Saleh Jamehdor, N. Hosseinirouzbahani, Seyed javad Hoseinishokoh, K. Ghorban, A. Teimoori, M. Gholami, Parisa Agahi, Ghazale Azizi, M. Mohammadimehr
Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a highly lethal virus that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and is endemic in many countries, including Iran. Therefore, fast, accurate, and reliable diagnosis is crucial for patient management and outbreak control. Objectives: This study aims to optimize a TaqMan multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the rapid and specific diagnosis of CCHFV. Methods: In this study, the L (NC_005301.3) and S (NC_005302.1) fragments were used as reference sequences for blast analysis. The L and S sequence segments of CCHFV with more than 90% identity from different areas were downloaded from the Genbank database. Primers and probes were designed based on the best-conserved regions of CCHFV L and S sequence segments. To construct the plasmid, a 1751 bp fragment from the MS2 phage that was previously amplified using cloning primers was inserted into the pET-32a plasmid. The S and L segments of the CCHFV, which were 110 bp and 135 bp, respectively, were inserted downstream of the MS2 phage sequence from HindIII to NotI. The Viral-like particles (VLPs) were produced in Escherichia coli, strain BL-21(DE3), in the presence of 1 mM Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The stability of VLP particles was confirmed in the presence of the ribonuclease enzyme. The fabrication of VLPs was approved by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with negative staining (1% phosphotungstic acid). To validate the specificity of the primers and probes sequences, we compared them to the NCBI database and tested them experimentally using extracted DNA and RNA samples from healthy subjects and an infectious panel. Results: The VLPs showed complete resistance in the presence of the ribonuclease enzyme, and the TEM results confirmed that the VLPs were correctly produced. The TaqMan multiplex real-time RT-PCR confirmed that the primers and probes were designed correctly and were completely specific to the CCHFV. The limit of detection (LOD) of the multiplex assay for the L and S genes was one copy of the VLPs per µL. Conclusions: This TaqMan assay is reliable for amplifying CCHFV due to its design on conserved regions of the CCHFV sequences, which have minimal variability and high specificity.
{"title":"TaqMan Multiplex Real-time PCR Assay for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Diagnosis Using Armored RNA Technology","authors":"Saleh Jamehdor, N. Hosseinirouzbahani, Seyed javad Hoseinishokoh, K. Ghorban, A. Teimoori, M. Gholami, Parisa Agahi, Ghazale Azizi, M. Mohammadimehr","doi":"10.5812/jjm-134188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-134188","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a highly lethal virus that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and is endemic in many countries, including Iran. Therefore, fast, accurate, and reliable diagnosis is crucial for patient management and outbreak control. Objectives: This study aims to optimize a TaqMan multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the rapid and specific diagnosis of CCHFV. Methods: In this study, the L (NC_005301.3) and S (NC_005302.1) fragments were used as reference sequences for blast analysis. The L and S sequence segments of CCHFV with more than 90% identity from different areas were downloaded from the Genbank database. Primers and probes were designed based on the best-conserved regions of CCHFV L and S sequence segments. To construct the plasmid, a 1751 bp fragment from the MS2 phage that was previously amplified using cloning primers was inserted into the pET-32a plasmid. The S and L segments of the CCHFV, which were 110 bp and 135 bp, respectively, were inserted downstream of the MS2 phage sequence from HindIII to NotI. The Viral-like particles (VLPs) were produced in Escherichia coli, strain BL-21(DE3), in the presence of 1 mM Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). The stability of VLP particles was confirmed in the presence of the ribonuclease enzyme. The fabrication of VLPs was approved by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with negative staining (1% phosphotungstic acid). To validate the specificity of the primers and probes sequences, we compared them to the NCBI database and tested them experimentally using extracted DNA and RNA samples from healthy subjects and an infectious panel. Results: The VLPs showed complete resistance in the presence of the ribonuclease enzyme, and the TEM results confirmed that the VLPs were correctly produced. The TaqMan multiplex real-time RT-PCR confirmed that the primers and probes were designed correctly and were completely specific to the CCHFV. The limit of detection (LOD) of the multiplex assay for the L and S genes was one copy of the VLPs per µL. Conclusions: This TaqMan assay is reliable for amplifying CCHFV due to its design on conserved regions of the CCHFV sequences, which have minimal variability and high specificity.","PeriodicalId":17803,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46760891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Bacterial and viral co-infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). The role of co-infection in ARI patients with Parainfluenza Virus type 3 (PIV3) infection is unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PIV3 co-infections in hospitalized children and assess the co-infections' role in ARI patients with PIV3 infections. Methods: Between January 2018 and December 2021, children were confirmed to have a PIV3 infection via throat swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates. Some digital clinical data were analyzed, including demographic, epidemiological, diagnostic, and laboratory data. Results: During the study period from 2018 to 2021, 2,539 patients were hospitalized with ARI caused by PIV3. Of them, 34.0% had co-infection with other pathogens, and 2.4% had co-infection with more than two pathogens. