Hossein Mahmoudvand, Amal Khudair Khalaf, Leila Masoori, Javad Ghasemian Yadegari
Background: Due to the unique properties of Astragalus in treating diseases and strengthening the immune system, this study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the immune modulation and apoptosis induction by Astragalus ecbatanus extract against Leishmania tropica. Methods: The study assessed the in vitro efficacy of the Astragalus ecbatanus extract against both the promastigote and amastigote stages of L. tropica (MHOM/AF/88/KK27). Additionally, the effects of the extract on inducing nitric oxide (NO) release and its cytotoxicity on human macrophage cells were determined by calculating the 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50). The study also evaluated the Caspase-3-like activity in extract-treated parasites and conducted quantitative real-time PCR to assess the expression of genes associated with T lymphocytes. Results: Our study demonstrated that the A. ecbatanus extract significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the viability of both L. tropica promastigote and amastigote forms compared to the negative control. Moreover, the extract exhibited a high selectivity index (> 10), indicating its strong specificity towards intracellular parasites while showing low cytotoxicity to host cells. Our results indicated a dose-dependent upregulation of the expression levels of genes for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in macrophages after exposure to A. ecbatanus ethyl acetate extract (P < 0.01). In contrast, the gene expression level of IL-10 exhibited a dose-dependent downregulation after exposure to A. ecbatanus ethyl acetate extract. We also found that the THP-1 macrophages exposed to the A. ecbatanus ethyl acetate extract exhibited enhanced production of nitric oxide (P < 0.001). Additionally, the ethyl acetate extract of A. ecbatanus significantly enhanced caspase-3 activation in Leishmania parasites (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The results demonstrated the significant impact of A. ecbatanus ethyl acetate extract on inhibiting and eradicating Leishmania parasites in laboratory settings. While some cellular mechanisms of action were identified, such as immune modulation and apoptosis induction against Leishmania parasites, further investigation is essential to elucidate the specific mechanisms of action and assess the efficacy in animal and human populations.
{"title":"Antileishmania, Immune Modulation and Apoptosis Induction by Astragalus ecbatanus Extract Against Leishmania tropica","authors":"Hossein Mahmoudvand, Amal Khudair Khalaf, Leila Masoori, Javad Ghasemian Yadegari","doi":"10.5812/jjnpp-146164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-146164","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Due to the unique properties of Astragalus in treating diseases and strengthening the immune system, this study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the immune modulation and apoptosis induction by Astragalus ecbatanus extract against Leishmania tropica. Methods: The study assessed the in vitro efficacy of the Astragalus ecbatanus extract against both the promastigote and amastigote stages of L. tropica (MHOM/AF/88/KK27). Additionally, the effects of the extract on inducing nitric oxide (NO) release and its cytotoxicity on human macrophage cells were determined by calculating the 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50). The study also evaluated the Caspase-3-like activity in extract-treated parasites and conducted quantitative real-time PCR to assess the expression of genes associated with T lymphocytes. Results: Our study demonstrated that the A. ecbatanus extract significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the viability of both L. tropica promastigote and amastigote forms compared to the negative control. Moreover, the extract exhibited a high selectivity index (> 10), indicating its strong specificity towards intracellular parasites while showing low cytotoxicity to host cells. Our results indicated a dose-dependent upregulation of the expression levels of genes for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in macrophages after exposure to A. ecbatanus ethyl acetate extract (P < 0.01). In contrast, the gene expression level of IL-10 exhibited a dose-dependent downregulation after exposure to A. ecbatanus ethyl acetate extract. We also found that the THP-1 macrophages exposed to the A. ecbatanus ethyl acetate extract exhibited enhanced production of nitric oxide (P < 0.001). Additionally, the ethyl acetate extract of A. ecbatanus significantly enhanced caspase-3 activation in Leishmania parasites (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The results demonstrated the significant impact of A. ecbatanus ethyl acetate extract on inhibiting and eradicating Leishmania parasites in laboratory settings. While some cellular mechanisms of action were identified, such as immune modulation and apoptosis induction against Leishmania parasites, further investigation is essential to elucidate the specific mechanisms of action and assess the efficacy in animal and human populations.","PeriodicalId":17745,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mojarrab, Yalda Shokoohinia, Elnaz Allahyari, Kimia Zareei, Seyed Mohammad Zarei
Background: The Artemisia genus is one of the largest genera of the Asteraceae family, with various traditional and modern reported uses. Within this group, Artemisia ciniformis (Dermane Talaei) is an endemic plant of Iran with antioxidant, antimalarial, anticancer, cytoprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Due to these potential benefits, further phytochemical research needs to be conducted to understand its chemotaxonomic and pharmaceutical effects. Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the dichloromethane fraction of A. ciniformis from Iran for phytochemical and chemotaxonomic aspects. Methods: Artemisia ciniformis aerial parts were collected, dried, and extracted by the maceration method using dichloromethane after defatting. The prepared extract was subjected to chromatographic techniques, including column chromatography, vacuum liquid chromatography, and HPLC, to isolate purified compounds, which were identified using spectroscopic analyses such as NMR and EI-MS. Results: Two tetrahydrofuran-type sesquiterpenoids: (1) Hydroxydavanone and (2) arteincultone; two acetophenone derivatives: (3) Xanthoxylin and (4) 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy acetophenone; and a flavonoid, (5) jaceosidin, were isolated. Additionally, a polymethoxylated flavone was obtained in small amounts, and its structure was tentatively assigned as (6) 5,6-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one (Ciniformon). Conclusions: Artemisia ciniformis is a rich source of phytochemicals from various categories, such as sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds, that can be used in systematic studies and medicinal research to treat human disorders by discovering new biologically active as well as lead compounds.
