M. Danish, K. B. Ansari, M. Danish, S. Zaidi, M. J. Khalil, R. A. Aftab
This work describes the successful application of the pore volume and surface diffusion (PVSD) model characterizing the batch adsorption of Cu(II) on a chemically modified Cucurbita moschata biosorbent. The PVSD model captures the convective transport of Cu(II) from the bulk solution to the biosorbent surface, followed by its surface and pore diffusion inside the biosorbent. The adsorption of Cu(II) is mimicked using the Langmuir isotherm. The algebraic, ordinary, and partial differential equations, involved in the PVSD model, are solved using the general process modeling system (gPROMS). The model simulation results, depicted by the Cu(II) concentration decay curve, show an excellent match with experimental data. The external mass transfer coefficient (≈10−3 m/s) indicated no restriction on approaching Cu(II) toward the biosorbent surface. Within the biosorbent, surface diffusion was dominant over pore volume diffusion. The statistical analysis of the PVSD model results has been done by calculating R2, Chi-square value, normalized standard deviation, p-value, and root-mean-square error. The PVSD model approach presented in this work could be beneficial to other heavy metal–biosorbent systems.
{"title":"Pore volume and surface diffusion model to characterize batch adsorption of Cu(II) over chemically modified Cucurbita moschata biosorbent: simulation using gPROMS","authors":"M. Danish, K. B. Ansari, M. Danish, S. Zaidi, M. J. Khalil, R. A. Aftab","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.073","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This work describes the successful application of the pore volume and surface diffusion (PVSD) model characterizing the batch adsorption of Cu(II) on a chemically modified Cucurbita moschata biosorbent. The PVSD model captures the convective transport of Cu(II) from the bulk solution to the biosorbent surface, followed by its surface and pore diffusion inside the biosorbent. The adsorption of Cu(II) is mimicked using the Langmuir isotherm. The algebraic, ordinary, and partial differential equations, involved in the PVSD model, are solved using the general process modeling system (gPROMS). The model simulation results, depicted by the Cu(II) concentration decay curve, show an excellent match with experimental data. The external mass transfer coefficient (≈10−3 m/s) indicated no restriction on approaching Cu(II) toward the biosorbent surface. Within the biosorbent, surface diffusion was dominant over pore volume diffusion. The statistical analysis of the PVSD model results has been done by calculating R2, Chi-square value, normalized standard deviation, p-value, and root-mean-square error. The PVSD model approach presented in this work could be beneficial to other heavy metal–biosorbent systems.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88419182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Knocke, Adrianna M. Weber, Paul H. Hargette, Eric Odom
Manganese (Mn) contactors have previously been shown to be quite effective in removing dissolved Mn from drinking water. To date, the contactor media have been regenerated by the application of free chlorine, either continuously in the contactor-applied water or via offline regeneration. This research study was the first to evaluate the potential role of chloramines for the online regeneration of MnOx(s)-coated contactor media. Testing initially at the bench scale and then subsequently over 6 months at the pilot scale demonstrated that chloramines were quite effective at promoting significant media regeneration. Pilot-scale data showed that the presence of chloramines addressed approximately 80% of the media regeneration requirements, allowing for the addition of free chlorine following media backwashing to address the remaining oxidant needs for media regeneration. Hydraulic loading rates of up to 39 m/hr (16 gpm/ft2) could be employed and still produce highly effective Mn removal. The means by which these research results can be applied to other water treatment situations are also discussed.