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the most common co-infecting pathogen (71.3%), followed by other bacteria (13.3%) and viruses (8.2%). A significantly higher proportion of patients with M. pneumoniae co-infection was found in girls (χ2 = 19.233, P < 0.001). Co-infections with M. pneumoniae were observed principally in patients aged 1 – 2 years (χ2 = 202.130, P < 0.001). In contrast, viral (56.3%) and bacterial (66.1%) co-infections occurred mainly in children younger than one year. The diagnosis of PIV3 as a single infection included pneumonia (41.2%), bronchitis (39.9%), upper respiratory tract infections (15.0%), and laryngitis (3.9%), which were distinguished from those with bacterial co-infections (χ2 = 16.424, P = 0.001) and co-infections with more than two pathogens (χ2 = 11.687, P = 0.010). Co-infections of PIV3 with any pathogen were not associated with admissions to intensive care units or ventilator support. However, the mean hospitalization was significantly higher in M. pneumoniae co-infections (t = 2.367, P = 0.018), bacterial co-infections (t = 2.402, P = 0.016), and co-infections with more than two pathogens (t = 2.827, P = 0.006) than in single PIV3 infection. Conclusions: Parainfluenza virus type 3 frequently occurs with other pathogens. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of co-infections with different pathogens differed. Mycoplasma pneumoniae co-infections, bacterial co-infections, and co-infections with more than two pathogens lengthened the hospitalization. Bacterial co-infections and co-infections with more than two pathogens increased the severity of ARI and worsened the symptoms.
背景:细菌和病毒合并感染越来越被认为是急性呼吸道感染(ARI)的原因。ARI患者合并副流感病毒3型(PIV3)感染的合并感染的作用尚不清楚。目的:本研究旨在确定住院儿童PIV3合并感染的患病率，并评估合并感染在伴有PIV3感染的ARI患者中的作用。方法:2018年1月至2021年12月期间，通过咽拭子或鼻咽吸痰确认儿童感染PIV3。分析了一些数字临床数据，包括人口统计、流行病学、诊断和实验室数据。结果:2018年至2021年研究期间，2539例因PIV3引起的ARI住院。其中34.0%的患者合并感染其他病原菌，2.4%的患者合并感染2种以上病原菌。肺炎支原体是最常见的共感染病原体(71.3%)，其次是其他细菌(13.3%)和病毒(8.2%)。女孩合并肺炎支原体感染的比例明显高于女孩(χ2 = 19.233, P < 0.001)。肺炎支原体合并感染主要发生在1 ~ 2岁的患者中(χ2 = 202.130, P < 0.001)。相比之下，病毒(56.3%)和细菌(66.1%)合并感染主要发生在一岁以下的儿童中。PIV3为单一感染的诊断包括肺炎(41.2%)、支气管炎(39.9%)、上呼吸道感染(15.0%)和喉炎(3.9%)，与合并细菌感染(χ2 = 16.424, P = 0.001)和合并两种以上病原体感染(χ2 = 11.687, P = 0.010)有明显区别。PIV3与任何病原体的合并感染与入住重症监护病房或呼吸机支持无关。然而，肺炎支原体合并感染(t = 2.367, P = 0.018)、细菌合并感染(t = 2.402, P = 0.016)和两种以上病原体合并感染(t = 2.827, P = 0.006)的平均住院率显著高于单一PIV3感染。结论:3型副流感病毒常与其他病原体一起发生。不同病原菌合并感染的流行病学和临床特征存在差异。肺炎支原体合并感染、细菌合并感染和两种以上病原体合并感染延长了住院时间。细菌共感染和两种以上病原体的共感染增加了ARI的严重程度并使症状恶化。
{"title":"Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Co-infection with Other Respiratory Pathogens Among Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Infections in Wuhan, China","authors":"Dan Z. Lu, Ying Cheng, Hongbo Hu","doi":"10.5812/jjm-135823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-135823","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacterial and viral co-infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). The role of co-infection in ARI patients with Parainfluenza Virus type 3 (PIV3) infection is unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PIV3 co-infections in hospitalized children and assess the co-infections' role in ARI patients with PIV3 infections. Methods: Between January 2018 and December 2021, children were confirmed to have a PIV3 infection via throat swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates. Some digital clinical data were analyzed, including demographic, epidemiological, diagnostic, and laboratory data. Results: During the study period from 2018 to 2021, 2,539 patients were hospitalized with ARI caused by PIV3. Of them, 34.0% had co-infection with other pathogens, and 2.4% had co-infection with more than two pathogens. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the most common co-infecting pathogen (71.3%), followed by other bacteria (13.3%) and viruses (8.2%). A significantly higher proportion of patients with M. pneumoniae co-infection was found in girls (χ2 = 19.233, P < 0.001). Co-infections with M. pneumoniae were observed principally in patients aged 1 – 2 years (χ2 = 202.130, P < 0.001). In contrast, viral (56.3%) and bacterial (66.1%) co-infections occurred mainly in children younger than one year. The diagnosis of PIV3 as a single infection included pneumonia (41.2%), bronchitis (39.9%), upper respiratory tract infections (15.0%), and laryngitis (3.9%), which were distinguished from those with bacterial co-infections (χ2 = 16.424, P = 0.001) and co-infections with more than two pathogens (χ2 = 11.687, P = 0.010). Co-infections of PIV3 with any pathogen were not associated with admissions to intensive care units or ventilator support. However, the mean hospitalization was significantly higher in M. pneumoniae co-infections (t = 2.367, P = 0.018), bacterial co-infections (t = 2.402, P = 0.016), and co-infections with more than two pathogens (t = 2.827, P = 0.006) than in single PIV3 infection. Conclusions: Parainfluenza virus type 3 frequently occurs with other pathogens. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of co-infections with different pathogens differed. Mycoplasma pneumoniae co-infections, bacterial co-infections, and co-infections with more than two pathogens lengthened the hospitalization. Bacterial co-infections and co-infections with more than two pathogens increased the severity of ARI and worsened the symptoms.","PeriodicalId":17803,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48651042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Moradpoor Shamami, M. Anvari, H. Pourmoshtagh, T. Shafighi, Hadi Seddigh Ebrahim-Saraie