{"title":"Chemical Constituents of the Artemisia ciniformis Aerial Parts Grown in the Northeast of Iran and Their Chemotaxonomic Significance","authors":"M. Mojarrab, Yalda Shokoohinia, Elnaz Allahyari, Kimia Zareei, Seyed Mohammad Zarei","doi":"10.5812/jjnpp-144257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-144257","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Artemisia genus is one of the largest genera of the Asteraceae family, with various traditional and modern reported uses. Within this group, Artemisia ciniformis (Dermane Talaei) is an endemic plant of Iran with antioxidant, antimalarial, anticancer, cytoprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Due to these potential benefits, further phytochemical research needs to be conducted to understand its chemotaxonomic and pharmaceutical effects. Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the dichloromethane fraction of A. ciniformis from Iran for phytochemical and chemotaxonomic aspects. Methods: Artemisia ciniformis aerial parts were collected, dried, and extracted by the maceration method using dichloromethane after defatting. The prepared extract was subjected to chromatographic techniques, including column chromatography, vacuum liquid chromatography, and HPLC, to isolate purified compounds, which were identified using spectroscopic analyses such as NMR and EI-MS. Results: Two tetrahydrofuran-type sesquiterpenoids: (1) Hydroxydavanone and (2) arteincultone; two acetophenone derivatives: (3) Xanthoxylin and (4) 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxy acetophenone; and a flavonoid, (5) jaceosidin, were isolated. Additionally, a polymethoxylated flavone was obtained in small amounts, and its structure was tentatively assigned as (6) 5,6-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one (Ciniformon). Conclusions: Artemisia ciniformis is a rich source of phytochemicals from various categories, such as sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds, that can be used in systematic studies and medicinal research to treat human disorders by discovering new biologically active as well as lead compounds.","PeriodicalId":17745,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141004897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Malekshahi, G. Bahrami, Atefeh Babaei, Shahram Miraghaee, Nastaran Jalilian, Seyed Hamid Madani, Mohammad Hossain Farzaei
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory condition of the colon with no definitive cure, necessitates the exploration of innovative therapies. Herbal remedies combined with conventional drugs may offer complementary benefits, enhancing treatment outcomes. Objectives: This study investigates the therapeutic effects of Heracleum lasiopetalum Boiss in a rat model of acetic acid-induced UC. Methods: Forty-eight adult female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 8 per group) for each of two experiments. UC was induced by intracolonic administration of 1 ml of 4% acetic acid for 10 minutes. In the treatment groups, female rats received an oral gavage of 5%, 10%, and 40% aqueous plant extract, sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg), and distilled water for 6 days, starting 3 days after acetic acid administration. The protective groups received substances via oral gavage from 7 days before to 3 days after acetic acid administration. The extent of mucosal ulcers, hyperemia, inflammation, and mucosal bleeding was evaluated based on the Gerald Classification System Score (Macroscopic). Pathological assessment was conducted on prepared slides using the modified Wallace method (Microscopic). Changes in body and colon weight, along with food and water intake, were examined. Results: Significant changes in food intake were observed in both the extract and positive control treatment groups, exhibiting a notable difference compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05). Body weight changes experienced a significant increase in the positive control treatment group compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was evident between the extract and negative control treatment groups (P > 0.05). In terms of water and food intake, as well as weight changes, no significant differences were detected among the various protective groups (P > 0.05). Both microscopic and macroscopic examinations revealed a substantial enhancement in the colon of the extract and positive control treatment groups compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05), with no significant difference observed between the protective groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Heracleum lasiopetalum extract demonstrates a dose-dependent reduction in colon hyperemia, mucosal ulceration, inflammation, and fibrosis. This highlights its potential as a supplementary treatment option for UC, emphasizing the need for further investigation.