{"title":"The role of chloramines in enhancing soluble manganese removal by manganese contactors by W.R. Knocke, A.M. Weber, P.H. Hargette and E. Odom","authors":"W. Knocke, Adrianna M. Weber, Paul H. Hargette, Eric Odom","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.143","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Manganese (Mn) contactors have previously been shown to be quite effective in removing dissolved Mn from drinking water. To date, the contactor media have been regenerated by the application of free chlorine, either continuously in the contactor-applied water or via offline regeneration. This research study was the first to evaluate the potential role of chloramines for the online regeneration of MnOx(s)-coated contactor media. Testing initially at the bench scale and then subsequently over 6 months at the pilot scale demonstrated that chloramines were quite effective at promoting significant media regeneration. Pilot-scale data showed that the presence of chloramines addressed approximately 80% of the media regeneration requirements, allowing for the addition of free chlorine following media backwashing to address the remaining oxidant needs for media regeneration. Hydraulic loading rates of up to 39 m/hr (16 gpm/ft2) could be employed and still produce highly effective Mn removal. The means by which these research results can be applied to other water treatment situations are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90932870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Deshmukh, Niraj S. Topare, S. Raut-Jadhav, P. Thorat, Shantini A. Bokil, Anish Khan
The existence of pollutants in the water is a very significant environmental problem that needs to be addressed. This work describes the development and testing of activated carbon made from orange peels, which is effective at removing methyl red (MR) from aqueous solutions, and thus provides a solution to this problem. Adsorbents made in the lab can be characterized by their bulk density, particle size, surface area, and proximate analysis. The surface area of the prepared adsorbent was 512.2 m2g−1. Standard procedures such as XRD, SEM, and FTIR analysis are also used to characterize prepared orange peel-activated carbon. Adsorbent dosage (0.25 to 1.25 g/L), MR concentration (100 to 400 mg/L), temperature (40 to 60 °C), contact time (10 to 60 minutes), and pH (3 to 11) were all examined in this experiment. At an amount of adsorbent of 1 g/L adsorbent, MR concentration of 100 mg/L, and a pH of 11, maximum adsorption has been observed. In order to analyze the results, adsorption models such as the Langmuir and Freundlich were applied. At 60 °C, the adsorption isotherm was found to fit the Langmuir model with 111.11 mg/g. The linear regression correlation coefficient, the R2 value is 0.999. Analytical results showed that MR could be effectively removed by using AC made from waste orange peels as an adsorbent.
{"title":"Orange peel activated carbon produced from waste orange peels for adsorption of methyl red","authors":"S. Deshmukh, Niraj S. Topare, S. Raut-Jadhav, P. Thorat, Shantini A. Bokil, Anish Khan","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.119","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The existence of pollutants in the water is a very significant environmental problem that needs to be addressed. This work describes the development and testing of activated carbon made from orange peels, which is effective at removing methyl red (MR) from aqueous solutions, and thus provides a solution to this problem. Adsorbents made in the lab can be characterized by their bulk density, particle size, surface area, and proximate analysis. The surface area of the prepared adsorbent was 512.2 m2g−1. Standard procedures such as XRD, SEM, and FTIR analysis are also used to characterize prepared orange peel-activated carbon. Adsorbent dosage (0.25 to 1.25 g/L), MR concentration (100 to 400 mg/L), temperature (40 to 60 °C), contact time (10 to 60 minutes), and pH (3 to 11) were all examined in this experiment. At an amount of adsorbent of 1 g/L adsorbent, MR concentration of 100 mg/L, and a pH of 11, maximum adsorption has been observed. In order to analyze the results, adsorption models such as the Langmuir and Freundlich were applied. At 60 °C, the adsorption isotherm was found to fit the Langmuir model with 111.11 mg/g. The linear regression correlation coefficient, the R2 value is 0.999. Analytical results showed that MR could be effectively removed by using AC made from waste orange peels as an adsorbent.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89662961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruihua Zhang, Yunhui Zhang, Xiali Fei, Yingna Hou, Jun Shi, Enchao Li, W. Chu
Concerns have been raised about the significant biofouling and environmental problems caused by the large numbers of Limnoperna fortunei clinging to water intake facilities. This review first provides a summary of the occurrence of L. fortunei in typical regions including China, South America, and Japan. Furthermore, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the biological traits, risks, and control of L. fortunei. Importantly, the planktonic larval stage is a critical period for the expansion of L. fortunei. Its biofouling process mainly relies on the adhesion of byssus to substrates. Various physical and chemical methods have been proposed and used to control L. fortunei. Among these methods, sodium hypochlorite has been shown to be effective in preventing the adhesion of L. fortunei by dissolving its byssus at much lower concentrations. Overall, effective and environmental-friendly antifouling strategies are still rare, particularly in drinking water treatment systems, and are encouraged to develop in future studies. This review not only provides a comprehensive understanding of L. fortunei but also helps to guide the prevention and control of L. fortunei.