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent infections in hospitals and communities worldwide. Objectives: Due to the medical importance of UTIs caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), this study aimed to investigate pathogenicity island (PAI) markers, O-antigen serogroups, and resistance to antibiotic agents associated with UPEC isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in Rasht city hospitals. Methods: A total of 110 urine samples were taken from patients with UTI referred to selected hospitals in Rasht, Iran. The double-disk synergy test (DDST) was used to detect the isolate’s ability to produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Using particular primers, eight PAIs were detected (ie, PAI I536, PAI II536, PAI III536, PAI IV536, PAI ICFT073, PAI IICFT073, PAI IJ96, and PAI IIJ96). Results: According to the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, a high level of antibiotic resistance was observed against nalidixic acid (81.8%) and co-trimoxazole (78.2%), while the most effective agent was amikacin (85.5%). Double-disk synergy test revealed that the incidence of ESBL-positive strains was 62.7% (69/110). Of the 110 UPEC isolates, 106 (96.4%) carried at least one of the investigated PAI markers. UPEC isolates with PAI IV536 (81.8%) had the highest prevalence, and PAI J196 (6.4%) had the lowest PAI marker. The most predominant serogroup O was O25 (36.4%), followed by O16 (17.3%), while the O4 and O7 serogroups (0.9%) were the lowest serogroups among UPEC isolates. Conclusions: The characterization of our strain revealed the co-occurrence of PAI and serogroups, confirming the importance of antibiotic resistance among the distinct serogroups and PAI markers. Our results have potential application for epidemiological studies and designing UTI treatment strategies against UTIs caused by UPEC.
{"title":"Serogroup and Pathogenicity Island Marker Distributions Among Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates in Rasht, Iran","authors":"Ali Moradpoor Shamami, M. Anvari, H. Pourmoshtagh, T. Shafighi, Hadi Seddigh Ebrahim-Saraie","doi":"10.5812/jjm-132754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-132754","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent infections in hospitals and communities worldwide. Objectives: Due to the medical importance of UTIs caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), this study aimed to investigate pathogenicity island (PAI) markers, O-antigen serogroups, and resistance to antibiotic agents associated with UPEC isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in Rasht city hospitals. Methods: A total of 110 urine samples were taken from patients with UTI referred to selected hospitals in Rasht, Iran. The double-disk synergy test (DDST) was used to detect the isolate’s ability to produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Using particular primers, eight PAIs were detected (ie, PAI I536, PAI II536, PAI III536, PAI IV536, PAI ICFT073, PAI IICFT073, PAI IJ96, and PAI IIJ96). Results: According to the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, a high level of antibiotic resistance was observed against nalidixic acid (81.8%) and co-trimoxazole (78.2%), while the most effective agent was amikacin (85.5%). Double-disk synergy test revealed that the incidence of ESBL-positive strains was 62.7% (69/110). Of the 110 UPEC isolates, 106 (96.4%) carried at least one of the investigated PAI markers. UPEC isolates with PAI IV536 (81.8%) had the highest prevalence, and PAI J196 (6.4%) had the lowest PAI marker. The most predominant serogroup O was O25 (36.4%), followed by O16 (17.3%), while the O4 and O7 serogroups (0.9%) were the lowest serogroups among UPEC isolates. Conclusions: The characterization of our strain revealed the co-occurrence of PAI and serogroups, confirming the importance of antibiotic resistance among the distinct serogroups and PAI markers. Our results have potential application for epidemiological studies and designing UTI treatment strategies against UTIs caused by UPEC.","PeriodicalId":17803,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49620089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Shen, Tao Lv, Ge Huang, Xiaoxiang Zhang, Lisi Zheng, Yunbo Chen
Background: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains have been listed as one of the major clinical concerns. Objectives: We investigated CPKP isolates from non-tertiary hospitals to find disseminated clones and analyze extensive phenotypic and genetic diversity in this study. Methods: In this cohort study, a total of 49 CRKP isolates from 3 hospitals in the same region were collected in 2021. The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were analyzed. Clinical data were retrieved from electronic medical record systems. The molecular types, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, plasmid replicons, and virulence factors were analyzed. