learning and predictive analytics, can significantly improve early detection, surveillance, contact tracing, case management, public health communication, and resource allocation. AI-driven tools can analyze large datasets to identify outbreak patterns, automate contact tracing through mobile data, optimize treatment plans, and tailor public health messages to specific communities. However, the successful implementation of AI faces challenges, including limited digital infrastructure, data quality issues, ethical concerns, and the need for capacity building. Furthermore, ongoing research is essential to refine AI algorithms and develop culturally sensitive applications. This review emphasizes the need for investment in infrastructure, training, and ethical frameworks to fully integrate AI into public health systems in Africa. By addressing these challenges, AI can play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of Mpox and enhancing the resilience of healthcare systems against future infectious disease outbreaks. This represents a novel comprehensive synthesis of AI applications specifically for African Mpox control, providing a critical framework for evidence-based implementation strategies in resource-limited settings.
{"title":"AI-driven strategies for enhancing Mpox surveillance and response in Africa","authors":"David B. Olawade , Chiamaka Norah Ezeagu , Chibuike S. Alisi , Aanuoluwapo Clement David-Olawade , Deborah Motilayo Eniola , Temitope Akingbala , Ojima Z. Wada","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mpox, a zoonotic viral disease endemic to several African countries, has re-emerged as a significant public health concern, particularly in regions with limited healthcare resources. Current public health strategies in Africa fall short due to fragmented surveillance systems, delayed diagnostic capabilities, and inadequate resource distribution networks that cannot effectively respond to rapidly evolving outbreaks in remote and underserved areas. This narrative review explores the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance the management and control of Mpox in Africa. AI technologies, including machine learning and predictive analytics, can significantly improve early detection, surveillance, contact tracing, case management, public health communication, and resource allocation. AI-driven tools can analyze large datasets to identify outbreak patterns, automate contact tracing through mobile data, optimize treatment plans, and tailor public health messages to specific communities. However, the successful implementation of AI faces challenges, including limited digital infrastructure, data quality issues, ethical concerns, and the need for capacity building. Furthermore, ongoing research is essential to refine AI algorithms and develop culturally sensitive applications. This review emphasizes the need for investment in infrastructure, training, and ethical frameworks to fully integrate AI into public health systems in Africa. By addressing these challenges, AI can play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of Mpox and enhancing the resilience of healthcare systems against future infectious disease outbreaks. This represents a novel comprehensive synthesis of AI applications specifically for African Mpox control, providing a critical framework for evidence-based implementation strategies in resource-limited settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 115270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115269
Madeeha Afzal , Mark D.P. Willcox , Stephan Praet , Murray Mcdonald , Muhammad Yasir
The COVID-19 pandemic had profound economic and social effects across the globe. The present study evaluated the virus attenuation efficacy of an environmental decontamination system named photon-mediated electron emitter (PMEE) on aerosolized and surface-associated coronavirus. The intensity of hyper-charged photoelectrons emitted by the PMEE were measured over distances of 1–5 m using a photon-detection mapping device. The antiviral efficacy of the PMEE was tested against mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-1) ATCC/VR261. For aerosolised studies, the MHV-1 was aerosolized using an electronic diffuser in an enclosed booth. Virus particles were exposed to PMEE for 10 and 15 min. For surface studies, viruses were dried on steel and laminate surfaces and then exposed to the PMEE from distances of 1 and 5-meters. The antiviral potential of the PMEE was evaluated by culturing MHV-1 in A9 ATCC/CCL 1.4 cells using a plaque assay. PMEE emission strength ranged from 1.44 to 1.86 V inside the booth and 0.83–1.86 V outside. The average size of the generated aerosol particles was 3.0 ± 0.3 µm. After 10 min exposure, the virucidal effects against particles of 2.1 µm, 1.1 µm, and 0.65 µm pore sizes were 74.5 ± 11.1 %, 79 ± 4.9 %, and 96 ± 1.4 % respectively. On surfaces, a 1-minute exposure at 1 m resulted in a 60 ± 0.5 % reduction on steel and 43 ± 2.7 % on laminate. The PMEE-based system effectively reduced the infectivity of MHV-1 both in aerosols and on surfaces, demonstrating strong potential for environmental decontamination applications.
