Hunter Adams, G. Burlingame, K. Ikehata, L. Furatian, I. Suffet
There is general agreement that pH is an important parameter in many drinking water treatment and control processes such as taste and odor (T&O) control. However, pH is not usually targeted as a primary control parameter and its effects on T&O are often overlooked in favor of other treatment issues. When it comes to T&O control, treatment alternatives typically focus on oxidation and adsorption processes. Whether within these processes or separately, pH plays an important role and the effects on T&O should be considered. For example, pH plays a role in the speciation of odorous chemicals in the environment, some of which arise in wastewater treatment and others from the occurrence of metals in water. During blooms of algae and cyanobacteria in surface water, pH is an important parameter affecting water quality and T&O. Finally, as pH is important for the sample preservation and analysis of T&O compounds, pH is important in the fate and control of T&O. The objective of this article is to better understand the various ways that pH can influence T&O production, control, and analysis of odorants in water and encourage advancement in the state of the science of pH optimization for T&O control.
{"title":"The effect of pH on taste and odor production and control of drinking water","authors":"Hunter Adams, G. Burlingame, K. Ikehata, L. Furatian, I. Suffet","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.133","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There is general agreement that pH is an important parameter in many drinking water treatment and control processes such as taste and odor (T&O) control. However, pH is not usually targeted as a primary control parameter and its effects on T&O are often overlooked in favor of other treatment issues. When it comes to T&O control, treatment alternatives typically focus on oxidation and adsorption processes. Whether within these processes or separately, pH plays an important role and the effects on T&O should be considered. For example, pH plays a role in the speciation of odorous chemicals in the environment, some of which arise in wastewater treatment and others from the occurrence of metals in water. During blooms of algae and cyanobacteria in surface water, pH is an important parameter affecting water quality and T&O. Finally, as pH is important for the sample preservation and analysis of T&O compounds, pH is important in the fate and control of T&O. The objective of this article is to better understand the various ways that pH can influence T&O production, control, and analysis of odorants in water and encourage advancement in the state of the science of pH optimization for T&O control.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91204480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pressure transients can cause severe damage in continuous water supply pipe networks, but little is known about pressure transients in intermittent networks. Published examples of high-frequency pressure monitoring in intermittent networks are lacking. Intermittent supply can be caused by the poor network condition and is associated with delivering less water, less frequently, and with poorer quality than continuous supply. Given the frequency with which intermittent systems drain, fill, and change supply regimes, pressure transients have been hypothesized to be common and to be one mechanism by which intermittent supply further degrades the network condition. We present supply start-up data from two very different intermittent systems: a low-pressure, intermittent network in Delhi, India, and a higher-pressure intermittent network in Arraiján, Panama. Across both sites, we found no evidence of substantial pressure transients due to pipe filling. In Arraiján, pump start-ups, pump shutdowns, and pipe bursts were associated with potentially problematic transients. We conclude that pipe filling in the intermittent supply does not always result in concerning pressure transients. The largest risks to pipe conditions we observed were due to pumping changes in close succession; hence, we recommend that utilities operating intermittent (and continuous) systems leave adequate dissipation time between changes in pump operation.
{"title":"Does intermittent supply result in hydraulic transients? Mixed evidence from two systems","authors":"J. Erickson, K. Nelson, David D. J. Meyer","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.206","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pressure transients can cause severe damage in continuous water supply pipe networks, but little is known about pressure transients in intermittent networks. Published examples of high-frequency pressure monitoring in intermittent networks are lacking. Intermittent supply can be caused by the poor network condition and is associated with delivering less water, less frequently, and with poorer quality than continuous supply. Given the frequency with which intermittent systems drain, fill, and change supply regimes, pressure transients have been hypothesized to be common and to be one mechanism by which intermittent supply further degrades the network condition. We present supply start-up data from two very different intermittent systems: a low-pressure, intermittent network in Delhi, India, and a higher-pressure intermittent network in Arraiján, Panama. Across both sites, we found no evidence of substantial pressure transients due to pipe filling. In Arraiján, pump start-ups, pump shutdowns, and pipe bursts were associated with potentially problematic transients. We conclude that pipe filling in the intermittent supply does not always result in concerning pressure transients. The largest risks to pipe conditions we observed were due to pumping changes in close succession; hence, we recommend that utilities operating intermittent (and continuous) systems leave adequate dissipation time between changes in pump operation.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74007813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. R. Prasad, R. Sathyamurthy, A. Kabeel, A. Thakur
One of the most impediments in solar distillation is the lower fresh water yield. In the present study, the effect of water depth on the thermal performance of tubular solar still (TSS) with v-corrugated and flat absorbers has been analyzed experimentally and optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. Experimental results showed that the water temperature of TSS using a v-corrugated absorber is improved by increasing the surface area of water. The peak temperature of water from the TSS using corrugated fins is improved by about 7.54, 7.12, and 3.77% than the TSS with a flat absorber for water depths of 5, 10, and 15 mm, respectively. The average temperature difference between water and cover is improved by about 53.19, 64.28, and 112.90% for water depths of 5, 10, and 15 mm using the TSS with a corrugated absorber than a flat absorber. The influence of water depth on cumulative yield using 5, 10, and 15 mm in the v-corrugated absorber is recorded as 4.35, 3.86, and 3.83 kg, and it is higher to about 108.13, 128.40, and 216.52% compared to the cumulative yield of TSS with a flat absorber, respectively.
