Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.24017/science.2024.2.1
H. Q. Birdawod, Azhin M. Khudhur, Dler H Kadir, D. M. Saleh
The single-level 2D discrete wavelet transform method is a powerful technique for effectively removing Gaussian noise from natural images. Its effectiveness is attributed to its ability to capture a signal's energy at low energy conversion values, allowing for efficient noise reduction while preserving essential image details. The wavelet noise reduction method mitigates the noise present in the waveform coefficients produced by the discrete wavelet transform. In this study, three different wavelet families—Daubechies (db7), Coiflets (coif5), and Fejér-Korovkin (fk4)—were evaluated for their noise removal capabilities using the Bayes shrink method. This approach was applied to a set of images, and the performance was analyzed using the Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) metrics. Our results demonstrated that among the wavelet families tested, the Fejér-Korovkin (fk4) wavelet consistently outperformed the others. The fk4 wavelet family yielded the lowest MSE values, indicating minimal reconstruction error, and the highest PSNR values, reflecting superior noise suppression and better image quality across all tested images. These findings suggest that the fk4 wavelet family, when combined with the Bayes shrink method, provides a robust framework for Gaussian noise reduction in natural images. The comparative analysis highlights the importance of selecting appropriate wavelet families to optimize noise reduction performance, paving the way for further research and potential improvements in image denoising techniques.
{"title":"A Wavelet Shrinkage Mixed with a Single-level 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform for Image Denoising","authors":"H. Q. Birdawod, Azhin M. Khudhur, Dler H Kadir, D. M. Saleh","doi":"10.24017/science.2024.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2024.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The single-level 2D discrete wavelet transform method is a powerful technique for effectively removing Gaussian noise from natural images. Its effectiveness is attributed to its ability to capture a signal's energy at low energy conversion values, allowing for efficient noise reduction while preserving essential image details. The wavelet noise reduction method mitigates the noise present in the waveform coefficients produced by the discrete wavelet transform. In this study, three different wavelet families—Daubechies (db7), Coiflets (coif5), and Fejér-Korovkin (fk4)—were evaluated for their noise removal capabilities using the Bayes shrink method. This approach was applied to a set of images, and the performance was analyzed using the Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) metrics. Our results demonstrated that among the wavelet families tested, the Fejér-Korovkin (fk4) wavelet consistently outperformed the others. The fk4 wavelet family yielded the lowest MSE values, indicating minimal reconstruction error, and the highest PSNR values, reflecting superior noise suppression and better image quality across all tested images. These findings suggest that the fk4 wavelet family, when combined with the Bayes shrink method, provides a robust framework for Gaussian noise reduction in natural images. The comparative analysis highlights the importance of selecting appropriate wavelet families to optimize noise reduction performance, paving the way for further research and potential improvements in image denoising techniques.","PeriodicalId":17866,"journal":{"name":"Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141659188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.24017/science.2024.1.7
Farhan Ahmad Abdulrahman, Tarq Hama Karim
A popular way for describing the link between storm rainfall depth and direct runoff is the curve number (CN) method. It is a straightforward approach that has been extensively studied and weidly adopted. However, there has been less focus on the impact of slope and the initial abstraction ratio, which is a crucial factor for accurately estimating direct runoff when utilizing the soil conservation service- Curve Number (SCS-CN) method. The initial abstraction ratio is typically assumed to be 0.20, as initially proposed by the method's developers. In this study, we analyzed daily rainfall data from seventeen watersheds in different physiographic locations in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, recorded between 2022 and 2023. Our aim was to assess the effect of slope adjusted curve number and modified the initial abstraction ratio (0.1) on estimation of direct runoff. The results demonstrated that adjusting the CN for slope and using a modified initial abstraction ratio increased the estimated runoff compared to the original method ( without adjustment for slope and initial abstraction ratio=0.2). Therefore, when applying the SCS-CN method, it is crucial to correct the CN for slope in steeper areas and consider the initial abstraction ratio rather than relying on the suggested value of 0.2. this study highlights the importance of considering local conditions and estimating the initial abstraction ratio based on specific watershed characteristics to enhance the accuracy of direct runoff estimation using the CN method.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Modified Initial Abstraction Ratios and Slope Adjusted Curve Number on Runoff Prediction in the Watersheds of Sulaimani Province.","authors":"Farhan Ahmad Abdulrahman, Tarq Hama Karim","doi":"10.24017/science.2024.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2024.