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree and transmission networks were constructed using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results: The median age of patients (N = 49) was 66.0 years, and 85.7% were male. The most common CRKP infection was nosocomial pneumonia (75.5%), followed by bacteremia (10.2%). More than 53% of isolates were resistant to ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ/AVI). Forty-five isolates were successfully sequenced; the predominant carbapenem-resistant gene was blaKPC-2 (93.3%). The 30-day mortality in our cohort was 24.5%. The most dominant sequence type (ST) was ST11 (60.0%), followed by ST15 (13.3%). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis exhibited dissemination of ST11 strain clones, ST420, and ST15 clones, both within and outside the given hospital. Conclusions: In this surveillance study, several dissemination chains of CRKP were discovered in the hospital and the region, as ST11 was the main epidemic clone. Our findings suggest that effective infection control practices and antimicrobial stewardship are needed in non-tertiary hospitals in China.
{"title":"Genomic Insights Into Molecular Characteristics and Phylogenetic Linkage Between the Cases of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae From a Non-tertiary Hospital in China: A Cohort Study","authors":"C. Shen, Tao Lv, Ge Huang, Xiaoxiang Zhang, Lisi Zheng, Yunbo Chen","doi":"10.5812/jjm-133210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-133210","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains have been listed as one of the major clinical concerns. Objectives: We investigated CPKP isolates from non-tertiary hospitals to find disseminated clones and analyze extensive phenotypic and genetic diversity in this study. Methods: In this cohort study, a total of 49 CRKP isolates from 3 hospitals in the same region were collected in 2021. The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were analyzed. Clinical data were retrieved from electronic medical record systems. The molecular types, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, plasmid replicons, and virulence factors were analyzed. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree and transmission networks were constructed using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results: The median age of patients (N = 49) was 66.0 years, and 85.7% were male. The most common CRKP infection was nosocomial pneumonia (75.5%), followed by bacteremia (10.2%). More than 53% of isolates were resistant to ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ/AVI). Forty-five isolates were successfully sequenced; the predominant carbapenem-resistant gene was blaKPC-2 (93.3%). The 30-day mortality in our cohort was 24.5%. The most dominant sequence type (ST) was ST11 (60.0%), followed by ST15 (13.3%). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis exhibited dissemination of ST11 strain clones, ST420, and ST15 clones, both within and outside the given hospital. Conclusions: In this surveillance study, several dissemination chains of CRKP were discovered in the hospital and the region, as ST11 was the main epidemic clone. Our findings suggest that effective infection control practices and antimicrobial stewardship are needed in non-tertiary hospitals in China.","PeriodicalId":17803,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46663263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arman Shafiee, S. Rezaian, Mansur Aliyu, Ali Shayeghpour, Z. Mokhames, Hamed Mohammadi, Somayeh Yaslianifard, A. Soleimani, Fatemeh Soleimanifar, Taranom Tojari, M. Qorbani, Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted researchers to look for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenicity in depth. Immune system dysregulation was one of the major mechanisms in its pathogenesis. The evidence regarding the levels of interferons (IFNs) and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients is not well-established. Objectives: Therefore, this study evaluated the expression level of type-I, II, III IFNs, along with interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and FOXP3 genes in patients with severe COVID-19 to provide additional insights regarding the regulation of these cytokines during COVID-19 infection. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from two groups, including severe COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. Ribonucleic acid was extracted to evaluate the expression level of IFN-a, IFN-b, IFN-g, IFN-la, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and FOXP3 genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The correlations between the expression levels of these genes were also assessed. Results: A total of 40 samples were divided into two groups, with each group consisting of 20 samples. When comparing the severe COVID-19 group to the controls, the expression levels of IFN-g, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-10 genes were significantly higher in the severe COVID-19 group. The two groups had no significant differences in IFN-a, IFN-b, IFN-la, IL-1, and FOXP3 expression. The correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between type I and type III IFNs (i.e., IFN-a and IFN-la) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1 and IL-10). Conclusions: This study suggests the possible upregulation of IFN-g, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α during SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. The preliminary findings of this study and those reported previously show that the levels of IFNs and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are not uniformly expressed among all COVID-19 patients and might differ as the disease progresses to the severe stage.