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Protective and Healing Effects of Heracleum lasiopetalum Boiss on a Modified Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Model in Rats","authors":"H. Malekshahi, G. Bahrami, Atefeh Babaei, Shahram Miraghaee, Nastaran Jalilian, Seyed Hamid Madani, Mohammad Hossain Farzaei","doi":"10.5812/jjnpp-143801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-143801","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory condition of the colon with no definitive cure, necessitates the exploration of innovative therapies. Herbal remedies combined with conventional drugs may offer complementary benefits, enhancing treatment outcomes. Objectives: This study investigates the therapeutic effects of Heracleum lasiopetalum Boiss in a rat model of acetic acid-induced UC. Methods: Forty-eight adult female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 8 per group) for each of two experiments. UC was induced by intracolonic administration of 1 ml of 4% acetic acid for 10 minutes. In the treatment groups, female rats received an oral gavage of 5%, 10%, and 40% aqueous plant extract, sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg), and distilled water for 6 days, starting 3 days after acetic acid administration. The protective groups received substances via oral gavage from 7 days before to 3 days after acetic acid administration. The extent of mucosal ulcers, hyperemia, inflammation, and mucosal bleeding was evaluated based on the Gerald Classification System Score (Macroscopic). Pathological assessment was conducted on prepared slides using the modified Wallace method (Microscopic). Changes in body and colon weight, along with food and water intake, were examined. Results: Significant changes in food intake were observed in both the extract and positive control treatment groups, exhibiting a notable difference compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05). Body weight changes experienced a significant increase in the positive control treatment group compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was evident between the extract and negative control treatment groups (P > 0.05). In terms of water and food intake, as well as weight changes, no significant differences were detected among the various protective groups (P > 0.05). Both microscopic and macroscopic examinations revealed a substantial enhancement in the colon of the extract and positive control treatment groups compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05), with no significant difference observed between the protective groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Heracleum lasiopetalum extract demonstrates a dose-dependent reduction in colon hyperemia, mucosal ulceration, inflammation, and fibrosis. This highlights its potential as a supplementary treatment option for UC, emphasizing the need for further investigation.","PeriodicalId":17745,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141012459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kourosh Cheraghipour, P. Shakib, Amal Khudair Khalaf, Mohammad Mehrnia, Abbas Moridnia, Sana Amiri, Hossein Mahmoudvand
Background: The hydatid cyst (cystic echinococcosis) is the larval stage of Echinococcusgranulosus sensu lato, which accounts for significant zoonotic infections worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the essential oil derived from Thymbra spicata L. (TSEO) against protoscoleces (PSCs) and hydatid cysts of E. granulosus. Methods: The components of TSEO were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro effects of TSEO on PSCs were determined using the eosin exclusion test. The effect of TSEO on caspase-3 gene expression and exterior ultrastructure of PSCs was investigated using real-time PCR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. In vivo effects of TSEO at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg/day were also studied in mice with hydatid cysts. Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the main compounds in TSEO were carvacrol (65.88%), γ-terpinene (9.71%), and p-cymene (7.82%), respectively. The results showed the highest lethality of TSEO at 30 µg/mL after 60 minutes of exposure. The IC50 value was 18.60 µg/mL after 60 minutes of exposure to TSEO. After exposing PSCs to TSEO, the expression level of the caspase-3 gene increased over time with increasing concentration (P < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy images of the cyst treated with 50 µL/mL of TSEO showed ultrastructural damage, rostellar disorganization, alterations in the teguments, and deformation of the cyst structure. In the in vivo assay, it was found that the average number, size, and weight of hydatid cysts decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after treatment with TSEO. The maximum efficacy was observed after treatment with TSEO at a dose of 40 mg/kg, resulting in a significant decrease in the number, weight, and size of hydatid cysts by 9.6 ± 1.51, 2.64 ± 0.39 g, and 0.18 ± 0.022 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The study findings confirmed the promising in vitro and in vivo effects of TSEO against hydatid cyst infection. Considering the possible mechanisms, TSEO provoked cell wall damage and induced apoptosis. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings and clarify the precise mechanisms of action.