{"title":"Performance analysis of tubular solar still with different water depths on corrugated and flat absorbers","authors":"A. R. Prasad, R. Sathyamurthy, A. Kabeel, A. Thakur","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.253","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the most impediments in solar distillation is the lower fresh water yield. In the present study, the effect of water depth on the thermal performance of tubular solar still (TSS) with v-corrugated and flat absorbers has been analyzed experimentally and optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. Experimental results showed that the water temperature of TSS using a v-corrugated absorber is improved by increasing the surface area of water. The peak temperature of water from the TSS using corrugated fins is improved by about 7.54, 7.12, and 3.77% than the TSS with a flat absorber for water depths of 5, 10, and 15 mm, respectively. The average temperature difference between water and cover is improved by about 53.19, 64.28, and 112.90% for water depths of 5, 10, and 15 mm using the TSS with a corrugated absorber than a flat absorber. The influence of water depth on cumulative yield using 5, 10, and 15 mm in the v-corrugated absorber is recorded as 4.35, 3.86, and 3.83 kg, and it is higher to about 108.13, 128.40, and 216.52% compared to the cumulative yield of TSS with a flat absorber, respectively.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85724433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work presents a numerical analysis of transient flow fields in the prefabricated pumping station with two identical pumps to clarify the flow evolution process during the start-up using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. The disturbance between neighboring components and external characteristics of the pump were analyzed and compared. The results demonstrate that the increase of pump head can be divided into two stages: lagging behind the increase of impeller speed and rapid increase of pump head. There is apparent interference between the two pumps, which not only affects the internal flow field distribution of the prefabricated pump station but also severely impacts the pump's performance. The transient impact during the pump start-up threatens the safety of the components of the prefabricated pump station, and the interaction between the pumps causes the pump to deviate from the design working condition. The investigation of results of the complex flow in the prefabricated pumping station during start-up is of great reference to improving the design of the prefabricated pumping station.
{"title":"Transient characteristics during start-up of dual pumps in the prefabricated pumping station","authors":"Qing Li, Rui Zhang, C. Kang","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.234","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This work presents a numerical analysis of transient flow fields in the prefabricated pumping station with two identical pumps to clarify the flow evolution process during the start-up using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. The disturbance between neighboring components and external characteristics of the pump were analyzed and compared. The results demonstrate that the increase of pump head can be divided into two stages: lagging behind the increase of impeller speed and rapid increase of pump head. There is apparent interference between the two pumps, which not only affects the internal flow field distribution of the prefabricated pump station but also severely impacts the pump's performance. The transient impact during the pump start-up threatens the safety of the components of the prefabricated pump station, and the interaction between the pumps causes the pump to deviate from the design working condition. The investigation of results of the complex flow in the prefabricated pumping station during start-up is of great reference to improving the design of the prefabricated pumping station.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86611510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sustainable water supply and water resource management relies on effectively engaging stakeholders in decision making. With water conflicts increasing due to stressors such as population growth, climate change, and aging infrastructure, stakeholder engagement holds the promise to improve decisions, save time and money, and improve relationships between governing bodies and stakeholders. This opinion paper reviews the benefits of engaging stakeholders in water supply management decision-making, assesses the current state of the practice, and predicts future trends in the North American setting. The current use of technology will undoubtedly continue, allowing water managers to engage more stakeholders and engage them more substantively. We predict increased roles for the private and nongovernmental sectors in stakeholder engagement, taking place at different scales, but with a focus on the local level. Evaluating the benefits and effectiveness of engagement processes will help justify the investments, and also support practitioners to determine the most appropriate tools and techniques. Finally, foundational principles of open communication, building and maintaining trust, and ethical decision-making must be placed front and center. We see continued growth in the importance, tools, and application of stakeholder engagement as water managers and the communities they serve to strive towards sustainability.