{"title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of a novel environmental decontamination system utilizing low-energy hyper-charged photoelectrons against coronavirus","authors":"Madeeha Afzal , Mark D.P. Willcox , Stephan Praet , Murray Mcdonald , Muhammad Yasir","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic had profound economic and social effects across the globe. The present study evaluated the virus attenuation efficacy of an environmental decontamination system named photon-mediated electron emitter (PMEE) on aerosolized and surface-associated coronavirus. The intensity of hyper-charged photoelectrons emitted by the PMEE were measured over distances of 1–5 m using a photon-detection mapping device. The antiviral efficacy of the PMEE was tested against mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-1) ATCC/VR261. For aerosolised studies, the MHV-1 was aerosolized using an electronic diffuser in an enclosed booth. Virus particles were exposed to PMEE for 10 and 15 min. For surface studies, viruses were dried on steel and laminate surfaces and then exposed to the PMEE from distances of 1 and 5-meters. The antiviral potential of the PMEE was evaluated by culturing MHV-1 in A9 ATCC/CCL 1.4 cells using a plaque assay. PMEE emission strength ranged from 1.44 to 1.86 V inside the booth and 0.83–1.86 V outside. The average size of the generated aerosol particles was 3.0 ± 0.3 µm. After 10 min exposure, the virucidal effects against particles of 2.1 µm, 1.1 µm, and 0.65 µm pore sizes were 74.5 ± 11.1 %, 79 ± 4.9 %, and 96 ± 1.4 % respectively. On surfaces, a 1-minute exposure at 1 m resulted in a 60 ± 0.5 % reduction on steel and 43 ± 2.7 % on laminate. The PMEE-based system effectively reduced the infectivity of MHV-1 both in aerosols and on surfaces, demonstrating strong potential for environmental decontamination applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 115269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145124454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115268
Harry Scott , Islay Kamraoui , Madeleine P.J. White , Chris Davis , Hana McMahon , Kate Cuschieri , Sheila V. Graham , Andrew Stevenson
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) causes almost all cases of cervical cancer. Despite the success of cervical screening in reducing cervical cancer incidence, novel tests are required to identify patients with HPV infection who do not have clinically significant disease, minimising unnecessary diagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Digital PCR (dPCR) is a technology that can support the identification and validation of mRNA biomarkers as it allows quantification with high precision. In gene expression studies, the use of reference genes is essential for accurate quantification of the target molecule. We investigated the suitability of a panel of eight reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, RPP30, HPRT1, HMBS, MT-ATP6, UBE2D2 and GUSB) for normalisation of dPCR gene expression data in liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples representing low (CIN1) and high-grade (CIN3) cervical disease. To identify stable candidates, reference genes were compared using geNorm and NormFinder. Results of geNorm analysis indicated that inclusion of the four best performing reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, GUSB and MT-ATP6) is optimal. GAPDH and ACTB were the most stable genes overall but were expressed at very high levels. Therefore, they may not be suitable for normalisation of dPCR data of putative biomarkers where expression levels are consistently much lower. Instead, we recommend the use of GUSB and HMBS as a stable reference gene pair. These are expressed at a suitable level for accurate normalisation of biomarker expression using dPCR.