{"title":"Unveiling Therapeutic Effects of Thymbra spicata L. on Cystic Echinococcosis","authors":"Kourosh Cheraghipour, P. Shakib, Amal Khudair Khalaf, Mohammad Mehrnia, Abbas Moridnia, Sana Amiri, Hossein Mahmoudvand","doi":"10.5812/jjnpp-146063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-146063","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The hydatid cyst (cystic echinococcosis) is the larval stage of Echinococcusgranulosus sensu lato, which accounts for significant zoonotic infections worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the essential oil derived from Thymbra spicata L. (TSEO) against protoscoleces (PSCs) and hydatid cysts of E. granulosus. Methods: The components of TSEO were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro effects of TSEO on PSCs were determined using the eosin exclusion test. The effect of TSEO on caspase-3 gene expression and exterior ultrastructure of PSCs was investigated using real-time PCR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. In vivo effects of TSEO at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg/day were also studied in mice with hydatid cysts. Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the main compounds in TSEO were carvacrol (65.88%), γ-terpinene (9.71%), and p-cymene (7.82%), respectively. The results showed the highest lethality of TSEO at 30 µg/mL after 60 minutes of exposure. The IC50 value was 18.60 µg/mL after 60 minutes of exposure to TSEO. After exposing PSCs to TSEO, the expression level of the caspase-3 gene increased over time with increasing concentration (P < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy images of the cyst treated with 50 µL/mL of TSEO showed ultrastructural damage, rostellar disorganization, alterations in the teguments, and deformation of the cyst structure. In the in vivo assay, it was found that the average number, size, and weight of hydatid cysts decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after treatment with TSEO. The maximum efficacy was observed after treatment with TSEO at a dose of 40 mg/kg, resulting in a significant decrease in the number, weight, and size of hydatid cysts by 9.6 ± 1.51, 2.64 ± 0.39 g, and 0.18 ± 0.022 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The study findings confirmed the promising in vitro and in vivo effects of TSEO against hydatid cyst infection. Considering the possible mechanisms, TSEO provoked cell wall damage and induced apoptosis. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings and clarify the precise mechanisms of action.","PeriodicalId":17745,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141013014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ina Ramírez Miranda, J. Acevedo-Fernández, Elizabeth Negrete-León, David Abram Betancur-Ancona, Yolanda Beatriz Moguel-Ordoñez
Background: Honey produced by the Melipona beecheii bees has been highly prized in Mexico since pre-Hispanic times for its therapeutic properties, particularly in wound healing. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects of M. beecheii honey using an animal model. Methods: Honey samples were collected from the state of Yucatan, Mexico. Male albino mice were utilized to test the wound-healing and anti-inflammatory properties of the honey, with pirfenidone (KitosCell®) and indomethacin (1 and 30 mg/mL) serving as positive controls, respectively. Results: From day one, enhancements in wound healing, granulation tissue formation, and continuous contraction of the wound edges were observed. In terms of anti-inflammatory activity, the honey dose was capable of reducing edema comparably to the control group receiving 1 mg/mL of indomethacin. However, differences were noted when compared to the 30 mg/mL indomethacin control group in three of the groups. Conclusions: It can be concluded that M. beecheii honey exhibits wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects comparable to those of the positive controls used in this study. Therefore, it offers a viable alternative for the topical treatment of wounds.
{"title":"In Vivo Wound-Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Honey Produced by Melipona beecheii Bees","authors":"Ina Ramírez Miranda, J. Acevedo-Fernández, Elizabeth Negrete-León, David Abram Betancur-Ancona, Yolanda Beatriz Moguel-Ordoñez","doi":"10.5812/jjnpp-143682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-143682","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Honey produced by the Melipona beecheii bees has been highly prized in Mexico since pre-Hispanic times for its therapeutic properties, particularly in wound healing. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects of M. beecheii honey using an animal model. Methods: Honey samples were collected from the state of Yucatan, Mexico. Male albino mice were utilized to test the wound-healing and anti-inflammatory properties of the honey, with pirfenidone (KitosCell®) and indomethacin (1 and 30 mg/mL) serving as positive controls, respectively. Results: From day one, enhancements in wound healing, granulation tissue formation, and continuous contraction of the wound edges were observed. In terms of anti-inflammatory activity, the honey dose was capable of reducing edema comparably to the control group receiving 1 mg/mL of indomethacin. However, differences were noted when compared to the 30 mg/mL indomethacin control group in three of the groups. Conclusions: It can be concluded that M. beecheii honey exhibits wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects comparable to those of the positive controls used in this study. Therefore, it offers a viable alternative for the topical treatment of wounds.","PeriodicalId":17745,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Asghar Hemmati, M. Ghafourian, M. Khodayar, Hadi Zarin, Masoumeh Saberi Rounkian, Amir Jalali
Background: Previous studies have indicated that sodium cromolyn does not negatively affect steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of sodium cromolyn on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and assess its impact on IL-6, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Methods: The carrageenan-induced paw edema model is widely used for studying inflammatory mechanisms and evaluating anti-inflammatory drugs. The test groups received intraperitoneal injections of sodium cromolyn at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg alongside a positive control group (indomethacin at 5 mg/kg) and a negative control group (which received the solvent, saline). Thirty minutes after drug administration, carrageenan (1% w/v) was injected into the right hind paws of the rats. Changes in paw volume were measured using a plethysmometer at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours post-carrageenan injection. Blood and paw tissue samples were collected three hours after carrageenan administration, and IL-6 levels were determined using the standard rat Interleukin-6 ELISA kit. Results: The plasma and tissue IL-6 levels in the group treated with cromolyn (25 mg/kg) were significantly higher than those in the positive control group (indomethacin 5 mg/kg). Sodium cromolyn at a dose of 25 mg/kg had a negligible effect on reducing paw edema and IL-6 levels in serum and paw tissues compared to indomethacin (5 mg/kg). The IL-6 levels in plasma and tissues for the group receiving 50 mg/kg of cromolyn were not significantly different from those in the indomethacin group (5 mg/kg). However, IL-6 levels in the group treated with 100 mg/kg of cromolyn were significantly lower than those in the indomethacin group. Among the groups treated with sodium cromolyn, the highest and lowest IL-6 levels were observed in the groups receiving 25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of sodium cromolyn, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects of sodium cromolyn at doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg were analyzed, revealing that 25 mg/kg of cromolyn sodium was not significantly effective at any time point (P < 0.05). Additionally, no significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between the 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses at any study hour. Sodium cromolyn at a 50 mg/kg dose was as effective as indomethacin (5 mg/kg) in significantly reducing paw edema. Conclusions: Sodium cromolyn, at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, effectively reduced paw edema and the concentration of serum and paw tissue IL-6 (P < 0.05), demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory activity. Sodium cromolyn at a 50 mg/kg dose is recommended as the anti-inflammatory dose of this drug.