{"title":"Limnoperna fortunei as an invasive biofouling bivalve species in freshwater: a review of its occurrence, biological traits, risks, and control strategies","authors":"Ruihua Zhang, Yunhui Zhang, Xiali Fei, Yingna Hou, Jun Shi, Enchao Li, W. Chu","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.238","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Concerns have been raised about the significant biofouling and environmental problems caused by the large numbers of Limnoperna fortunei clinging to water intake facilities. This review first provides a summary of the occurrence of L. fortunei in typical regions including China, South America, and Japan. Furthermore, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the biological traits, risks, and control of L. fortunei. Importantly, the planktonic larval stage is a critical period for the expansion of L. fortunei. Its biofouling process mainly relies on the adhesion of byssus to substrates. Various physical and chemical methods have been proposed and used to control L. fortunei. Among these methods, sodium hypochlorite has been shown to be effective in preventing the adhesion of L. fortunei by dissolving its byssus at much lower concentrations. Overall, effective and environmental-friendly antifouling strategies are still rare, particularly in drinking water treatment systems, and are encouraged to develop in future studies. This review not only provides a comprehensive understanding of L. fortunei but also helps to guide the prevention and control of L. fortunei.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76341459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This thesis provides a water infrastructure planning strategy based on an analysis and evaluation of the present situation, which more effectively integrates the current scenario of rural development while adjusting to the trend of population development and resource allocation in rural China. In the north-central area of Shaanxi Province, 25 villages were chosen for field study in order to get a comprehensive grasp of the population and land-use conditions. The size and population of the area needing sewage and drainage infrastructure are estimated by the projection of rural population decline and the projection of rural building land scale and land-use adjustment. On this basis, sewage and drainage facilities are subsequently planned, including the contents of a three-compartment septic tank, sedimentation tank, sewage network, and ecological treatment tank. This type of water infrastructure design may not only enhance the living environment of the region but also efficiently address the issues of water collection and agricultural irrigation in the desert tablelands, enabling the efficient use of resources and sustainable growth of the community.
{"title":"A study on villages of the planning of water infrastructure planning: 25 villages in Shaanxi Province as an example","authors":"Jing Li, R. Yu","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This thesis provides a water infrastructure planning strategy based on an analysis and evaluation of the present situation, which more effectively integrates the current scenario of rural development while adjusting to the trend of population development and resource allocation in rural China. In the north-central area of Shaanxi Province, 25 villages were chosen for field study in order to get a comprehensive grasp of the population and land-use conditions. The size and population of the area needing sewage and drainage infrastructure are estimated by the projection of rural population decline and the projection of rural building land scale and land-use adjustment. On this basis, sewage and drainage facilities are subsequently planned, including the contents of a three-compartment septic tank, sedimentation tank, sewage network, and ecological treatment tank. This type of water infrastructure design may not only enhance the living environment of the region but also efficiently address the issues of water collection and agricultural irrigation in the desert tablelands, enabling the efficient use of resources and sustainable growth of the community.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88903026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dondu Sarisen, Vasilis Koukoravas, R. Farmani, Z. Kapelan, F. Memon
Intermittent water supply (IWS) is widely used around the world, and with the increase in population and predicted future water scarcity, IWS applications seem to continue. While most of the existing studies on water supply concentrate on continuous water supply (CWS), the research focused on the IWS is now becoming mainstream. Hydraulic modelling is an effective tool for the process of planning, design, rehabilitation, and operation of water distribution systems. It helps significantly in engineers’ decision-making process. The necessity of modelling IWS systems arises from the complexity and variety of problems caused by intermittency. This paper offers a review of the state-of-the-art IWS modelling and identifies the key strengths and limitations of the available approaches, and points at potential research directions. Currently, neither computer software nor a practically used approach is available for modelling IWS. For a rigorous simulation of IWS, system characteristics first need to be understood, i.e., the user behaviour under pressure-deficient conditions, water losses, and filling and emptying processes. Each of them requires further attention and improvement. Additionally, the necessity of real data from IWSs is stressed. Accurate modelling will lead to the development of improved measures for the problems caused by intermittency.