{"title":"Immunologic Profile of Severe COVID-19 Patients in Alborz Province, Iran","authors":"Arman Shafiee, S. Rezaian, Mansur Aliyu, Ali Shayeghpour, Z. Mokhames, Hamed Mohammadi, Somayeh Yaslianifard, A. Soleimani, Fatemeh Soleimanifar, Taranom Tojari, M. Qorbani, Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani","doi":"10.5812/jjm-134264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-134264","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted researchers to look for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenicity in depth. Immune system dysregulation was one of the major mechanisms in its pathogenesis. The evidence regarding the levels of interferons (IFNs) and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients is not well-established. Objectives: Therefore, this study evaluated the expression level of type-I, II, III IFNs, along with interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and FOXP3 genes in patients with severe COVID-19 to provide additional insights regarding the regulation of these cytokines during COVID-19 infection. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from two groups, including severe COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. Ribonucleic acid was extracted to evaluate the expression level of IFN-a, IFN-b, IFN-g, IFN-la, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and FOXP3 genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The correlations between the expression levels of these genes were also assessed. Results: A total of 40 samples were divided into two groups, with each group consisting of 20 samples. When comparing the severe COVID-19 group to the controls, the expression levels of IFN-g, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-10 genes were significantly higher in the severe COVID-19 group. The two groups had no significant differences in IFN-a, IFN-b, IFN-la, IL-1, and FOXP3 expression. The correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between type I and type III IFNs (i.e., IFN-a and IFN-la) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1 and IL-10). Conclusions: This study suggests the possible upregulation of IFN-g, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α during SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. The preliminary findings of this study and those reported previously show that the levels of IFNs and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are not uniformly expressed among all COVID-19 patients and might differ as the disease progresses to the severe stage.","PeriodicalId":17803,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45266009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Bacillus clausii is being studied as a probiotic candidate. There is insufficient information on the antimicrobial and anticancer effects of B. clausii. Objectives: The present investigation was designed to evaluate the anti-bacterial, anti-adenoviral, and apoptosis-inducing activity of B. clausii cell-free supernatant (CFS). Methods: First, the supernatant of B. clausii was collected after culture for 24 h. Then, its anti-bacterial impact on several genera of bacteria was assessed through the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Adenovirus 5 (Ad5) was exposed to the CFS under four conditions, including pre-treatment: first infecting cells with CFS and then with the virus; pre-incubation: incubation of the supernatant and virus for 1.5 hours and then adding to the cells; competition: infection of cells with the simultaneous mixture of the supernatant and virus, and post-treatment: first infecting cells with the virus and then with CFS. The median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) technique determined the virus titer. Real-time PCR was performed to assess the E1A expression. After exposure to the CFS, real-time PCR was utilized to measure the expression of MicroRNA-145, BCL-2, and BAX in HeLa cancer cells. Results: Bacillus clausii supernatant showed an inhibitory effect on MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter. baumannii. The Ad5 titers were reduced by about 4.61, 4, 3.9, and 3.1 Log10 TCID50/mL in pre-treatment, pre-incubation, competition, and post-treatment tests (CFS dilution: 1/4), respectively. Similar results of the viral titration were seen when experimental and control E1A expression levels were compared. Also, B. clausii supernatant during 48 h exposure to HeLa cells increased the transcript of the BAX, BCL-2, and miR-145 genes to 9.1, 2.3, and 55 folds, respectively, compared to the untreated condition. Conclusions: Bacillus clausii can be a potent antimicrobial and anticancer agent. Further research is required to learn about the spectrum of anti-bacterial, antiviral, and anti-cancerous activities of B. clausii.