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"A popular way for describing the link between storm rainfall depth and direct runoff is the curve number (CN) method. It is a straightforward approach that has been extensively studied and weidly adopted. However, there has been less focus on the impact of slope and the initial abstraction ratio, which is a crucial factor for accurately estimating direct runoff when utilizing the soil conservation service- Curve Number (SCS-CN) method. The initial abstraction ratio is typically assumed to be 0.20, as initially proposed by the method's developers. In this study, we analyzed daily rainfall data from seventeen watersheds in different physiographic locations in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, recorded between 2022 and 2023. Our aim was to assess the effect of slope adjusted curve number and modified the initial abstraction ratio (0.1) on estimation of direct runoff. The results demonstrated that adjusting the CN for slope and using a modified initial abstraction ratio increased the estimated runoff compared to the original method ( without adjustment for slope and initial abstraction ratio=0.2). Therefore, when applying the SCS-CN method, it is crucial to correct the CN for slope in steeper areas and consider the initial abstraction ratio rather than relying on the suggested value of 0.2. this study highlights the importance of considering local conditions and estimating the initial abstraction ratio based on specific watershed characteristics to enhance the accuracy of direct runoff estimation using the CN method.","PeriodicalId":17866,"journal":{"name":"Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.24017/science.2024.1.6
Awder Nuree Arf, F. Kareem, Y. Khdir, Muhammad Sohail Zafar
Orthodontic acrylic resin is used in the construction of orthodontic appliances. It lacks antimicrobial properties and is prone to microbial infection. So, the infection associated with it can be reduced via modification of orthodontic acrylic resin with nanoparticles (NPs) incorporation. The study directed to evaluate the antifungal properties of modified orthodontic acrylic resin incorporated with magnesium oxide (MgO)-NPs and silver (Ag)-NPs. NPs were mixed with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in ethanol-assisted mixing method. Disc samples (10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick) of PMMA-MgO, PMMA-Ag nanocomposites and PMMA alone (as control) were prepared. Then, C. albicans was isolated and identified clinically through taking swabs from acrylic denture base orthodontic appliances, cultured on a Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium, followed by transferring on HiCrome™ candida Differential agar which is a selective and differential medium to distinguish distinct Candida species. The polymerase chain reaction was performed and the amplicon was separated by 2% gel electrophoresis and then visualised by ethidium bromide. DNA sequencing was performed on the sample at Sanger sequencing/ ABI 3500. Antifungal activity of PMMA-MgO and PMMA-Ag (1%, 3% and 5% of NPs) was conducted through disc diffusion assay and colony forming unit counts. The result showed a decrease in the number of adhered Candida albicans (C. albicans) of all concentrations of both nanocomposite and the decrease was statistically significant (P<0.05) in all experimental groups except MgO-NPs 1% and 3%. Increasing the concentration of NPs was associated with decrease in the adhered C. albicans. It was concluded that PMMA-MgO and PMMA-Ag nanocomposites showed anti-adherence activities against clinically isolated C. albicans in concentration dependent manner.
{"title":"Assessment of the Antifungal Activity of PMMA-MgO and PMMA-Ag Nanocomposite","authors":"Awder Nuree Arf, F. Kareem, Y. Khdir, Muhammad Sohail Zafar","doi":"10.24017/science.2024.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2024.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Orthodontic acrylic resin is used in the construction of orthodontic appliances. It lacks antimicrobial properties and is prone to microbial infection. So, the infection associated with it can be reduced via modification of orthodontic acrylic resin with nanoparticles (NPs) incorporation. The study directed to evaluate the antifungal properties of modified orthodontic acrylic resin incorporated with magnesium oxide (MgO)-NPs and silver (Ag)-NPs. NPs were mixed with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in ethanol-assisted mixing method. Disc samples (10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick) of PMMA-MgO, PMMA-Ag nanocomposites and PMMA alone (as control) were prepared. Then, C. albicans was isolated and identified clinically through taking swabs from acrylic denture base orthodontic appliances, cultured on a Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium, followed by transferring on HiCrome™ candida Differential agar which is a selective and differential medium to distinguish distinct Candida species. The polymerase chain reaction was performed and the amplicon was separated by 2% gel electrophoresis and then visualised by ethidium bromide. DNA sequencing was performed on the sample at Sanger sequencing/ ABI 3500. Antifungal activity of PMMA-MgO and PMMA-Ag (1%, 3% and 5% of NPs) was conducted through disc diffusion assay and colony forming unit counts. The result showed a decrease in the number of adhered Candida albicans (C. albicans) of all concentrations of both nanocomposite and the decrease was statistically significant (P<0.05) in all experimental groups except MgO-NPs 1% and 3%. Increasing the concentration of NPs was associated with decrease in the adhered C. albicans. It was concluded that PMMA-MgO and PMMA-Ag nanocomposites showed anti-adherence activities against clinically isolated C. albicans in concentration dependent manner.","PeriodicalId":17866,"journal":{"name":"Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141360655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-20DOI: 10.24017/science.2024.1.4
