CDX2 has been proposed as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer, CDX2 gene is often amplified in colon cancer, there is a lineage survival oncogene function in some tumors, the role of CDX2 protein during CRC development remains debatable. The aim of this study investigate the effect of low CDX2 expression on overall survival (OS) for prognosis of CRC patients and estimate of therapeutic activity of CDX2 expression in predictive of chemotherapy respond. This study done in the Middle Euphrates Unit for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa in Al-Najaf province. This study was carried out on sixty-three cases of CRC in the form of available paraffin blocks who underwent surgical resection between 2015 and 2020. Thirty_ seven blocks of normal non tumoral colorectal tissue collected randomly from archives of two private laboratories during collection of malignant tissue blocks. Nuclear low expression of CDX2 in control and patient groups were 0(0.00%) and 30 (47.6%), while high expression of this protein was 37 (100%) and 33(52.4%) in control and patient groups respectively. OS was longer in patients with low CDX2 protein expression who intake adjuvant chemotherapy (71.33%) with mean survival (24.75±2.81 month) than patients were not intake adjuvant chemotherapy (53.71%) with mean survival (15.227±1.66 month). CDX2 expression regarded as diagnostic marker for non-mucinous CRC. High of CDX2 expression can be used as an independent good prognostic biomarker to predict longer survival of patients with CRC.
{"title":"Role of CDX2 Marker in Patients with Colorectal Cancer","authors":"Mounatadher Al-duhaidahawi","doi":"10.48112/bcs.v2i1.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i1.321","url":null,"abstract":"CDX2 has been proposed as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer, CDX2 gene is often amplified in colon cancer, there is a lineage survival oncogene function in some tumors, the role of CDX2 protein during CRC development remains debatable. The aim of this study investigate the effect of low CDX2 expression on overall survival (OS) for prognosis of CRC patients and estimate of therapeutic activity of CDX2 expression in predictive of chemotherapy respond. This study done in the Middle Euphrates Unit for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa in Al-Najaf province. This study was carried out on sixty-three cases of CRC in the form of available paraffin blocks who underwent surgical resection between 2015 and 2020. Thirty_ seven blocks of normal non tumoral colorectal tissue collected randomly from archives of two private laboratories during collection of malignant tissue blocks. Nuclear low expression of CDX2 in control and patient groups were 0(0.00%) and 30 (47.6%), while high expression of this protein was 37 (100%) and 33(52.4%) in control and patient groups respectively. OS was longer in patients with low CDX2 protein expression who intake adjuvant chemotherapy (71.33%) with mean survival (24.75±2.81 month) than patients were not intake adjuvant chemotherapy (53.71%) with mean survival (15.227±1.66 month). CDX2 expression regarded as diagnostic marker for non-mucinous CRC. High of CDX2 expression can be used as an independent good prognostic biomarker to predict longer survival of patients with CRC.","PeriodicalId":176903,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127747809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mansour Kareem Abd Ali Al-Byati, Aqeel Mahdi Jreo Al-Duhaidahawi
In this research, the aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) were prepared using electrochemical method. The Features of the electrochemical process are ease and speed, free side product, and economical. The prepared aluminum oxide was characterized using many techniques like x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultra violate – visible (UV-Vis), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The shape of the prepared aluminum oxide was in the form of nanowire and has an energy gap of 3.9. Since fossil fuels are rapidly running out and their consumption increases the average global temperature, which has an impact on human life, the energy crisis is the main global concern. Consequently, in order to generate energy, dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) must be produced. The results indicate that the efficiency (η %) of the solar cell using methyl orange as a dye and fill factor were 1.17 and 56.8, respectively.