{"title":"Sodium Cromolyn Modulates Carrageenan-Induced Acute Inflammation Through the Interleukin-6 Levels","authors":"Ali Asghar Hemmati, M. Ghafourian, M. Khodayar, Hadi Zarin, Masoumeh Saberi Rounkian, Amir Jalali","doi":"10.5812/jjnpp-140822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-140822","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Previous studies have indicated that sodium cromolyn does not negatively affect steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of sodium cromolyn on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and assess its impact on IL-6, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Methods: The carrageenan-induced paw edema model is widely used for studying inflammatory mechanisms and evaluating anti-inflammatory drugs. The test groups received intraperitoneal injections of sodium cromolyn at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg alongside a positive control group (indomethacin at 5 mg/kg) and a negative control group (which received the solvent, saline). Thirty minutes after drug administration, carrageenan (1% w/v) was injected into the right hind paws of the rats. Changes in paw volume were measured using a plethysmometer at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours post-carrageenan injection. Blood and paw tissue samples were collected three hours after carrageenan administration, and IL-6 levels were determined using the standard rat Interleukin-6 ELISA kit. Results: The plasma and tissue IL-6 levels in the group treated with cromolyn (25 mg/kg) were significantly higher than those in the positive control group (indomethacin 5 mg/kg). Sodium cromolyn at a dose of 25 mg/kg had a negligible effect on reducing paw edema and IL-6 levels in serum and paw tissues compared to indomethacin (5 mg/kg). The IL-6 levels in plasma and tissues for the group receiving 50 mg/kg of cromolyn were not significantly different from those in the indomethacin group (5 mg/kg). However, IL-6 levels in the group treated with 100 mg/kg of cromolyn were significantly lower than those in the indomethacin group. Among the groups treated with sodium cromolyn, the highest and lowest IL-6 levels were observed in the groups receiving 25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of sodium cromolyn, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects of sodium cromolyn at doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg were analyzed, revealing that 25 mg/kg of cromolyn sodium was not significantly effective at any time point (P < 0.05). Additionally, no significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between the 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses at any study hour. Sodium cromolyn at a 50 mg/kg dose was as effective as indomethacin (5 mg/kg) in significantly reducing paw edema. Conclusions: Sodium cromolyn, at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, effectively reduced paw edema and the concentration of serum and paw tissue IL-6 (P < 0.05), demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory activity. Sodium cromolyn at a 50 mg/kg dose is recommended as the anti-inflammatory dose of this drug.","PeriodicalId":17745,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140745353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mrhran Hakimzadeh, Azadeh Arefian, M. Ahmadi, H. Javaherizadeh
Background: Regarding the appropriate effect of probiotics in treating acute diarrhea and the high prevalence of non-bacterial acute diarrhea among children in the population. Objectives: The present study evaluates the effect of synbiotic drops in children with acute diarrhea, including the number of hospitalization days, daily excreted diarrhea volume, duration of diarrhea, and reduction in the number of excretions between the case and control groups. Methods: This was a prospective double-blinded and randomized-controlled clinical trial on children aged 6 - 24 months with non-bloody acute diarrhea were included. The reason for hospitalization was diarrhea. In the case group, the patients consume PediLact (Zisttakhmir, Tehran, Iran) drop (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and bifidobacterium infantis) 109 CFU and fructooligosaccharides. PediLact drop was used with milk or lukewarm food for five days along with other routine hospital cares. The number of hospitalization days, the daily excreted diarrhea, diarrhea duration, and decreasing numbers of excretion in patients were compared. Results: In the current study, 114 children were included. The duration of hospitalization was 3.87 ± 0.9 days in the synbiotic group and 4.26 ± 0.12 days in the placebo group (P-value = 0.001). The time between the onset of diarrhea and recovery was significantly higher in the placebo group than in the synbiotic group (P = 0.032). The number of evacuations was 1.89 ± 0.13 in the synbiotic group and 2.52 ± 0.18 in the placebo group (P = 0.014).