S. Mahmood, Tahsin Ali Mohammed Amin, Khalid Hassan Ahmed, Rebar Dara Mohammed, Pshtiwan Jabar Karim
Multi-label learning is a technique that assigns multiple class labels to each data instance. The growth of digital technology resulted in the development of high-dimensional applications in real-world scenarios. Feature selection approaches are extensively used to reduce dimensionality in multi-label learning. The main problems of the recommender system are determining the best match of futures among users but have not engaged with previously. This paper proposes a strategy for selecting features using ant colony optimization (ACO) that incorporates mutual knowledge. The proposed method utilizes ACO to rank features based on their significance. Thus, the search space is mapped to a graph, and each ant traverses the graph, selecting a predetermined number of features. A new information-theoretical metric is introduced to evaluate the features chosen by each ant. Jaccard generalized similarity coefficient is used to select the most suitable communication target for efficient learning outcomes. Mutual information is employed to assess each features relevance to a set of labels and identify redundant features. Pheromones are assigned values based on the effectiveness of the ants in solving the problem. Finally, the features are ranked based on their pheromone values, and the top-ranked features are selected as the final set of attributes. The proposed method is evaluated using real-world datasets. The findings demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms most of existing and advanced approaches. This paper presents a novel feature selection approach for multi-label learning based on ACO. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to existing techniques.
{"title":"Multi-Label Feature Selection with Graph-based Ant Colony Optimization and Generalized Jaccard Similarity","authors":"S. Mahmood, Tahsin Ali Mohammed Amin, Khalid Hassan Ahmed, Rebar Dara Mohammed, Pshtiwan Jabar Karim","doi":"10.24017/science.2024.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2024.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-label learning is a technique that assigns multiple class labels to each data instance. The growth of digital technology resulted in the development of high-dimensional applications in real-world scenarios. Feature selection approaches are extensively used to reduce dimensionality in multi-label learning. The main problems of the recommender system are determining the best match of futures among users but have not engaged with previously. This paper proposes a strategy for selecting features using ant colony optimization (ACO) that incorporates mutual knowledge. The proposed method utilizes ACO to rank features based on their significance. Thus, the search space is mapped to a graph, and each ant traverses the graph, selecting a predetermined number of features. A new information-theoretical metric is introduced to evaluate the features chosen by each ant. Jaccard generalized similarity coefficient is used to select the most suitable communication target for efficient learning outcomes. Mutual information is employed to assess each features relevance to a set of labels and identify redundant features. Pheromones are assigned values based on the effectiveness of the ants in solving the problem. Finally, the features are ranked based on their pheromone values, and the top-ranked features are selected as the final set of attributes. The proposed method is evaluated using real-world datasets. The findings demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms most of existing and advanced approaches. This paper presents a novel feature selection approach for multi-label learning based on ACO. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to existing techniques.","PeriodicalId":17866,"journal":{"name":"Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141120811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-20DOI: 10.24017/science.2024.1.2
R. Haji, Blend Barzan Ameen, Sharif Hama Babakr
Programs for infection prevention and control comprise a range of action plans, including antiseptic regulations, a healthcare worker training program, and the monitoring of healthcare-associated infections. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the World Health Organization’s implementation of infection prevention and control programs level in Ranya tertiary and healthcare facilities. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Eight healthcare institutions in the Ranya administration in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq from February 2023 to the end of August 2023 using the World Health Organization Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF) checklist. The IPCAF consists of eight segments and each part has a score of 100, hence with the greatest score of 800. The respondents in this study were the heads of facilities and employees engaged in IPC-related tasks. The results show that 6 Healthcare staff (75%) had basic IPC levels, and they scored 235, 207.5, 222.5, 330, 362.5, and 347.5 out of 800 points respectively. Further, 2 Healthcare staff (25%) had inadequate IPC levels, and they scored 200 and 180 points. In addition, among the 8 IPC core components, the built environment and materials/equipment at the facility level (C8) had the highest scores, while minimum scores were observed in education, training (C3) and healthcare-associated infection surveillance (C4). In conclusion, the Ranya HCF facilities have certain working IPC aspects without appropriate implementation; further, practically all components need significant improvement.