{"title":"Synthesis of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells as a Clean Energy","authors":"Mansour Kareem Abd Ali Al-Byati, Aqeel Mahdi Jreo Al-Duhaidahawi","doi":"10.48112/bcs.v2i1.347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i1.347","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, the aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) were prepared using electrochemical method. The Features of the electrochemical process are ease and speed, free side product, and economical. The prepared aluminum oxide was characterized using many techniques like x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultra violate – visible (UV-Vis), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The shape of the prepared aluminum oxide was in the form of nanowire and has an energy gap of 3.9. Since fossil fuels are rapidly running out and their consumption increases the average global temperature, which has an impact on human life, the energy crisis is the main global concern. Consequently, in order to generate energy, dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) must be produced. The results indicate that the efficiency (η %) of the solar cell using methyl orange as a dye and fill factor were 1.17 and 56.8, respectively.","PeriodicalId":176903,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121919383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stevia contains natural compounds that are plant herbs that estimated to be 150–400 times sweeter than saccharide. The study included the effect of different concentrations, different pH in present, and without a present ascorbic acid solution. A potentiostat was used as a cyclic voltammetric technique by a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as a nanosensor (MWCNT/GCE) to enhance the oxidation-reduction current peaks of stevia compound in blood medium. The oxidation current peak of stevia appeared at 0.028 gm/ml. The study has been found the safety dose used before oxidation of the blood components from the appearing of oxidation current peak of stevia which characterized at -600 mV. Alkaline blood medium in the presence of ascorbic acid acted as an anti-oxidative reagent with present ascorbic acid by enhanced the reduction current peak at -500 mV, so, stevia compound can be used as a safe sweetener alternative of saccharide.
{"title":"Electrochemical Study of the Stevia as an Alternative to the Sugar in Blood Medium Using Nano-Sensor by Cyclic Voltammetry","authors":"M. Radhi","doi":"10.48112/bcs.v2i1.339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i1.339","url":null,"abstract":"Stevia contains natural compounds that are plant herbs that estimated to be 150–400 times sweeter than saccharide. The study included the effect of different concentrations, different pH in present, and without a present ascorbic acid solution. A potentiostat was used as a cyclic voltammetric technique by a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as a nanosensor (MWCNT/GCE) to enhance the oxidation-reduction current peaks of stevia compound in blood medium. The oxidation current peak of stevia appeared at 0.028 gm/ml. The study has been found the safety dose used before oxidation of the blood components from the appearing of oxidation current peak of stevia which characterized at -600 mV. Alkaline blood medium in the presence of ascorbic acid acted as an anti-oxidative reagent with present ascorbic acid by enhanced the reduction current peak at -500 mV, so, stevia compound can be used as a safe sweetener alternative of saccharide.","PeriodicalId":176903,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125780312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azo dye (AD), (Z)-5-amino-2-(((4-(5-(p-tolyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) phenyl) sulfonyl) diazenyl) phenol) and its complex with zinc were prepared and characterized using FTIR, UV-visible, elemental analysis and mass spectrum. Analytical studies showed that this dye had high solubility in ethanol and gave three isopiestic points when studying the pH effect in a range of buffer solutions. The protonation constants pKb1 and pKb2 of nitrogen atom and the ionization constant pKa of OH-group were equal to 3.4, 7.26 and 10.5 respectively. These results indicated the suggested ionization scheme in acidic and basic media. Further, the synthetic AD was provided non-toxic effects using different concentrations, and didn't show any heamolysis effects in the cells in contrast with another chemical compound. The new AD is considered as novel medicine or chemical sanitizer. Further, the biological activity of AD and its complex was tested against four different bacteria, (Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli, Bacillus Cereus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa) and two different fungi (Aspergillus Albicans and Candida Albicans). The results showed that the complexation of AD with zinc was decreased the biological activity of synthetic AD.