{"title":"Stakeholder engagement for sustainable water supply management: what does the future hold?","authors":"S. Langsdale, H. Cardwell","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sustainable water supply and water resource management relies on effectively engaging stakeholders in decision making. With water conflicts increasing due to stressors such as population growth, climate change, and aging infrastructure, stakeholder engagement holds the promise to improve decisions, save time and money, and improve relationships between governing bodies and stakeholders. This opinion paper reviews the benefits of engaging stakeholders in water supply management decision-making, assesses the current state of the practice, and predicts future trends in the North American setting. The current use of technology will undoubtedly continue, allowing water managers to engage more stakeholders and engage them more substantively. We predict increased roles for the private and nongovernmental sectors in stakeholder engagement, taking place at different scales, but with a focus on the local level. Evaluating the benefits and effectiveness of engagement processes will help justify the investments, and also support practitioners to determine the most appropriate tools and techniques. Finally, foundational principles of open communication, building and maintaining trust, and ethical decision-making must be placed front and center. We see continued growth in the importance, tools, and application of stakeholder engagement as water managers and the communities they serve to strive towards sustainability.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78626517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seung-hyun Kim, Sang-Goo Kim, Hoon-Sik Yoom, H. Son
Degradation of raw water quality promoted the introduction of GAC (granular activated carbon) filtration and ozonation into Korean drinking water treatment facilities in 1994 in order to cope with organic pollutants. This study focuses on the evaluation of organics reduction performance of the GAC filtration with regenerated carbons using long-term operational data. Three drinking water treatment facilities at Busan were selected for this purpose. It was found in this study that GAC filtration and ozonation helped these facilities to reduce the treated levels of DOC (dissolve organic carbon) as well as of 1,4-dioxane. Regeneration affected organics reduction performance of GAC filtration. The GAC filtration with regenerated carbons was found more effective for DOC reduction, while the filtration with virgin carbons was more effective for THM (trihalomethane) reduction. These results were related to the pore size change that occurred after the regeneration. The regeneration increased the meso pore volume but decreased the micro pore volume. The regeneration cycle was important for the decrease in the micro pore volume. The micro pore volume remained relatively unchanged after the first regeneration but was substantially decreased after the regeneration was repeated by more than second time.
{"title":"Evaluation of organics reduction performance of the GAC filtration with regenerated carbons using the long-term operational data of drinking water treatment facilities","authors":"Seung-hyun Kim, Sang-Goo Kim, Hoon-Sik Yoom, H. Son","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.132","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Degradation of raw water quality promoted the introduction of GAC (granular activated carbon) filtration and ozonation into Korean drinking water treatment facilities in 1994 in order to cope with organic pollutants. This study focuses on the evaluation of organics reduction performance of the GAC filtration with regenerated carbons using long-term operational data. Three drinking water treatment facilities at Busan were selected for this purpose. It was found in this study that GAC filtration and ozonation helped these facilities to reduce the treated levels of DOC (dissolve organic carbon) as well as of 1,4-dioxane. Regeneration affected organics reduction performance of GAC filtration. The GAC filtration with regenerated carbons was found more effective for DOC reduction, while the filtration with virgin carbons was more effective for THM (trihalomethane) reduction. These results were related to the pore size change that occurred after the regeneration. The regeneration increased the meso pore volume but decreased the micro pore volume. The regeneration cycle was important for the decrease in the micro pore volume. The micro pore volume remained relatively unchanged after the first regeneration but was substantially decreased after the regeneration was repeated by more than second time.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77606450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bright Chisadza, Onalenna Gwate, F. Ncube, Nkosinathi Moyo, P. Chiwara
Globally, water is acknowledged as indispensable. It is essential for both human life and environmental needs. However, surface water resources are threatened by human and climatic influences, which may result in changes in size and density. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the normalised difference water index (NDWI), modified normalised difference water index (MNDWI) and automated water extraction index (AWEI) in detecting land surface water changes using Landsat satellite data. The results showed that the AWEI performed considerably better than the MNDWI and NDWI for extracting water surface area in the Upper Mzingwane sub-catchment, with an overall accuracy of 0.93 and a kappa coefficient of 0.82. The MNDWI and NDWI, had overall accuracy/kappa values of 0.88/0.74 and 0.89/0.73, respectively. The AWEI can enhance surface water features while effectively suppressing or eliminating pollution and noise from surrounding vegetation and muddy soil. NDWI/MDWI water information is often mixed with pollution noise, vegetation and muddy soil, overestimating the area of water. All the applied indices indicate a progressive loss in the surface area of the water bodies in the sub-catchment. The decrease in water surface area could be a result of degradation, as the decreasing patterns of water surface area coincide with a decrease in vegetation cover and an increase in degraded areas. Future research needs to investigate the hydrological response of the sub-catchment to the potential influence of climate, variability, change, and LULC changes.