{"title":"Reference gene evaluation for digital PCR; Applications for RNA biomarker testing in cervical precancer","authors":"Harry Scott , Islay Kamraoui , Madeleine P.J. White , Chris Davis , Hana McMahon , Kate Cuschieri , Sheila V. Graham , Andrew Stevenson","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) causes almost all cases of cervical cancer. Despite the success of cervical screening in reducing cervical cancer incidence, novel tests are required to identify patients with HPV infection who do not have clinically significant disease, minimising unnecessary diagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Digital PCR (dPCR) is a technology that can support the identification and validation of mRNA biomarkers as it allows quantification with high precision. In gene expression studies, the use of reference genes is essential for accurate quantification of the target molecule. We investigated the suitability of a panel of eight reference genes (<em>ACTB</em>, <em>GAPDH</em>, <em>RPP30</em>, <em>HPRT1</em>, <em>HMBS</em>, <em>MT-ATP6</em>, <em>UBE2D2</em> and <em>GUSB</em>) for normalisation of dPCR gene expression data in liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples representing low (CIN1) and high-grade (CIN3) cervical disease. To identify stable candidates, reference genes were compared using geNorm and NormFinder. Results of geNorm analysis indicated that inclusion of the four best performing reference genes (<em>GAPDH</em>, <em>ACTB</em>, <em>GUSB</em> and <em>MT-ATP6</em>) is optimal. <em>GAPDH</em> and <em>ACTB</em> were the most stable genes overall but were expressed at very high levels. Therefore, they may not be suitable for normalisation of dPCR data of putative biomarkers where expression levels are consistently much lower. Instead, we recommend the use of <em>GUSB</em> and <em>HMBS</em> as a stable reference gene pair. These are expressed at a suitable level for accurate normalisation of biomarker expression using dPCR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 115268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115266
Xiaocong Zheng , Hao Xu , Yun Huang , Xinmei Liu , Songqi Zhu , Hong Liu , Shuai Gao
In this study，we developed a new, highly efficient, and sequence-specific method for detecting Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) - CRISPR-associated protein 12a (Cas12a) system. TiLV is a highly contagious virus that has caused significant damage to the global aquaculture industry. Specific primers, CRISPR RNA (crRNA), and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) reporters were designed to detect TiLV genome segment 3, with the ssDNA reporters modified at the 5’ and 3’ ends with fluorophore and quencher groups, respectively. The assay showed no cross-reactivity with other bacterial and viral pathogens in fish. The detection limit was 9.10 copies per reaction for recombinant plasmid standards and 91.82 fg/μL for TiLV RNA, demonstrating high sensitivity. The reverse transcription recombinase aided amplification (RT-RAA) coupled CRISPR/Cas12a method showed 100 % concordance with the standard fluorescence method, indicating its accuracy and suitability for clinical testing. This study innovatively combined the RT-RAA technique with the CRISPR/Cas12a reaction system, offering a new diagnostic method for TiLV that is fast, portable, highly specific, and sensitive. This enables on-site rapid screening for TiLV, ensuring aquaculture safety and the secure circulation of aquatic animal products.
{"title":"Development of an RT-RAA-CRISPR-Cas12a assay for rapid, sensitive and visual detection of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV)","authors":"Xiaocong Zheng , Hao Xu , Yun Huang , Xinmei Liu , Songqi Zhu , Hong Liu , Shuai Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study，we developed a new, highly efficient, and sequence-specific method for detecting Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) - CRISPR-associated protein 12a (Cas12a) system. TiLV is a highly contagious virus that has caused significant damage to the global aquaculture industry. Specific primers, CRISPR RNA (crRNA), and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) reporters were designed to detect TiLV genome segment 3, with the ssDNA reporters modified at the 5’ and 3’ ends with fluorophore and quencher groups, respectively. The assay showed no cross-reactivity with other bacterial and viral pathogens in fish. The detection limit was 9.10 copies per reaction for recombinant plasmid standards and 91.82 fg/μL for TiLV RNA, demonstrating high sensitivity. The reverse transcription recombinase aided amplification (RT-RAA) coupled CRISPR/Cas12a method showed 100 % concordance with the standard fluorescence method, indicating its accuracy and suitability for clinical testing. This study innovatively combined the RT-RAA technique with the CRISPR/Cas12a reaction system, offering a new diagnostic method for TiLV that is fast, portable, highly specific, and sensitive. This enables on-site rapid screening for TiLV, ensuring aquaculture safety and the secure circulation of aquatic animal products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 115266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145103055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115265
Fuxing Hao , Chunhao Tao , Ying Huang , Ruilong Xiao , Daoxian Zhu , Weifeng Yuan , Zhen Wang , Yuxin Li , Hong Jia