{"title":"Evaluate the Implementation of WHO Infection Prevention and Control Core Components Among Health Care Facilities","authors":"R. Haji, Blend Barzan Ameen, Sharif Hama Babakr","doi":"10.24017/science.2024.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2024.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Programs for infection prevention and control comprise a range of action plans, including antiseptic regulations, a healthcare worker training program, and the monitoring of healthcare-associated infections. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the World Health Organization’s implementation of infection prevention and control programs level in Ranya tertiary and healthcare facilities. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Eight healthcare institutions in the Ranya administration in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq from February 2023 to the end of August 2023 using the World Health Organization Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF) checklist. The IPCAF consists of eight segments and each part has a score of 100, hence with the greatest score of 800. The respondents in this study were the heads of facilities and employees engaged in IPC-related tasks. The results show that 6 Healthcare staff (75%) had basic IPC levels, and they scored 235, 207.5, 222.5, 330, 362.5, and 347.5 out of 800 points respectively. Further, 2 Healthcare staff (25%) had inadequate IPC levels, and they scored 200 and 180 points. In addition, among the 8 IPC core components, the built environment and materials/equipment at the facility level (C8) had the highest scores, while minimum scores were observed in education, training (C3) and healthcare-associated infection surveillance (C4). In conclusion, the Ranya HCF facilities have certain working IPC aspects without appropriate implementation; further, practically all components need significant improvement.","PeriodicalId":17866,"journal":{"name":"Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140680088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.24017/science.2023.2.3
Karzan Ghafur Khidhir, Baban Ahmad, Dana Khdr Sabir
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a predominant inflammatory arthritis in human. The function of HLA-B27 gene in other types of arthritis has been studied, however, its function in RA is unclear. This study investigated the relative expression of HLA-B27 gene in RA patients compared to normal control and assesses its suitability as a biomarker for early detection of RA. Bioinformatics analysis was used to determine the profile of HLA-B27 gene in different human tumors to demonstrate the possible involvement of HLA-B27 in both RA and cancer; and also, to discover its functional association with other human genes. Samples of human blood from RA patients and healthy individuals were collected, and RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and qPCR were carried out to detect relative expression of HLA-B27. ROC analysis was undertaken to investigate HLA-B27 diagnostic performance; GENT2 platform was used to compare HLA-B27 expression levels in different human tumors, and gene-gene interaction network was generated using GeneMANIA to identify correlation of HLA-B27 with other human genes. The qPCR analysis demonstrated an increase in the HLA-B27 expression by 1.65 fold in RA compared to normal control. ROC analysis indicated that HLA-B27 expression could efficiently differentiate RA from normal, supporting its potential use as diagnostic molecular biomarkers. The GENT2 revealed that HLA-B27 expression levels vary across different tumor types, most notably in heart tissue. The gene-gene interaction network revealed that KIR3DL1, KIR3DS1, LILRB1, B2M and LILRA1 were the leading genes showing the highest correlations with the HLA-B27. Our results indicate that HLA-B27 gene is involved in the RA pathogenesis and it can be used as a molecular biomarker for the diagnosis of RA. Our findings could lead to the discovery of novel diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic strategies.