{"title":"Therapeutic Effect of Synbiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)) on Acute non-Bloody Diarrheal Episodes in Hospitalized Children Aged Between 6 - 24 Months: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial","authors":"Mrhran Hakimzadeh, Azadeh Arefian, M. Ahmadi, H. Javaherizadeh","doi":"10.5812/jjnpp-144123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-144123","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Regarding the appropriate effect of probiotics in treating acute diarrhea and the high prevalence of non-bacterial acute diarrhea among children in the population. Objectives: The present study evaluates the effect of synbiotic drops in children with acute diarrhea, including the number of hospitalization days, daily excreted diarrhea volume, duration of diarrhea, and reduction in the number of excretions between the case and control groups. Methods: This was a prospective double-blinded and randomized-controlled clinical trial on children aged 6 - 24 months with non-bloody acute diarrhea were included. The reason for hospitalization was diarrhea. In the case group, the patients consume PediLact (Zisttakhmir, Tehran, Iran) drop (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and bifidobacterium infantis) 109 CFU and fructooligosaccharides. PediLact drop was used with milk or lukewarm food for five days along with other routine hospital cares. The number of hospitalization days, the daily excreted diarrhea, diarrhea duration, and decreasing numbers of excretion in patients were compared. Results: In the current study, 114 children were included. The duration of hospitalization was 3.87 ± 0.9 days in the synbiotic group and 4.26 ± 0.12 days in the placebo group (P-value = 0.001). The time between the onset of diarrhea and recovery was significantly higher in the placebo group than in the synbiotic group (P = 0.032). The number of evacuations was 1.89 ± 0.13 in the synbiotic group and 2.52 ± 0.18 in the placebo group (P = 0.014).","PeriodicalId":17745,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140749108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elahe Raeisi Estabragh, Bahareh Bahman Bijari, Zahra Jamali, Fatemeh Sabzevari, Mahdie Eslamian, Marjan Nikvarz, Mohammad Amin Raeisi Estabragh, Zahra Daee
Background: Respiratory distress ranks among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in premature infants, with intubation and mechanical ventilation being prominent aggressive treatments. Caffeine citrate, a widely used methylxanthine, treats apnea of prematurity in such infants. However, the efficacy of high caffeine doses remains contentious. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and side effects of maintenance doses of caffeine citrate in facilitating tracheal tube removal and reducing subsequent apnea episodes in premature infants in neonatal intensive care units. Methods: Conducted as a randomized clinical trial at Afzalipur Hospital in Kerman, Iran, in 2023, this study involved eighty neonates with gestational ages under 35 weeks. They were divided into two groups: One received an initial caffeine citrate dose of 20 mg/kg followed by a maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg per day until the infant exhibited no apnea for at least 7 days post-extubation, while the other group received a maintenance dose of 10 mg/kg. Variables such as gestational age, sex, weight, and Apgar scores at one and five minutes post-birth were analyzed. The study assessed the effectiveness of caffeine citrate doses in terms of tracheal tube removal and reduction in apnea incidents, with secondary outcomes including patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), feeding intolerance, and tachycardia. Due to data non-normality, non-parametric tests were utilized for mean comparisons and the chi-Square test for qualitative variables and relationships (P-value < 0.05). Results: The findings revealed no significant differences in hospital stay duration, time until separation from the device, Apgar scores at one and five minutes post-birth, or the incidence of PDA, NEC, BPD, and feeding intolerance between the two groups. However, the incidence of tachycardia was notably higher in the group receiving the higher caffeine dose (P-value = 0.026). Conclusions: While the incidence of tachycardia was significantly higher in infants receiving a maintenance dose of 10 mg/kg, there was no observed difference in the efficacy of the two caffeine doses. Therefore, a maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg of caffeine citrate emerges as a more favorable treatment option.