{"title":"Review of hydraulic modelling approaches for intermittent water supply systems","authors":"Dondu Sarisen, Vasilis Koukoravas, R. Farmani, Z. Kapelan, F. Memon","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Intermittent water supply (IWS) is widely used around the world, and with the increase in population and predicted future water scarcity, IWS applications seem to continue. While most of the existing studies on water supply concentrate on continuous water supply (CWS), the research focused on the IWS is now becoming mainstream. Hydraulic modelling is an effective tool for the process of planning, design, rehabilitation, and operation of water distribution systems. It helps significantly in engineers’ decision-making process. The necessity of modelling IWS systems arises from the complexity and variety of problems caused by intermittency. This paper offers a review of the state-of-the-art IWS modelling and identifies the key strengths and limitations of the available approaches, and points at potential research directions. Currently, neither computer software nor a practically used approach is available for modelling IWS. For a rigorous simulation of IWS, system characteristics first need to be understood, i.e., the user behaviour under pressure-deficient conditions, water losses, and filling and emptying processes. Each of them requires further attention and improvement. Additionally, the necessity of real data from IWSs is stressed. Accurate modelling will lead to the development of improved measures for the problems caused by intermittency.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89419239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most of the open well water is of low pH and polluted by an excess of turbidity, acidity, and iron in the district of Malappuram, Kerala, India. In this work, water samples were collected in a random manner from 15 blocks of Malappuram in between the post- and pre-monsoon seasons and studied their quality using standard analytical procedures. Based on the experimental analysis, various physicochemical characteristics, namely turbidity, temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, and iron have been evaluated. It is found that all samples under investigation were of low pH and some samples were contaminated by turbidity, acidity, and iron. However, total dissolved solids and total alkalinity are within the desirable limit in all samples. Samples having excess turbidity and iron show a reddish brown color and it can cause coloration and stain to sanitary fittings, clothes, etc. Excess iron also causes an unpalatable metallic taste to the drinking water.
{"title":"Water quality assessment of open wells in Malappuram district, Kerala","authors":"A. K. Sajeesh, Ajmal Koya Pulikkal","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.095","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Most of the open well water is of low pH and polluted by an excess of turbidity, acidity, and iron in the district of Malappuram, Kerala, India. In this work, water samples were collected in a random manner from 15 blocks of Malappuram in between the post- and pre-monsoon seasons and studied their quality using standard analytical procedures. Based on the experimental analysis, various physicochemical characteristics, namely turbidity, temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, and iron have been evaluated. It is found that all samples under investigation were of low pH and some samples were contaminated by turbidity, acidity, and iron. However, total dissolved solids and total alkalinity are within the desirable limit in all samples. Samples having excess turbidity and iron show a reddish brown color and it can cause coloration and stain to sanitary fittings, clothes, etc. Excess iron also causes an unpalatable metallic taste to the drinking water.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85428303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pipe bursts in water distribution systems (WDSs) lead to large water losses, pollution risks, and public discontent, attracting widespread attention from researchers and water utilities around the world. This study provides insights into the knowledge structure and emerging trends of pipe burst research from a bibliometrics perspective. We used 845 original research and review articles on pipe bursts in the period of January 1991 − June 2022 that cited 16,813 references in the CiteSpace® software for reference co-citation analysis. The results indicate that the knowledge structure of pipe burst research is classified into four categories including pipe burst mechanism, pipe burst detection, pipe burst prediction, and use of sensors. The entire research on pipe bursts advances remarkably. First, pipe burst prediction is the core research category with continuous efforts to improve prediction performance. Second, pipe burst detection is likely to define new research focus to extend existing research focus on pipe burst prediction. Third, computer science and technology are widely and increasingly applied in burst process simulation and data pattern analysis to increase accuracy and effectiveness. This study grasps a full view of current achievements in pipe burst research and provides guidance for future research directions and technological development.