{"title":"Evaluation of Anti-bacterial, Anti-adenoviral, and Apoptosis-inducing Activity of Bacillus clausii Supernatant","authors":"Z. Fateminasab, M. Shayestehpour, M. Zolfaghari","doi":"10.5812/jjm-132952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-132952","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacillus clausii is being studied as a probiotic candidate. There is insufficient information on the antimicrobial and anticancer effects of B. clausii. Objectives: The present investigation was designed to evaluate the anti-bacterial, anti-adenoviral, and apoptosis-inducing activity of B. clausii cell-free supernatant (CFS). Methods: First, the supernatant of B. clausii was collected after culture for 24 h. Then, its anti-bacterial impact on several genera of bacteria was assessed through the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Adenovirus 5 (Ad5) was exposed to the CFS under four conditions, including pre-treatment: first infecting cells with CFS and then with the virus; pre-incubation: incubation of the supernatant and virus for 1.5 hours and then adding to the cells; competition: infection of cells with the simultaneous mixture of the supernatant and virus, and post-treatment: first infecting cells with the virus and then with CFS. The median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) technique determined the virus titer. Real-time PCR was performed to assess the E1A expression. After exposure to the CFS, real-time PCR was utilized to measure the expression of MicroRNA-145, BCL-2, and BAX in HeLa cancer cells. Results: Bacillus clausii supernatant showed an inhibitory effect on MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter. baumannii. The Ad5 titers were reduced by about 4.61, 4, 3.9, and 3.1 Log10 TCID50/mL in pre-treatment, pre-incubation, competition, and post-treatment tests (CFS dilution: 1/4), respectively. Similar results of the viral titration were seen when experimental and control E1A expression levels were compared. Also, B. clausii supernatant during 48 h exposure to HeLa cells increased the transcript of the BAX, BCL-2, and miR-145 genes to 9.1, 2.3, and 55 folds, respectively, compared to the untreated condition. Conclusions: Bacillus clausii can be a potent antimicrobial and anticancer agent. Further research is required to learn about the spectrum of anti-bacterial, antiviral, and anti-cancerous activities of B. clausii.","PeriodicalId":17803,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43341957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Shojaei, Farokh Rokhbakhsh-Zamin, Ebrahim Rezazadeh Zarandi, F. Sarafzadeh, Sayed Mohammad Reza Khoshroo
Background: Clostridioides difficile is one of the major causes of nosocomial infections, being responsible for 15 to 25% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. It is important to determine the epidemiology and prevalence of this bacterium at hospitals and healthcare centers. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of C. difficile infection (CDI) by identifying toxigenic isolates of C. difficile in different wards of the hospital. Methods: A total of 417 diarrheal stool samples were taken from hospitalized patients in different wards of three educational hospitals in Kerman City, Iran from 2018 to 2020. The samples were cultured on cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar and C. difficile suspected colonies were isolated. Identification of the cdd-3 gene for definitive diagnosis of C. difficile and identification of toxin genes in the positive isolates was performed using the PCR method. Results: A total of 68 isolates (16.3%) of C. difficile were isolated from the specimens. Besides, 8.6% (36/417) and 7.6% (32/417) of the isolates were toxigenic and nontoxigenic, respectively; thus, the prevalence of CDI was 8.6%. Most of the toxigenic isolates had the A+B+CDT- toxin phenotype. The highest prevalence of CDI was observed in males, ICU ward, and age group of 41 - 60. Conclusions: A total of 8.6% of hospitalized patients with diarrhea were infected with C. difficile. The prevalence of CDI in Kerman City is lower than that in Europe, East Asia, and other parts of Iran, but it is almost the same as that in the Middle East.
{"title":"Frequency of Clostridioides difficile Infection Among Hospitalized Patients in Kerman City, Iran","authors":"M. Shojaei, Farokh Rokhbakhsh-Zamin, Ebrahim Rezazadeh Zarandi, F. Sarafzadeh, Sayed Mohammad Reza Khoshroo","doi":"10.5812/jjm-132262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-132262","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Clostridioides difficile is one of the major causes of nosocomial infections, being responsible for 15 to 25% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. It is important to determine the epidemiology and prevalence of this bacterium at hospitals and healthcare centers. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of C. difficile infection (CDI) by identifying toxigenic isolates of C. difficile in different wards of the hospital. Methods: A total of 417 diarrheal stool samples were taken from hospitalized patients in different wards of three educational hospitals in Kerman City, Iran from 2018 to 2020. The samples were cultured on cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar and C. difficile suspected colonies were isolated. Identification of the cdd-3 gene for definitive diagnosis of C. difficile and identification of toxin genes in the positive isolates was performed using the PCR method. Results: A total of 68 isolates (16.3%) of C. difficile were isolated from the specimens. Besides, 8.6% (36/417) and 7.6% (32/417) of the isolates were toxigenic and nontoxigenic, respectively; thus, the prevalence of CDI was 8.6%. Most of the toxigenic isolates had the A+B+CDT- toxin phenotype. The highest prevalence of CDI was observed in males, ICU ward, and age group of 41 - 60. Conclusions: A total of 8.6% of hospitalized patients with diarrhea were infected with C. difficile. The prevalence of CDI in Kerman City is lower than that in Europe, East Asia, and other parts of Iran, but it is almost the same as that in the Middle East.","PeriodicalId":17803,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42307494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mojtaba Taghizadeh Armaki, Mohammad Hossein Tayefeh-Arbab, Jalal Jafarzadeh, Sina Nasrollahian, Z. Baseri, H. Mehdinezhad, R. Rajabnia, Abazar Pournajaf
Background: Nocardia is a Gram-positive and partially acid-fast bacterium. The species are widely distributed in the environment and cause severe human infections. Nocardiosis is not easily identifiable due to the lack of pathognomonic clinical signs. Objectives: The present study was designed to develop and evaluate a simple and quick method based on a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detecting Nocardia spp isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 357 BAL samples were collected from two teaching hospitals. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using a set of species-specific primers for the 16S rRNA gene. Kinyoun acid-fast staining and culture were done on the Sabouraud dextrose plate. The optimal LAMP reaction condition was set at 65°C for 45 min, with the recognition limit as 1 pg DNA/tube and 100 CFU/reaction. In addition to calcein and manganous ions, agarose gel electrophoresis was used to visualize the amplified LAMP products. Results: Out of 357 BAL samples, 0 (0.0%), 4 (1.1%), 9 (2.5%), and 10 (2.8%) Nocardia strains were identified by direct staining of partial acid-fast, streak culture plate, PCR, and LAMP methods, respectively. Conclusions: We developed a new LAMP technique for the recognition of Nocardia, which is fast, very precise, simple, and low-cost. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of the LAMP method to detect Nocardia in clinical samples.