Bovine infectious diseases pose a significant threat to cattle health, causing widespread economic losses and profoundly impacting the well-being and productivity of affected herds. Among these, Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV4), Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (BEFV), Bovine Rotavirus (BRV), and Clostridium perfringens (CP) are four common pathogens responsible for a range of clinical manifestations in cattle. Notably, co-infections among these pathogens are relatively prevalent, contributing to the complexity and severity of disease outcomes in affected cattle. To simultaneously detect and differentiate these four pathogens in a single assay, we developed a TaqMan-based multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) method containing four primer-probe sets, designed to target highly conserved or virulence-associated genes specific to each pathogen. The assay was optimized by adjusting primer-probe concentrations and annealing temperatures. Following optimization, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted to assess the analytical performance, including specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and clinical applicability. The results demonstrated that the developed method exhibited no cross-reactivity with other bovine pathogens commonly encountered in clinical settings, achieved a detection limit of as few as 5 copies/μL for all four target pathogens, and showed coefficients of variation (CVs) below 2.26 % in repeatability tests. The method was applied to screen 1012 clinical samples collected from two commercial cattle farms in Jiangsu Province. The results revealed a positivity rate of 5.24 % (53/1012) for one or more of the four pathogens, with BRV, CP, BoHV4, and BEFV accounting for 3.66 %, 1.28 %, 0.30 %, and 0 % of the positive cases, respectively. Co-infections involving multiple pathogens were detected in 0.70 % (7/1012) of the samples. In conclusion, this study successfully developed a one-step multiplex qPCR assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of four common bovine pathogens. The assay provides a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective tool for bovine infectious disease surveillance and control. Its ability to detect mixed infections, combined with its high sensitivity and specificity, makes it particularly suitable for use in cattle farms, enabling rapid and accurate identification of pathogens to support disease management and control.
{"title":"Development of a quadruple qPCR assay for simultaneous detection of four common bovine pathogens","authors":"Fuxing Hao , Chunhao Tao , Ying Huang , Ruilong Xiao , Daoxian Zhu , Weifeng Yuan , Zhen Wang , Yuxin Li , Hong Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine infectious diseases pose a significant threat to cattle health, causing widespread economic losses and profoundly impacting the well-being and productivity of affected herds. Among these, Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV4), Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (BEFV), Bovine Rotavirus (BRV), and Clostridium perfringens (CP) are four common pathogens responsible for a range of clinical manifestations in cattle. Notably, co-infections among these pathogens are relatively prevalent, contributing to the complexity and severity of disease outcomes in affected cattle. To simultaneously detect and differentiate these four pathogens in a single assay, we developed a TaqMan-based multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) method containing four primer-probe sets, designed to target highly conserved or virulence-associated genes specific to each pathogen. The assay was optimized by adjusting primer-probe concentrations and annealing temperatures. Following optimization, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted to assess the analytical performance, including specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and clinical applicability. The results demonstrated that the developed method exhibited no cross-reactivity with other bovine pathogens commonly encountered in clinical settings, achieved a detection limit of as few as 5 copies/μL for all four target pathogens, and showed coefficients of variation (CVs) below 2.26 % in repeatability tests. The method was applied to screen 1012 clinical samples collected from two commercial cattle farms in Jiangsu Province. The results revealed a positivity rate of 5.24 % (53/1012) for one or more of the four pathogens, with BRV, CP, BoHV4, and BEFV accounting for 3.66 %, 1.28 %, 0.30 %, and 0 % of the positive cases, respectively. Co-infections involving multiple pathogens were detected in 0.70 % (7/1012) of the samples. In conclusion, this study successfully developed a one-step multiplex qPCR assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of four common bovine pathogens. The assay provides a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective tool for bovine infectious disease surveillance and control. Its ability to detect mixed infections, combined with its high sensitivity and specificity, makes it particularly suitable for use in cattle farms, enabling rapid and accurate identification of pathogens to support disease management and control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 115265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145103075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115267
Brian R. McMinn, Julie Kelleher, Asja Korajkic
Coliphage are viral indicators of fecal contamination in water while acting as possible proxies for enteric viral pathogens. Depending on contamination levels, coliphage could be present at concentrations necessitating the use of concentrating filters. Hollow-fiber ultrafilters (HFUF) such as Asahi Kasei Rexeed have successfully concentrated coliphage in a dead-end setup (D-HFUF) from environmental waters and are recommended within United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1642. Asahi Kasei Rexeed are not available within the United States, so replacement filters need to be identified. Additionally, coliphage methods lack recommendations for sample holding times to prevent variability in coliphage concentrations between sample collection and analysis. We compared HFUFs, the Fresenius F160NRE and the Elisio-15H, to the Asahi Kasei Rexeed 15S to determine their efficacy in recovering somatic and F+ coliphage from river, lake, marine, and wastewater. A 2 L volume of each matrix (river, lake, marine, and final effluent [n = 10 each]), were concentrated using D-HFUF for each filter brand with coliphage enumerated using the single agar layer (SAL) assay. There was no significant difference in performance between the three filters regardless of sample matrix (p > 0.05). To establish sample holding times, each water matrix (stored at 4ºC) was analyzed on a weekly basis for endogenous coliphage. In wastewater, significant decay occurred within 48 h of collection (P value range: 0.0175–0.0006), while in other matrices, coliphages were stable ≥ 6 days. In this study, we identified replacement HFUFs and pertinent information regarding sample holding times for coliphage monitoring efforts moving forward.