{"title":"Analytical Studies and Biological Activity of New Azo Dye and Its Complexation with Zinc","authors":"A. Mohsin, H. Ali","doi":"10.48112/bcs.v2i1.324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i1.324","url":null,"abstract":"Azo dye (AD), (Z)-5-amino-2-(((4-(5-(p-tolyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) phenyl) sulfonyl) diazenyl) phenol) and its complex with zinc were prepared and characterized using FTIR, UV-visible, elemental analysis and mass spectrum. Analytical studies showed that this dye had high solubility in ethanol and gave three isopiestic points when studying the pH effect in a range of buffer solutions. The protonation constants pKb1 and pKb2 of nitrogen atom and the ionization constant pKa of OH-group were equal to 3.4, 7.26 and 10.5 respectively. These results indicated the suggested ionization scheme in acidic and basic media. Further, the synthetic AD was provided non-toxic effects using different concentrations, and didn't show any heamolysis effects in the cells in contrast with another chemical compound. The new AD is considered as novel medicine or chemical sanitizer. Further, the biological activity of AD and its complex was tested against four different bacteria, (Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli, Bacillus Cereus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa) and two different fungi (Aspergillus Albicans and Candida Albicans). The results showed that the complexation of AD with zinc was decreased the biological activity of synthetic AD.","PeriodicalId":176903,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127706896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tritrichomonas foetus causes a venereal disease in cattle called bovine trichomoniasis. T. foetus lives in the reproductive tract of the cow, the surface of the penis and prepuce of the bull and causing early fetal loss and sometimes late term abortions. It can also extend breeding / calving season. In this study, 155 cows of different ages (2-6 years old) and with a variety of clinical signs (repeat breeders, abortions, and discharge only) were examined from different areas in Basrah Province, Iraq from November 2020 to July 2021, and 75 samples collected from healthy animals (without any symptom). The infection rate was detected in wet mount techniques found fewer positive findings than in pouch techniques, with 12 (40%) recorded and in pouch systems, 30 (100%) recorded while in the culture 24(80 %), Giemsa-stained smears 19(63.3%) and Acridine orange was 20 (66.6%). The present study improved that cows more than three years are more susceptible to be infected than cows less than three years. The study concluded that if no control method is applied in Basrah, there is a serious risk of spreading Trichomonas foetus.
{"title":"Investigation of Tritrichomonas Foetus in Cattle Using Different Methods in Basrah City – Iraq","authors":"Muntaha A. H. Nasir, A. S.R., W. Al-Masoudi","doi":"10.48112/bcs.v2i1.334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i1.334","url":null,"abstract":"Tritrichomonas foetus causes a venereal disease in cattle called bovine trichomoniasis. T. foetus lives in the reproductive tract of the cow, the surface of the penis and prepuce of the bull and causing early fetal loss and sometimes late term abortions. It can also extend breeding / calving season. In this study, 155 cows of different ages (2-6 years old) and with a variety of clinical signs (repeat breeders, abortions, and discharge only) were examined from different areas in Basrah Province, Iraq from November 2020 to July 2021, and 75 samples collected from healthy animals (without any symptom). The infection rate was detected in wet mount techniques found fewer positive findings than in pouch techniques, with 12 (40%) recorded and in pouch systems, 30 (100%) recorded while in the culture 24(80 %), Giemsa-stained smears 19(63.3%) and Acridine orange was 20 (66.6%). The present study improved that cows more than three years are more susceptible to be infected than cows less than three years. The study concluded that if no control method is applied in Basrah, there is a serious risk of spreading Trichomonas foetus.","PeriodicalId":176903,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116032981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate, precise, and cost-effective spectrophotometric method has been developed to estimate dopamine in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms based on the redox reaction of dopamine in an acid medium with Yttrium(III) ion as an oxidizing agent. The latter suffers reduction to Yttrium(II) ion and reacted with 1,10-phenanthroline to form a colored product peaking at 510 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5-10 μg mL−1 with a molar absorptivity of 1.16x104 L mole−1 cm−1, Sandall's sensitivity of 0.0131 μg.cm-2 ,the recovery rate of dopamine in pharmaceutical dosage was in the range of 98.97 to 101.57%. The effects of variables such as oxidizing agent, reagent concentration, time of oxidation reaction, surfactant, formation constant of the complex, have been investigated to optimize the procedure. The results have been validated analytically and statistically. The proposed method has been successfully applied to estimate dopamine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