{"title":"Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Test for Rapid Identification of Clinical Nocardia Isolates","authors":"Mojtaba Taghizadeh Armaki, Mohammad Hossein Tayefeh-Arbab, Jalal Jafarzadeh, Sina Nasrollahian, Z. Baseri, H. Mehdinezhad, R. Rajabnia, Abazar Pournajaf","doi":"10.5812/jjm-132432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-132432","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nocardia is a Gram-positive and partially acid-fast bacterium. The species are widely distributed in the environment and cause severe human infections. Nocardiosis is not easily identifiable due to the lack of pathognomonic clinical signs. Objectives: The present study was designed to develop and evaluate a simple and quick method based on a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detecting Nocardia spp isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 357 BAL samples were collected from two teaching hospitals. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using a set of species-specific primers for the 16S rRNA gene. Kinyoun acid-fast staining and culture were done on the Sabouraud dextrose plate. The optimal LAMP reaction condition was set at 65°C for 45 min, with the recognition limit as 1 pg DNA/tube and 100 CFU/reaction. In addition to calcein and manganous ions, agarose gel electrophoresis was used to visualize the amplified LAMP products. Results: Out of 357 BAL samples, 0 (0.0%), 4 (1.1%), 9 (2.5%), and 10 (2.8%) Nocardia strains were identified by direct staining of partial acid-fast, streak culture plate, PCR, and LAMP methods, respectively. Conclusions: We developed a new LAMP technique for the recognition of Nocardia, which is fast, very precise, simple, and low-cost. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of the LAMP method to detect Nocardia in clinical samples.","PeriodicalId":17803,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43278355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ebrahimi, M. Kalantar, Barat Barati, Nayeb Fadaei Dehcheshmeh, Zahra Najafimemar, T. Navidifar, F. Seif
Background: Respiratory viruses play important roles in respiratory tract infections; they are the major cause of diseases such as the common cold, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, etc., in humans that circulate more often in the cold seasons. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many strict public health measures, such as hand hygiene, the use of face masks, social distancing, and quarantines, were implemented worldwide to control the pandemic. Besides controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, these introduced measures might change the spread of other common respiratory viruses. Moreover, with COVID-19 vaccination and reducing public health protocols, the circulation of other respiratory viruses probably increases in the community. Objectives: This study aims to explore changes in the circulation pattern of common respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In the present study, we evaluated the circulation of seven common respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, rhinovirus, and seasonal human Coronaviruses (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1) and their co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in suspected cases of COVID-19 in two time periods before and after COVID-19 vaccination. Clinical nasopharyngeal swabs of 400 suspected cases of COVID-19 were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and seven common respiratory viruses by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Our results showed common respiratory viruses were detected only in 10% and 8% of SARS-CoV-2-positive samples before and after vaccination, respectively, in which there were not any significant differences between them (P-value = 0.14). Moreover, common viral respiratory infections were found only in 12% and 32% of SARS-CoV-2-negative specimens before and after vaccination, respectively, in which there was a significant difference between them (P-value = 0.041). Conclusions: Our data showed a low rate of co-infection of other respiratory viruses with SARS-CoV-2 at both durations, before and after COVID-19 vaccination. Moreover, the circulation of common respiratory viruses before the COVID-19 vaccination was lower, probably due to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI), while virus activity (especially influenza virus A) was significantly increased after COVID-19 vaccination with reducing strict public health measures.