{"title":"Detecting land surface water changes in the Upper Mzingwane sub-catchment using remotely sensed data","authors":"Bright Chisadza, Onalenna Gwate, F. Ncube, Nkosinathi Moyo, P. Chiwara","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.089","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Globally, water is acknowledged as indispensable. It is essential for both human life and environmental needs. However, surface water resources are threatened by human and climatic influences, which may result in changes in size and density. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the normalised difference water index (NDWI), modified normalised difference water index (MNDWI) and automated water extraction index (AWEI) in detecting land surface water changes using Landsat satellite data. The results showed that the AWEI performed considerably better than the MNDWI and NDWI for extracting water surface area in the Upper Mzingwane sub-catchment, with an overall accuracy of 0.93 and a kappa coefficient of 0.82. The MNDWI and NDWI, had overall accuracy/kappa values of 0.88/0.74 and 0.89/0.73, respectively. The AWEI can enhance surface water features while effectively suppressing or eliminating pollution and noise from surrounding vegetation and muddy soil. NDWI/MDWI water information is often mixed with pollution noise, vegetation and muddy soil, overestimating the area of water. All the applied indices indicate a progressive loss in the surface area of the water bodies in the sub-catchment. The decrease in water surface area could be a result of degradation, as the decreasing patterns of water surface area coincide with a decrease in vegetation cover and an increase in degraded areas. Future research needs to investigate the hydrological response of the sub-catchment to the potential influence of climate, variability, change, and LULC changes.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89210443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present research is based on the removal of Brilliant Green (BG) dye from its aqueous solution. Used-tea-powder (UTP) was used as a potential adsorbent to remove BG from aqueous solution. Pore morphology, surface properties, crystalline nature and thermal stability of UTP were assessed by using SEM, FTIR, XRD and TGA analysis. The optimized working conditions were found to be pH 6, UTP dose 100 mg, adsorption time 60 min and BG concentration 100 mg L−1. The qmax obtained from the Langmuir model was 101.01 mg g−1 showing the utility of UTP in dye removal. The breakthrough volume and efficiency of the column were evaluated through column adsorption studies in fixed-bed mode. It was found that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model was followed as evaluated by the correlation studies. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was feasible, exothermic and spontaneous.