{"title":"A Novel Yttrium(III) Complex for Estimating Dopamine in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms","authors":"A. Nejres, Moath A. Najem","doi":"10.48112/bcs.v2i1.323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i1.323","url":null,"abstract":"A simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate, precise, and cost-effective spectrophotometric method has been developed to estimate dopamine in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms based on the redox reaction of dopamine in an acid medium with Yttrium(III) ion as an oxidizing agent. The latter suffers reduction to Yttrium(II) ion and reacted with 1,10-phenanthroline to form a colored product peaking at 510 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5-10 μg mL−1 with a molar absorptivity of 1.16x104 L mole−1 cm−1, Sandall's sensitivity of 0.0131 μg.cm-2 ,the recovery rate of dopamine in pharmaceutical dosage was in the range of 98.97 to 101.57%. The effects of variables such as oxidizing agent, reagent concentration, time of oxidation reaction, surfactant, formation constant of the complex, have been investigated to optimize the procedure. The results have been validated analytically and statistically. The proposed method has been successfully applied to estimate dopamine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.","PeriodicalId":176903,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115618566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medical colleges are the only places where doctors earn their knowledge and skills for their future career roles in treating patients and helping the community. The curriculum taught in these colleges has a vital role in preparing them for postgraduate continuous education as the sciences in general and medicine in special have been modernized and updated. There are different types of curricula used in Iraqi colleges of medicine, the most prominent one was the traditional subject based. Relatively, the best curriculum used is the summation of the integrated, student-centered, and community-based. The best available way to evaluate the medical curriculum in Iraq is by the certificate of the accreditation standard issues of the National Iraqi Council for Accreditation.
{"title":"Updates in Medical College´s Curriculum in Iraq","authors":"T. Taher","doi":"10.48112/bcs.v2i1.318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i1.318","url":null,"abstract":"Medical colleges are the only places where doctors earn their knowledge and skills for their future career roles in treating patients and helping the community. The curriculum taught in these colleges has a vital role in preparing them for postgraduate continuous education as the sciences in general and medicine in special have been modernized and updated. There are different types of curricula used in Iraqi colleges of medicine, the most prominent one was the traditional subject based. Relatively, the best curriculum used is the summation of the integrated, student-centered, and community-based. The best available way to evaluate the medical curriculum in Iraq is by the certificate of the accreditation standard issues of the National Iraqi Council for Accreditation.","PeriodicalId":176903,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124009919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smart phone used as supporting hardware in different applications in chemical analysis are becoming increasingly important in everyday life. Rapid, easy, and straightforward analytical system flow injection analysis system for the determination of the total phenols was conducted using 4-aminoantipyrine reagent. The detection method was based on the reaction total phenols with reagent in the basic media and subsequent formation of a yellow color product. The samples or standard solutions were injection into a carrier stream to react with 4-aminoantipyrine reagent and ammonium chloride with ammonium hydroxide to give yellow color product, which was detected by spectrophotometer at 510 nm. The experimental condition such as flow rate of reagent and carrier, reagent volume, length of reaction coil and concentration of reagent were optimized. A good linear calibration curve in the range of 250-2000 mg L-1 was obtained with regression equation (y=0.0108 x + 0.3453), (R= 0.9989). The limit of detection was in the amount of 0.0112 mg L-1. The method was successfully applied for the determination of the total phenols in wastewater.