{"title":"The Circulation of Common Respiratory Viruses and Their Co-infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Before and After Coronavirus Disease of 2019 Vaccination","authors":"S. Ebrahimi, M. Kalantar, Barat Barati, Nayeb Fadaei Dehcheshmeh, Zahra Najafimemar, T. Navidifar, F. Seif","doi":"10.5812/jjm-133326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-133326","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Respiratory viruses play important roles in respiratory tract infections; they are the major cause of diseases such as the common cold, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, etc., in humans that circulate more often in the cold seasons. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many strict public health measures, such as hand hygiene, the use of face masks, social distancing, and quarantines, were implemented worldwide to control the pandemic. Besides controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, these introduced measures might change the spread of other common respiratory viruses. Moreover, with COVID-19 vaccination and reducing public health protocols, the circulation of other respiratory viruses probably increases in the community. Objectives: This study aims to explore changes in the circulation pattern of common respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In the present study, we evaluated the circulation of seven common respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, rhinovirus, and seasonal human Coronaviruses (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1) and their co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in suspected cases of COVID-19 in two time periods before and after COVID-19 vaccination. Clinical nasopharyngeal swabs of 400 suspected cases of COVID-19 were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and seven common respiratory viruses by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Our results showed common respiratory viruses were detected only in 10% and 8% of SARS-CoV-2-positive samples before and after vaccination, respectively, in which there were not any significant differences between them (P-value = 0.14). Moreover, common viral respiratory infections were found only in 12% and 32% of SARS-CoV-2-negative specimens before and after vaccination, respectively, in which there was a significant difference between them (P-value = 0.041). Conclusions: Our data showed a low rate of co-infection of other respiratory viruses with SARS-CoV-2 at both durations, before and after COVID-19 vaccination. Moreover, the circulation of common respiratory viruses before the COVID-19 vaccination was lower, probably due to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI), while virus activity (especially influenza virus A) was significantly increased after COVID-19 vaccination with reducing strict public health measures.","PeriodicalId":17803,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47069475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Katiraee, Neda Kiasat, Anahita Kasmaie, Alireza Salimi, H. Shokri
Background: Candida albicans has been shown as the most common species of Candida collected from different animals. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among C. albicans isolates collected from clinical specimens of animals suffering from candidiasis using microsatellite length polymorphism (MLP). Methods: We used MLP for a group of 60 C. albicans strains isolated from various animal species (dog: 16, cat: 10, horse: 10, cow: 14, chicken: 10), previously defined as animal clinical isolates. Three loci, including EF3, CDC3, and HIS3, were amplified, and the products ran onto an ABI XL 370 genetic analyzer, and fragment sizes were determined. Results: Of the 60 clinical strains illustrated, 49 different genotypes were identified with a discriminatory power index of 0.991. A total of 17 alleles and 26 different combinations were identified for EF3 locus, six alleles and 13 combinations for CDC3 locus, and 17 alleles and 27 combinations for HIS3 locus. The most common genotypes were GP9 (four strains) and GP1 and GP33 (three strains). Wright’s fixation index (FST) values were calculated to assess inter-group genetic diversity for all pairwise combinations of the five sub-populations of C. albicans isolated from the different animal hosts. The highest FST values related to C. albicans isolated from chicken to three sub-populations of cats (FST: 0.1397), cows (FST: 0.0639), and horses (FST: 0.0585). Conclusions: The results indicated a moderate genetic differentiation (0.05 < FST < 0.15) between C. albicans strains isolated from cats, cows, and horses as a mammal vs. chickens.
{"title":"Analysis of Microsatellite Length Polymorphism for Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans from Animals","authors":"F. Katiraee, Neda Kiasat, Anahita Kasmaie, Alireza Salimi, H. Shokri","doi":"10.5812/jjm-132587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-132587","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Candida albicans has been shown as the most common species of Candida collected from different animals. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among C. albicans isolates collected from clinical specimens of animals suffering from candidiasis using microsatellite length polymorphism (MLP). Methods: We used MLP for a group of 60 C. albicans strains isolated from various animal species (dog: 16, cat: 10, horse: 10, cow: 14, chicken: 10), previously defined as animal clinical isolates. Three loci, including EF3, CDC3, and HIS3, were amplified, and the products ran onto an ABI XL 370 genetic analyzer, and fragment sizes were determined. Results: Of the 60 clinical strains illustrated, 49 different genotypes were identified with a discriminatory power index of 0.991. A total of 17 alleles and 26 different combinations were identified for EF3 locus, six alleles and 13 combinations for CDC3 locus, and 17 alleles and 27 combinations for HIS3 locus. The most common genotypes were GP9 (four strains) and GP1 and GP33 (three strains). Wright’s fixation index (FST) values were calculated to assess inter-group genetic diversity for all pairwise combinations of the five sub-populations of C. albicans isolated from the different animal hosts. The highest FST values related to C. albicans isolated from chicken to three sub-populations of cats (FST: 0.1397), cows (FST: 0.0639), and horses (FST: 0.0585). Conclusions: The results indicated a moderate genetic differentiation (0.05 < FST < 0.15) between C. albicans strains isolated from cats, cows, and horses as a mammal vs. chickens.","PeriodicalId":17803,"journal":{"name":"Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42787495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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