{"title":"Association of HLA-B27 Gene and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Analysis of Potential Role as a Predictive Biom","authors":"Karzan Ghafur Khidhir, Baban Ahmad, Dana Khdr Sabir","doi":"10.24017/science.2023.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2023.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a predominant inflammatory arthritis in human. The function of HLA-B27 gene in other types of arthritis has been studied, however, its function in RA is unclear. This study investigated the relative expression of HLA-B27 gene in RA patients compared to normal control and assesses its suitability as a biomarker for early detection of RA. Bioinformatics analysis was used to determine the profile of HLA-B27 gene in different human tumors to demonstrate the possible involvement of HLA-B27 in both RA and cancer; and also, to discover its functional association with other human genes. Samples of human blood from RA patients and healthy individuals were collected, and RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and qPCR were carried out to detect relative expression of HLA-B27. ROC analysis was undertaken to investigate HLA-B27 diagnostic performance; GENT2 platform was used to compare HLA-B27 expression levels in different human tumors, and gene-gene interaction network was generated using GeneMANIA to identify correlation of HLA-B27 with other human genes. The qPCR analysis demonstrated an increase in the HLA-B27 expression by 1.65 fold in RA compared to normal control. ROC analysis indicated that HLA-B27 expression could efficiently differentiate RA from normal, supporting its potential use as diagnostic molecular biomarkers. The GENT2 revealed that HLA-B27 expression levels vary across different tumor types, most notably in heart tissue. The gene-gene interaction network revealed that KIR3DL1, KIR3DS1, LILRB1, B2M and LILRA1 were the leading genes showing the highest correlations with the HLA-B27. Our results indicate that HLA-B27 gene is involved in the RA pathogenesis and it can be used as a molecular biomarker for the diagnosis of RA. Our findings could lead to the discovery of novel diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic strategies.","PeriodicalId":17866,"journal":{"name":"Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135453372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.24017/science.2023.2.2
Shaimaa Sarwar Mohammed
This research is aimed at visualizing the historical evolution of residential landuse development of Sulaimani city based on GIS spatial analysis with the input of all of the relevant available data in various formats in order to determine the form of the city according to morphological classifications discussed in the literature of urban planning. Essentially, following the collection of data, processing, review of relevant literature and applied methods, this study draws a timeline for the spatial evolution of the city of Sulaimani in addition to constricting a spatial grid for morphological comparison of different growth stages and analysis on multiple aspects. Moreover, a number of criteria were established to evaluate spatial patterns based on published theories in the field of landuse urban planning. These indicators were formulated in a questionnaire survey and determined the main aspects of the city through visualizing the process of historical evolution up to modern date. Finally, the study presents transformations and addresses current issues, as well as recommends a number of possible solutions for residential landuse development in the city of Sulaimani.
{"title":"GIS-based Spatial Analysis of the Evolution of Residential Developments; A Case-study of Sulaimani city, Iraq","authors":"Shaimaa Sarwar Mohammed","doi":"10.24017/science.2023.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2023.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"This research is aimed at visualizing the historical evolution of residential landuse development of Sulaimani city based on GIS spatial analysis with the input of all of the relevant available data in various formats in order to determine the form of the city according to morphological classifications discussed in the literature of urban planning. Essentially, following the collection of data, processing, review of relevant literature and applied methods, this study draws a timeline for the spatial evolution of the city of Sulaimani in addition to constricting a spatial grid for morphological comparison of different growth stages and analysis on multiple aspects. Moreover, a number of criteria were established to evaluate spatial patterns based on published theories in the field of landuse urban planning. These indicators were formulated in a questionnaire survey and determined the main aspects of the city through visualizing the process of historical evolution up to modern date. Finally, the study presents transformations and addresses current issues, as well as recommends a number of possible solutions for residential landuse development in the city of Sulaimani.","PeriodicalId":17866,"journal":{"name":"Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135453373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.24017/science.2023.2.1
Shara Salih Ali, Chnar Hama Noori Mirza
A triplicate field experiment laid out in randomized complete block design was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of humic acid rates (HAR) at Bakrajo, Sulaimani which is (located at 35°32'52.8"N and 45°21'16.6"E) belongs to Kurdistan region of Iraq with the silty clay soil type. Five different Humic Acid rates (HAR) which were (0 (control), 2,4,6,8 g/L) and two cultivation period (CP) which were cultivation Period 1 (CP1) on 15 May 2022 and cultivation Period 2 (CP2) on 1st of June 2022. The effect of foliar Humic acid rates application methods was highly significant on the Pod No./ Plant, Empty Pod/Plant, Seed Weight / Plant (g) and yield (kg/ha) and significant on the 1000 Seed Weight (g). While, the effect of cultivation period (CP) was highly significant only for the Pod No./ Plant and the insignificantly affected the other parameters including Empty Pod/Plant, Seed No./ Pod, 1000 Seed Weight (g), Weight / Plant (g) and yield (kg/ha). The maximum Pod No./ Plant, Empty Pod/Plant, Seed Weight / Plant (g) and yield (kg/ha) and significant on the 1000 Seed Weight (g) were observed under foliar application of HAR of 6 g/L and the best cultivation period for sowing humic acid was (CP1) which was on 15 May.