{"title":"Semi – Automation Design Using Flow Injection Analysis System with Smart Phone for the Determination of Total Phenols in Wastewater","authors":"Hakeem Jabbar Ilaybi","doi":"10.48112/bcs.v2i1.381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v2i1.381","url":null,"abstract":"Smart phone used as supporting hardware in different applications in chemical analysis are becoming increasingly important in everyday life. Rapid, easy, and straightforward analytical system flow injection analysis system for the determination of the total phenols was conducted using 4-aminoantipyrine reagent. The detection method was based on the reaction total phenols with reagent in the basic media and subsequent formation of a yellow color product. The samples or standard solutions were injection into a carrier stream to react with 4-aminoantipyrine reagent and ammonium chloride with ammonium hydroxide to give yellow color product, which was detected by spectrophotometer at 510 nm. The experimental condition such as flow rate of reagent and carrier, reagent volume, length of reaction coil and concentration of reagent were optimized. A good linear calibration curve in the range of 250-2000 mg L-1 was obtained with regression equation (y=0.0108 x + 0.3453), (R= 0.9989). The limit of detection was in the amount of 0.0112 mg L-1. The method was successfully applied for the determination of the total phenols in wastewater.","PeriodicalId":176903,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124758621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All across the world, skin diseases are rather frequent. The likelihood of pediculosis capitis (0.2-35 percent, 6.9-35 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa in addition to other parts of South Africa. ), pyoderma (prevalence range 0.2-35 percent, 6.9–35% in Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of South Africa, tinea capitis (1–19.7%), scabies (0.2–24%, 1.3–17% in Sub-Saharan Africa), and viral skin illnesses (0.4–9%, mainly molluscum contagiosum,0-57 percent). A bacterial skin infection is the most frequent kind of skin infection. Numerous bacterial skin infections have been linked to necrotizing fasciitis, scarlet fever, erysipelas, erythrasma, abscesses, folliculitis, furunculosis, and impetigo. Additionally, ecthyma, furunculosis, and mycobacterium skin disorders are covered in this review. Recent studies have revealed modifications in the causes and remedies of bacterial skin infections. In the United States, the prevalence of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is rising.
{"title":"Human Skin Infection A Review Study","authors":"Marwa Husain Abdullah Mohi AL-kahfaji","doi":"10.48112/bcs.v1i4.259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v1i4.259","url":null,"abstract":"All across the world, skin diseases are rather frequent. The likelihood of pediculosis capitis (0.2-35 percent, 6.9-35 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa in addition to other parts of South Africa. ), pyoderma (prevalence range 0.2-35 percent, 6.9–35% in Sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of South Africa, tinea capitis (1–19.7%), scabies (0.2–24%, 1.3–17% in Sub-Saharan Africa), and viral skin illnesses (0.4–9%, mainly molluscum contagiosum,0-57 percent). A bacterial skin infection is the most frequent kind of skin infection. Numerous bacterial skin infections have been linked to necrotizing fasciitis, scarlet fever, erysipelas, erythrasma, abscesses, folliculitis, furunculosis, and impetigo. Additionally, ecthyma, furunculosis, and mycobacterium skin disorders are covered in this review. Recent studies have revealed modifications in the causes and remedies of bacterial skin infections. In the United States, the prevalence of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is rising.","PeriodicalId":176903,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133169110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. K. Shneine, Shayma Muhsen Ahmad, Dhea Sh. Zagheer
In this short review definition, mechanism, and recent developments of the Stetter reaction, in the period last ten years from 2011 to 2021 are presented. This reaction comprises N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed umpolung of aldehydes followed by their capturing with activated carbon-carbon double bonds (Michael acceptors). This work includes also progresses in the inter-molecular and intra-molecular versions and enantioselective transformations. Underscoring the recent advances in the applications of Stetter reaction in the synthesis of various heterocyclic systems and total synthesis of natural products have been also introduced.
{"title":"Recent Developments of Stetter Reaction A Brief Review","authors":"J. K. Shneine, Shayma Muhsen Ahmad, Dhea Sh. Zagheer","doi":"10.48112/bcs.v1i4.246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v1i4.246","url":null,"abstract":"In this short review definition, mechanism, and recent developments of the Stetter reaction, in the period last ten years from 2011 to 2021 are presented. This reaction comprises N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed umpolung of aldehydes followed by their capturing with activated carbon-carbon double bonds (Michael acceptors). This work includes also progresses in the inter-molecular and intra-molecular versions and enantioselective transformations. Underscoring the recent advances in the applications of Stetter reaction in the synthesis of various heterocyclic systems and total synthesis of natural products have been also introduced.","PeriodicalId":176903,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115762223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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