{"title":"Evaluation of dead-end hollowfiber ultrafilter options for enumerating somatic and F+ coliphage in ambient waters and wastewater","authors":"Brian R. McMinn, Julie Kelleher, Asja Korajkic","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coliphage are viral indicators of fecal contamination in water while acting as possible proxies for enteric viral pathogens. Depending on contamination levels, coliphage could be present at concentrations necessitating the use of concentrating filters. Hollow-fiber ultrafilters (HFUF) such as Asahi Kasei Rexeed have successfully concentrated coliphage in a dead-end setup (D-HFUF) from environmental waters and are recommended within United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1642. Asahi Kasei Rexeed are not available within the United States, so replacement filters need to be identified. Additionally, coliphage methods lack recommendations for sample holding times to prevent variability in coliphage concentrations between sample collection and analysis. We compared HFUFs, the Fresenius F160NRE and the Elisio-15H, to the Asahi Kasei Rexeed 15S to determine their efficacy in recovering somatic and F+ coliphage from river, lake, marine, and wastewater. A 2 L volume of each matrix (river, lake, marine, and final effluent [<em>n</em> = 10 each]), were concentrated using D-HFUF for each filter brand with coliphage enumerated using the single agar layer (SAL) assay. There was no significant difference in performance between the three filters regardless of sample matrix (p > 0.05). To establish sample holding times, each water matrix (stored at 4ºC) was analyzed on a weekly basis for endogenous coliphage. In wastewater, significant decay occurred within 48 h of collection (<em>P</em> value range: 0.0175–0.0006), while in other matrices, coliphages were stable ≥ 6 days. In this study, we identified replacement HFUFs and pertinent information regarding sample holding times for coliphage monitoring efforts moving forward.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 115267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145081215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115264
Yu-Chih Chen , Brandon Bullock , Daniel I. Ogbeh , Jinglu Ai , Justin Okoh , Jia Liu , Yuhao Qiang , S. Victor Hsia
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons play a pivotal role in transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system, mediating diverse stimuli such as pain, touch, and temperature. Despite advances, translating findings from rodent models to human applications remains challenging due to species-specific differences, necessitating reliable human DRG neuron models. The immortalized human DRG neuronal cell line HD10.6, derived from embryonic DRG cells and capable of differentiating into functional nociceptive-like neurons, offers a promising in vitro system for studying sensory neuron biology and drug screening. This study explores the utility of GCaMP6s, a genetically encoded calcium indicator, as a molecular tool for imaging sensory activation in HD10.6 cells. To establish HD10.6 as a robust human DRG model, we constructed and characterized adeno-associated virus (AAV9) vectors for efficient GCaMP6s delivery. Differentiated HD10.6 cells were efficiently transduced, and calcium dynamics were validated to assess functional responses to sensory stimuli. The results showed that AAV9 serotype was sufficient to infect HD10.6 and the GCaMP6s was successfully introduced into the cells. The HD10.6-GCaMP6s responded to capsaicin well under the appropriate condition. A series of viral infection studies indicated that herpesvirus HSV-1 triggered robust calcium influx within 5 min after the exposure to the virus. Our findings highlight the potential of GCaMP6s-expressing HD10.6 cells as a high-throughput platform for studying nociception, neuronal signaling, host cell responses to viruses, and therapeutic interventions, bridging the gap between preclinical research and clinical applications.