{"title":"Adsorption of brilliant green dye by used-tea-powder: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics studies","authors":"S. Vithalkar, R. Jugade, D. Saravanan","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.076","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present research is based on the removal of Brilliant Green (BG) dye from its aqueous solution. Used-tea-powder (UTP) was used as a potential adsorbent to remove BG from aqueous solution. Pore morphology, surface properties, crystalline nature and thermal stability of UTP were assessed by using SEM, FTIR, XRD and TGA analysis. The optimized working conditions were found to be pH 6, UTP dose 100 mg, adsorption time 60 min and BG concentration 100 mg L−1. The qmax obtained from the Langmuir model was 101.01 mg g−1 showing the utility of UTP in dye removal. The breakthrough volume and efficiency of the column were evaluated through column adsorption studies in fixed-bed mode. It was found that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model was followed as evaluated by the correlation studies. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was feasible, exothermic and spontaneous.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89822525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Selvabharathi Gopal, Adishkumar Somanathan, R. Jeyakumar
Tannery wastewater is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic components from various processes with high concentrations of Cr, BOD, COD, TDS, strong colour and pH. The goal of the present work was to determine the optimal solar photo-assisted electrochemical peroxidation process (SPECP) experimental conditions for the treatment of tannery wastewater. Experiments were conducted in a bench-scale stirred tank SPECP reactor of 5 L with iron plates as anode and cathode in a contact effective area of 218 cm2. In the stirred tank reactor at optimal conditions, the SPECP yielded 97% COD, 98% of colour and 92% of chromium (III) removal after 60 min at 15 mA/cm2. SPECP improved the biodegradability (BOD5/COD) of tannery wastewater from 0.4 to 0.6 in 15 min. These results showed that wastewater from tannery industries could be treated up to the level of the minimal national standards of India for waste disposal; COD=90 mg/L, BOD=30 mg/L and chromium (III)=1.2 mg/L at a treatment time of 60 min. The operating cost of the best economic condition with maximum degradation was $8.2/m3.
{"title":"Solar photo-assisted electrochemical peroxidation process for the sustainable treatment of tannery industry wastewater","authors":"Selvabharathi Gopal, Adishkumar Somanathan, R. Jeyakumar","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Tannery wastewater is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic components from various processes with high concentrations of Cr, BOD, COD, TDS, strong colour and pH. The goal of the present work was to determine the optimal solar photo-assisted electrochemical peroxidation process (SPECP) experimental conditions for the treatment of tannery wastewater. Experiments were conducted in a bench-scale stirred tank SPECP reactor of 5 L with iron plates as anode and cathode in a contact effective area of 218 cm2. In the stirred tank reactor at optimal conditions, the SPECP yielded 97% COD, 98% of colour and 92% of chromium (III) removal after 60 min at 15 mA/cm2. SPECP improved the biodegradability (BOD5/COD) of tannery wastewater from 0.4 to 0.6 in 15 min. These results showed that wastewater from tannery industries could be treated up to the level of the minimal national standards of India for waste disposal; COD=90 mg/L, BOD=30 mg/L and chromium (III)=1.2 mg/L at a treatment time of 60 min. The operating cost of the best economic condition with maximum degradation was $8.2/m3.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80336173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rivers rejuvenate themselves by traveling over a distance thereby they assimilate the pollution load and cause their own self-cleansing, also termed ‘Self-purification capacity’. To ascertain such assimilative capacity of the river system, various water quality models (WQMs) were studied. Out of numerous WQMs, six models including QUAL2Kw, WASP, SWAT, SIMCAT, MIKE-11, and CE-QUAL-W2 were selected and studied on basis of their development, characteristics, capabilities and strengths, model input, governing equations, application, assumptions and limitations. A comparison based on such a study showing input variables and data, assumptions and limitations, strengths, and specific characteristics has been carried out and tabulated. While the selection of a model is based on the problem for which the decision-making is to be done. Of all the models, QUAL2Kw and WASP have been found to be advantageous over the rest. For a complex river system, a single model may not work and in such cases, a combination may be tried. A model finally selected for a problem must be calibrated so as to have minimum errors and maximum accuracy.
{"title":"Assimilative capacity and water quality modeling of rivers: a review","authors":"Jalpa Darji, P. Lodha, S. Tyagi","doi":"10.2166/aqua.2022.063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.063","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The rivers rejuvenate themselves by traveling over a distance thereby they assimilate the pollution load and cause their own self-cleansing, also termed ‘Self-purification capacity’. To ascertain such assimilative capacity of the river system, various water quality models (WQMs) were studied. Out of numerous WQMs, six models including QUAL2Kw, WASP, SWAT, SIMCAT, MIKE-11, and CE-QUAL-W2 were selected and studied on basis of their development, characteristics, capabilities and strengths, model input, governing equations, application, assumptions and limitations. A comparison based on such a study showing input variables and data, assumptions and limitations, strengths, and specific characteristics has been carried out and tabulated. While the selection of a model is based on the problem for which the decision-making is to be done. Of all the models, QUAL2Kw and WASP have been found to be advantageous over the rest. For a complex river system, a single model may not work and in such cases, a combination may be tried. A model finally selected for a problem must be calibrated so as to have minimum errors and maximum accuracy.","PeriodicalId":17666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82539058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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