{"title":"Comparison of the Effectiveness of Maintenance Doses of Caffeine Citrate on Tracheal Tube Removal and Apnea After it in Premature Infants Hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Randomized Clinical Trial","authors":"Elahe Raeisi Estabragh, Bahareh Bahman Bijari, Zahra Jamali, Fatemeh Sabzevari, Mahdie Eslamian, Marjan Nikvarz, Mohammad Amin Raeisi Estabragh, Zahra Daee","doi":"10.5812/jjnpp-144265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-144265","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Respiratory distress ranks among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in premature infants, with intubation and mechanical ventilation being prominent aggressive treatments. Caffeine citrate, a widely used methylxanthine, treats apnea of prematurity in such infants. However, the efficacy of high caffeine doses remains contentious. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and side effects of maintenance doses of caffeine citrate in facilitating tracheal tube removal and reducing subsequent apnea episodes in premature infants in neonatal intensive care units. Methods: Conducted as a randomized clinical trial at Afzalipur Hospital in Kerman, Iran, in 2023, this study involved eighty neonates with gestational ages under 35 weeks. They were divided into two groups: One received an initial caffeine citrate dose of 20 mg/kg followed by a maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg per day until the infant exhibited no apnea for at least 7 days post-extubation, while the other group received a maintenance dose of 10 mg/kg. Variables such as gestational age, sex, weight, and Apgar scores at one and five minutes post-birth were analyzed. The study assessed the effectiveness of caffeine citrate doses in terms of tracheal tube removal and reduction in apnea incidents, with secondary outcomes including patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), feeding intolerance, and tachycardia. Due to data non-normality, non-parametric tests were utilized for mean comparisons and the chi-Square test for qualitative variables and relationships (P-value < 0.05). Results: The findings revealed no significant differences in hospital stay duration, time until separation from the device, Apgar scores at one and five minutes post-birth, or the incidence of PDA, NEC, BPD, and feeding intolerance between the two groups. However, the incidence of tachycardia was notably higher in the group receiving the higher caffeine dose (P-value = 0.026). Conclusions: While the incidence of tachycardia was significantly higher in infants receiving a maintenance dose of 10 mg/kg, there was no observed difference in the efficacy of the two caffeine doses. Therefore, a maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg of caffeine citrate emerges as a more favorable treatment option.","PeriodicalId":17745,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140752787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saba Shojaan, Kamyab Andarzbakhsh, Hanieh Jalalian Targhi, Shaghayegh Namvar, Maryam Shiehmorteza, Hoda Ghoreishi Rad, Amir Rezazadeh
Background: Acne scars are a common dermatological condition, presenting various challenges for those affected. Thus, identifying an effective treatment for the lesions left by acne is crucial. It is hypothesized that bromelain and curcumin may be effective in treating scars owing to their anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives: This study represents the first clinical trial to evaluate the impact of a bromelain and curcumin combination on post-acne scar lesions. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted on patients with acne scars. Patients were randomly divided into three groups (A: Bromelain-curcumin, B: Placebo, C: Bromelain-microencapsulated curcumin). Patients received either the supplement or placebo daily for one month. All three groups underwent standard AHA exfoliator treatment. After two and four weeks, the relevant questionnaires (Goodman-Baron's quantitative scoring) were completed to monitor changes in variables and to facilitate statistical analyses. Results: Seventy-six eligible patients were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The evaluation of the investigated variables showed that patients receiving the Anaheal Plus supplement (bromelain-curcumin) experienced significant improvements in erythema and inflammation, as well as more favorable outcomes in Goodman-Baron's quantitative scoring, while no significant improvements were observed in the other groups. Conclusions: Treatment with the bromelain-curcumin supplement reduced inflammation and erythema caused by acne vulgaris after 4 weeks. This combination could be a beneficial adjunct treatment in mitigating symptoms of post-acne scarring. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness in this context.
背景：痤疮疤痕是一种常见的皮肤病，给患者带来了各种挑战。因此，找到治疗痤疮疤痕的有效方法至关重要。据推测，由于菠萝蛋白酶和姜黄素具有抗炎特性，它们可能对治疗疤痕有效。研究目的本研究是首次评估菠萝蛋白酶和姜黄素组合对痤疮后疤痕病变影响的临床试验。研究方法这是一项针对痤疮疤痕患者的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照临床试验。患者被随机分为三组（A：菠萝蛋白酶-姜黄素；B：安慰剂；C：菠萝蛋白酶-微囊姜黄素）。患者每天服用补充剂或安慰剂，为期一个月。三组患者都接受了标准的 AHA 去角质治疗。两周和四周后，完成相关问卷调查（古德曼-巴隆定量评分法），以监测变量的变化并进行统计分析。结果符合条件的 76 名患者被随机分配到三组中的一组。对调查变量的评估结果显示，服用 Anaheal Plus 补充剂（溴氨酸-姜黄素）的患者在红斑和炎症方面有明显改善，在古德曼-巴伦定量评分中也获得了更有利的结果，而其他组则没有观察到明显改善。结论使用菠萝蛋白酶-姜黄素补充剂治疗 4 周后，可减轻寻常痤疮引起的炎症和红斑。这种组合可能是一种有益的辅助治疗方法，可减轻痤疮后瘢痕的症状。需要进一步开展大规模研究，以确认其在这方面的有效性。