{"title":"Soybean (Glycine max L.) Yield and Yield Component Under Different Planting Time and Foliar Application of Humic Acid","authors":"Shara Salih Ali, Chnar Hama Noori Mirza","doi":"10.24017/science.2023.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2023.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"A triplicate field experiment laid out in randomized complete block design was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of humic acid rates (HAR) at Bakrajo, Sulaimani which is (located at 35°32'52.8\"N and 45°21'16.6\"E) belongs to Kurdistan region of Iraq with the silty clay soil type. Five different Humic Acid rates (HAR) which were (0 (control), 2,4,6,8 g/L) and two cultivation period (CP) which were cultivation Period 1 (CP1) on 15 May 2022 and cultivation Period 2 (CP2) on 1st of June 2022. The effect of foliar Humic acid rates application methods was highly significant on the Pod No./ Plant, Empty Pod/Plant, Seed Weight / Plant (g) and yield (kg/ha) and significant on the 1000 Seed Weight (g). While, the effect of cultivation period (CP) was highly significant only for the Pod No./ Plant and the insignificantly affected the other parameters including Empty Pod/Plant, Seed No./ Pod, 1000 Seed Weight (g), Weight / Plant (g) and yield (kg/ha). The maximum Pod No./ Plant, Empty Pod/Plant, Seed Weight / Plant (g) and yield (kg/ha) and significant on the 1000 Seed Weight (g) were observed under foliar application of HAR of 6 g/L and the best cultivation period for sowing humic acid was (CP1) which was on 15 May.","PeriodicalId":17866,"journal":{"name":"Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135453571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.24017/science/2023.1.4
Soran Badawi
With the increase in the volume of news articles and headlines being generated, it is becoming more difficult for individuals to keep up with the latest developments and find relevant news articles in the Kurdish language. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel data augmentation approach for improving the performance of Kurdish news headline classification using back-translation and a proposed deep learning Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) model. The approach involves generating synthetic training data by translating Kurdish headlines into a target language in this context English language and back-translating them to the Kurdish language, resulting in an augmented dataset. The proposed BiLSTM model is trained on the augmented data and compared with baseline models SVM (Support-Vector-Machines) and Naïve Bayes an trained on the original data. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BiLSTM model outperforms the baseline model and other existing models, achieving state-of-the-art performance on the Kurdish news headline classification task. The findings suggest that the combination of back-translation and a proposed BiLSTM model is a promising approach for data augmentation in low-resource languages, contributing to the advancement of natural language processing in under-resourced languages. Moreover, having a Kurdish news headline classification model can improve access to news and information for Kurdish speakers. With the classification model, they can easily and quickly search for news articles that interest them based on their preferred categories, such as politics, sports, or entertainment.
{"title":"","authors":"Soran Badawi","doi":"10.24017/science/2023.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24017/science/2023.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"With the increase in the volume of news articles and headlines being generated, it is becoming more difficult for individuals to keep up with the latest developments and find relevant news articles in the Kurdish language. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel data augmentation approach for improving the performance of Kurdish news headline classification using back-translation and a proposed deep learning Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) model. The approach involves generating synthetic training data by translating Kurdish headlines into a target language in this context English language and back-translating them to the Kurdish language, resulting in an augmented dataset. The proposed BiLSTM model is trained on the augmented data and compared with baseline models SVM (Support-Vector-Machines) and Naïve Bayes an trained on the original data. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BiLSTM model outperforms the baseline model and other existing models, achieving state-of-the-art performance on the Kurdish news headline classification task. The findings suggest that the combination of back-translation and a proposed BiLSTM model is a promising approach for data augmentation in low-resource languages, contributing to the advancement of natural language processing in under-resourced languages. Moreover, having a Kurdish news headline classification model can improve access to news and information for Kurdish speakers. With the classification model, they can easily and quickly search for news articles that interest them based on their preferred categories, such as politics, sports, or entertainment.","PeriodicalId":17866,"journal":{"name":"Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136255268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-12DOI: 10.24017/science.2023.1.3