{"title":"In vitro modeling of human dorsal root ganglion neurons for GCaMP6-based calcium imaging of sensory responses to HSV-1 infection","authors":"Yu-Chih Chen , Brandon Bullock , Daniel I. Ogbeh , Jinglu Ai , Justin Okoh , Jia Liu , Yuhao Qiang , S. Victor Hsia","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons play a pivotal role in transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system, mediating diverse stimuli such as pain, touch, and temperature. Despite advances, translating findings from rodent models to human applications remains challenging due to species-specific differences, necessitating reliable human DRG neuron models. The immortalized human DRG neuronal cell line HD10.6, derived from embryonic DRG cells and capable of differentiating into functional nociceptive-like neurons, offers a promising in vitro system for studying sensory neuron biology and drug screening. This study explores the utility of GCaMP6s, a genetically encoded calcium indicator, as a molecular tool for imaging sensory activation in HD10.6 cells. To establish HD10.6 as a robust human DRG model, we constructed and characterized adeno-associated virus (AAV9) vectors for efficient GCaMP6s delivery. Differentiated HD10.6 cells were efficiently transduced, and calcium dynamics were validated to assess functional responses to sensory stimuli. The results showed that AAV9 serotype was sufficient to infect HD10.6 and the GCaMP6s was successfully introduced into the cells. The HD10.6-GCaMP6s responded to capsaicin well under the appropriate condition. A series of viral infection studies indicated that herpesvirus HSV-1 triggered robust calcium influx within 5 min after the exposure to the virus. Our findings highlight the potential of GCaMP6s-expressing HD10.6 cells as a high-throughput platform for studying nociception, neuronal signaling, host cell responses to viruses, and therapeutic interventions, bridging the gap between preclinical research and clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 115264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115262
Ángela Martínez-Fernández , Josemaría Delgado-Martín , Esmeralda Sanahuja-Edo , Ana Alfaro-Fernández , José Manuel Estévez , Isabel Font-San-Ambrosio , Luis Galipienso , Luis Rubio
Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) of the genus Crinivirus and family Closteroviridae, is an emerging infectious agent transmitted by whiteflies that mainly infects cucumber, melon and watermelon plants. Here, we developed a procedure based on reverse transcription (RT) followed by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to detect CCYV in real-time by using a fluorescent dye and incubating at 65 °C. This method detected CCYV in RNA extracts at about 10 min and in nylon membrane-filtered crude extracts between 55 and 95 min. The detection was sensitive, ten times higher than RT followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specifically detecting different isolates of CCYV without cross-reaction with other viruses of the same genus. This procedure enables the simultaneous analyses of multiple samples, allowing for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of CCYV. By using membrane-filtered crude extracts, RNA purification is unnecessary, so the whole process can be performed in the field with a portable heater and fluorometer, facilitating a rapid response for disease control.
{"title":"Real-time detection of cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus by RT-LAMP","authors":"Ángela Martínez-Fernández , Josemaría Delgado-Martín , Esmeralda Sanahuja-Edo , Ana Alfaro-Fernández , José Manuel Estévez , Isabel Font-San-Ambrosio , Luis Galipienso , Luis Rubio","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) of the genus <em>Crinivirus</em> and family <em>Closteroviridae</em>, is an emerging infectious agent transmitted by whiteflies that mainly infects cucumber, melon and watermelon plants. Here, we developed a procedure based on reverse transcription (RT) followed by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to detect CCYV in real-time by using a fluorescent dye and incubating at 65 °C. This method detected CCYV in RNA extracts at about 10 min and in nylon membrane-filtered crude extracts between 55 and 95 min. The detection was sensitive, ten times higher than RT followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specifically detecting different isolates of CCYV without cross-reaction with other viruses of the same genus. This procedure enables the simultaneous analyses of multiple samples, allowing for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of CCYV. By using membrane-filtered crude extracts, RNA purification is unnecessary, so the whole process can be performed in the field with a portable heater and fluorometer, facilitating a rapid response for disease control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 115262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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