{"title":"Evaluating the Efficacy of Bromelain and Curcumin in Treating Acne Scars: A Randomized Clinical Trial","authors":"Saba Shojaan, Kamyab Andarzbakhsh, Hanieh Jalalian Targhi, Shaghayegh Namvar, Maryam Shiehmorteza, Hoda Ghoreishi Rad, Amir Rezazadeh","doi":"10.5812/jjnpp-144048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-144048","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acne scars are a common dermatological condition, presenting various challenges for those affected. Thus, identifying an effective treatment for the lesions left by acne is crucial. It is hypothesized that bromelain and curcumin may be effective in treating scars owing to their anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives: This study represents the first clinical trial to evaluate the impact of a bromelain and curcumin combination on post-acne scar lesions. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted on patients with acne scars. Patients were randomly divided into three groups (A: Bromelain-curcumin, B: Placebo, C: Bromelain-microencapsulated curcumin). Patients received either the supplement or placebo daily for one month. All three groups underwent standard AHA exfoliator treatment. After two and four weeks, the relevant questionnaires (Goodman-Baron's quantitative scoring) were completed to monitor changes in variables and to facilitate statistical analyses. Results: Seventy-six eligible patients were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The evaluation of the investigated variables showed that patients receiving the Anaheal Plus supplement (bromelain-curcumin) experienced significant improvements in erythema and inflammation, as well as more favorable outcomes in Goodman-Baron's quantitative scoring, while no significant improvements were observed in the other groups. Conclusions: Treatment with the bromelain-curcumin supplement reduced inflammation and erythema caused by acne vulgaris after 4 weeks. This combination could be a beneficial adjunct treatment in mitigating symptoms of post-acne scarring. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness in this context.","PeriodicalId":17745,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140210634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zahra Tamiji, Leila Kianpour, Zeinab Pourjabbar, Fatemeh Salami, Mohammadreza Khoshayand, N. Sadeghi, M. Hajimahmoodi
Background: Olive oil is one of the most essential components of the Mediterranean diet, obtained by mechanical extraction from the Olea europaea tree. Based on organoleptic properties (odor and taste) and the amount of free fatty acids, it is divided into three categories: olive oil, virgin olive oil, and extra virgin olive oil. Due to the expensive production procedure of extra virgin olive oil, it is prone to adulteration with low-quality olive oils and other vegetable oils. Objectives: The current study focused on determining the authenticity of olive oil using near-infrared spectroscopy as a non-destructive method in conjunction with chemometrics. Methods: In this study, 100 samples of olive oils, comprising 34 domestic and 66 industrial olive oils, were purchased from the markets of Tehran and Roudbar. Common adulterants such as corn, canola, sunflower, and soybean oils were considered. Binary and ternary mixtures of olive oil with these vegetable oils were prepared and analyzed. Spectra were collected over the range of 12000 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1, and the data were preprocessed using SNV and Detrend before principal component analysis (PCA). Results: The results indicated that corn oil and canola oil were the dominant adulterants in the olive oil samples, likely due to their inexpensiveness and availability in Iran. Conclusions: Since multiple types of fraud were identified in the examined samples, it is recommended that future studies investigate other forms of fraud simultaneously. Additionally, the results demonstrated that principal component analysis could effectively categorize different samples with acceptable discrimination.
{"title":"Detecting Olive Oil Fraud with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics: A Modern Safety Control Approach","authors":"Zahra Tamiji, Leila Kianpour, Zeinab Pourjabbar, Fatemeh Salami, Mohammadreza Khoshayand, N. Sadeghi, M. Hajimahmoodi","doi":"10.5812/jjnpp-142389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-142389","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Olive oil is one of the most essential components of the Mediterranean diet, obtained by mechanical extraction from the Olea europaea tree. Based on organoleptic properties (odor and taste) and the amount of free fatty acids, it is divided into three categories: olive oil, virgin olive oil, and extra virgin olive oil. Due to the expensive production procedure of extra virgin olive oil, it is prone to adulteration with low-quality olive oils and other vegetable oils. Objectives: The current study focused on determining the authenticity of olive oil using near-infrared spectroscopy as a non-destructive method in conjunction with chemometrics. Methods: In this study, 100 samples of olive oils, comprising 34 domestic and 66 industrial olive oils, were purchased from the markets of Tehran and Roudbar. Common adulterants such as corn, canola, sunflower, and soybean oils were considered. Binary and ternary mixtures of olive oil with these vegetable oils were prepared and analyzed. Spectra were collected over the range of 12000 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1, and the data were preprocessed using SNV and Detrend before principal component analysis (PCA). Results: The results indicated that corn oil and canola oil were the dominant adulterants in the olive oil samples, likely due to their inexpensiveness and availability in Iran. Conclusions: Since multiple types of fraud were identified in the examined samples, it is recommended that future studies investigate other forms of fraud simultaneously. Additionally, the results demonstrated that principal component analysis could effectively categorize different samples with acceptable discrimination.","PeriodicalId":17745,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140240738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：