R. Mohammedsalih, Fadhluddin Nasruddin Shakor, Dalia Ardal Ali, Rafiq Mohammedsalih Rashid
The health benefits of vitamin D are widely acknowledged by scientific and public health specialists. In Iraq, vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy are highly prevalent. However, public knowledge on this problem is scarce. This research aimed to evaluate the participants' knowledge about vitamin D, particularly their nutrition-related understanding and behavior, along with their overall attitude toward sun exposure. A descriptive cross-sectional survey of Iraqi adults over 18 was performed with a collection of serum 25(OH)D result between June and September 2022. The observed serum vitamin D indicated that only 25% of the participant had healthy (>30 ng/ml) vitamin D levels. The majority of participants, 90.9%, were aware of vitamin D. Media and primary health care centers were major vitamin D information sources (57.3 and 32%, respectively). Despite believing sunshine is the principal source of vitamin D (90.2%), respondents lacked understanding about the duration (26.3%) and frequency (30%) of sun exposure. In addition, less than 10% of individuals attributed vitamin D shortage to kidney and liver problems, fat malabsorption, obesity, and bariatric surgery. Nevertheless, more than two-thirds (83.3%) of participants defined the positive role of vitamin D in preventing osteoporosis and immune system strengthening (61%). Furthermore, nutritional awareness among the participants was variable. Approximately, 75% misrepresented the percentage of vitamin D supplied by food, over 50% believed that fruit and vegetables are vitamin D sources, 43% of vegetarians are not at risk for vitamin D deficiency, and rather plants considered (70.3%) as an approach to lessen vitamin D deficiency. Additionally, optimal daily intake was recognized by only 10%. Similarly, only 18.3% was aware of the optimal level of serum vitamin D. Notably, 54% was entirely ignorant of the benefits of dietary fortification. Although 55% of the surveyed population used vitamin D supplements, and 76% acknowledged it through their doctor's recommendation, exceeding two-thirds incorrectly anticipated that drinking tea would impair vitamin D absorption. Therefore, 90% would buy supplements without a prescription if needed. Implementing nutrition education initiatives, encouraging healthy lifestyles, and supporting vitamin D examination should be included in Iraq's health care system.
{"title":"Nutritional and General Awareness of Vitamin D Status among Adult Population in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"R. Mohammedsalih, Fadhluddin Nasruddin Shakor, Dalia Ardal Ali, Rafiq Mohammedsalih Rashid","doi":"10.24017/science.2023.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2023.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The health benefits of vitamin D are widely acknowledged by scientific and public health specialists. In Iraq, vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy are highly prevalent. However, public knowledge on this problem is scarce. This research aimed to evaluate the participants' knowledge about vitamin D, particularly their nutrition-related understanding and behavior, along with their overall attitude toward sun exposure. A descriptive cross-sectional survey of Iraqi adults over 18 was performed with a collection of serum 25(OH)D result between June and September 2022. The observed serum vitamin D indicated that only 25% of the participant had healthy (>30 ng/ml) vitamin D levels. The majority of participants, 90.9%, were aware of vitamin D. Media and primary health care centers were major vitamin D information sources (57.3 and 32%, respectively). Despite believing sunshine is the principal source of vitamin D (90.2%), respondents lacked understanding about the duration (26.3%) and frequency (30%) of sun exposure. In addition, less than 10% of individuals attributed vitamin D shortage to kidney and liver problems, fat malabsorption, obesity, and bariatric surgery. Nevertheless, more than two-thirds (83.3%) of participants defined the positive role of vitamin D in preventing osteoporosis and immune system strengthening (61%). Furthermore, nutritional awareness among the participants was variable. Approximately, 75% misrepresented the percentage of vitamin D supplied by food, over 50% believed that fruit and vegetables are vitamin D sources, 43% of vegetarians are not at risk for vitamin D deficiency, and rather plants considered (70.3%) as an approach to lessen vitamin D deficiency. Additionally, optimal daily intake was recognized by only 10%. Similarly, only 18.3% was aware of the optimal level of serum vitamin D. Notably, 54% was entirely ignorant of the benefits of dietary fortification. Although 55% of the surveyed population used vitamin D supplements, and 76% acknowledged it through their doctor's recommendation, exceeding two-thirds incorrectly anticipated that drinking tea would impair vitamin D absorption. Therefore, 90% would buy supplements without a prescription if needed. Implementing nutrition education initiatives, encouraging healthy lifestyles, and supporting vitamin D examination should be included in Iraq's health care system.","PeriodicalId":17866,"journal":{"name":"Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49318730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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