{"title":"Research on pipe burst in water distribution systems: knowledge structure and emerging trends","authors":"Chenwan Wang, Qiang Xu, Yanchun Zhou, Z. Qiang","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.150","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pipe bursts in water distribution systems (WDSs) lead to large water losses, pollution risks, and public discontent, attracting widespread attention from researchers and water utilities around the world. This study provides insights into the knowledge structure and emerging trends of pipe burst research from a bibliometrics perspective. We used 845 original research and review articles on pipe bursts in the period of January 1991 − June 2022 that cited 16,813 references in the CiteSpace® software for reference co-citation analysis. The results indicate that the knowledge structure of pipe burst research is classified into four categories including pipe burst mechanism, pipe burst detection, pipe burst prediction, and use of sensors. The entire research on pipe bursts advances remarkably. First, pipe burst prediction is the core research category with continuous efforts to improve prediction performance. Second, pipe burst detection is likely to define new research focus to extend existing research focus on pipe burst prediction. Third, computer science and technology are widely and increasingly applied in burst process simulation and data pattern analysis to increase accuracy and effectiveness. This study grasps a full view of current achievements in pipe burst research and provides guidance for future research directions and technological development.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78273411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ferrante, D. Rogers, J. Mugabi, Francesco Casinini
Supply interruptions are a common occurrence in water systems and are particularly prevalent in developing countries. During the system filling, the air that entered into the pipes when the supply was closed is expelled through any fissures including service pipes. When a meter is installed, the airflow can cause inaccuracies, over-reading, and reliability issues. This paper investigates experimentally the impact of the airflow on water meter performance during filling by means of a laboratory set-up, using pipes with diameters comparable to those of a real water system. The impact of the airflow on the accuracy and reliability of the water meters is discussed and the potential for over-reading is estimated.
{"title":"Impact of intermittent supply on water meter accuracy","authors":"M. Ferrante, D. Rogers, J. Mugabi, Francesco Casinini","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.091","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Supply interruptions are a common occurrence in water systems and are particularly prevalent in developing countries. During the system filling, the air that entered into the pipes when the supply was closed is expelled through any fissures including service pipes. When a meter is installed, the airflow can cause inaccuracies, over-reading, and reliability issues. This paper investigates experimentally the impact of the airflow on water meter performance during filling by means of a laboratory set-up, using pipes with diameters comparable to those of a real water system. The impact of the airflow on the accuracy and reliability of the water meters is discussed and the potential for over-reading is estimated.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72896199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nima Pournabi, S. Janatrostami, A. Ashrafzadeh, K. Mohammadi
Bankruptcy methods are straightforward practical methods to address the problem of allocating limited sources of water to different users in regions where claims exceed assets. In the present study, three levels of restoration for the Hawr-Al-Azim wetland (35, 50, and 100%) and two agricultural-related scenarios, maintaining the current cultivation area and decreasing the area under cultivation, were considered and assessed using classical bankruptcy methods. The results showed that, because of climatic conditions and agricultural demands, full wetland restoration was out of reach and led to minimum satisfaction levels for agricultural beneficiaries. The results also showed that the modified bankruptcy method led to the highest satisfaction levels for beneficiaries in the scenario of maintaining the current cultivation area. In addition, the percentage of the water supply was increased by applying the scenario of crop restriction in the conditions of the full restoration of the wetland; for example, in the Abbas Plain region, this increase was achieved by almost 10–15% in all methods. On the other hand, decreasing the area under cultivation shifted the allocation problem in the basin to a non-bankruptcy one.
{"title":"Comparison of bankruptcy methods in the operation management of the Karkheh River Basin to allocate more water to the Hawr-Al-Azim Wetland","authors":"Nima Pournabi, S. Janatrostami, A. Ashrafzadeh, K. Mohammadi","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.126","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Bankruptcy methods are straightforward practical methods to address the problem of allocating limited sources of water to different users in regions where claims exceed assets. In the present study, three levels of restoration for the Hawr-Al-Azim wetland (35, 50, and 100%) and two agricultural-related scenarios, maintaining the current cultivation area and decreasing the area under cultivation, were considered and assessed using classical bankruptcy methods. The results showed that, because of climatic conditions and agricultural demands, full wetland restoration was out of reach and led to minimum satisfaction levels for agricultural beneficiaries. The results also showed that the modified bankruptcy method led to the highest satisfaction levels for beneficiaries in the scenario of maintaining the current cultivation area. In addition, the percentage of the water supply was increased by applying the scenario of crop restriction in the conditions of the full restoration of the wetland; for example, in the Abbas Plain region, this increase was achieved by almost 10–15% in all methods. On the other hand, decreasing the area under cultivation shifted the allocation problem in the basin to a non-bankruptcy one.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77521316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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