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Shaping immunity: The influence of natural selection on population immune diversity 塑造免疫力:自然选择对群体免疫多样性的影响
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13329
Haley E. Randolph, Katherine A. Aracena, Yen-Lung Lin, Zepeng Mu, Luis B. Barreiro

Humans exhibit considerable variability in their immune responses to the same immune challenges. Such variation is widespread and affects individual and population-level susceptibility to infectious diseases and immune disorders. Although the factors influencing immune response diversity are partially understood, what mechanisms lead to the wide range of immune traits in healthy individuals remain largely unexplained. Here, we discuss the role that natural selection has played in driving phenotypic differences in immune responses across populations and present-day susceptibility to immune-related disorders. Further, we touch on future directions in the field of immunogenomics, highlighting the value of expanding this work to human populations globally, the utility of modeling the immune response as a dynamic process, and the importance of considering the potential polygenic nature of natural selection. Identifying loci acted upon by evolution may further pinpoint variants critically involved in disease etiology, and designing studies to capture these effects will enrich our understanding of the genetic contributions to immunity and immune dysregulation.

摘要 人类对相同免疫挑战的免疫反应存在很大差异。这种变异非常普遍,影响着个体和群体对传染病和免疫紊乱的易感性。尽管影响免疫反应多样性的因素已被部分了解,但导致健康个体免疫特征广泛差异的机制在很大程度上仍未解释。在此,我们将讨论自然选择在推动不同人群免疫反应表型差异以及当今免疫相关疾病易感性方面所起的作用。此外,我们还探讨了免疫基因组学领域的未来发展方向,强调了将这项工作扩展到全球人类群体的价值、将免疫反应作为一个动态过程建模的实用性,以及考虑自然选择的潜在多基因性质的重要性。确定受进化影响的基因位点可进一步精确定位与疾病病因学密切相关的变体,而设计研究来捕捉这些效应将丰富我们对免疫和免疫失调的遗传贡献的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Interferons and epigenetic mechanisms in training, priming and tolerance of monocytes and hematopoietic progenitors 单核细胞和造血祖细胞训练、启蒙和耐受中的干扰素和表观遗传机制
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13330
Bikash Mishra, Lionel B. Ivashkiv

Training and priming of innate immune cells involve preconditioning by PAMPs, DAMPs, and/or cytokines that elicits stronger induction of inflammatory genes upon secondary challenge. Previous models distinguish training and priming based upon whether immune activation returns to baseline prior to secondary challenge. Tolerance is a protective mechanism whereby potent stimuli induce refractoriness to secondary challenge. Training and priming are important for innate memory responses that protect against infection, efficacy of vaccines, and maintaining innate immune cells in a state of readiness; tolerance prevents toxicity from excessive immune activation. Dysregulation of these processes can contribute to pathogenesis of autoimmune/inflammatory conditions, post-COVID-19 hyperinflammatory states, or sepsis-associated immunoparalysis. Training, priming, and tolerance regulate similar “signature” inflammatory genes such as TNF, IL6, and IL1B and utilize overlapping epigenetic mechanisms. We review how interferons (IFNs), best known for activating JAK–STAT signaling and interferon-stimulated genes, also play a key role in regulating training, priming, and tolerance via chromatin-mediated mechanisms. We present new data on how monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation modulates IFN-γ-mediated priming, affects regulation of AP-1 and CEBP activity, and attenuates superinduction of inflammatory genes. We present a “training-priming continuum” model that integrates IFN-mediated priming into current concepts about training and tolerance and proposes a central role for STAT1 and IRF1.

摘要先天性免疫细胞的训练和诱导涉及 PAMPs、DAMPs 和/或细胞因子的预处理,在二次挑战时会诱发更强的炎症基因。以往的模型根据免疫激活是否在二次挑战前恢复到基线来区分训练和启动。耐受是一种保护机制,通过这种机制,强刺激可诱发对二次挑战的耐受性。训练和诱导对于保护机体免受感染的先天性免疫记忆反应、疫苗的有效性以及将先天性免疫细胞维持在准备状态都非常重要;耐受可防止过度免疫激活产生毒性。这些过程的失调可能会导致自身免疫/炎症、COVID-19 后高炎症状态或败血症相关免疫分析的发病。训练、诱导和耐受调节类似的 "标志性 "炎症基因,如 TNF、IL6 和 IL1B,并利用重叠的表观遗传机制。我们回顾了以激活 JAK-STAT 信号和干扰素刺激基因而著称的干扰素(IFNs)是如何通过染色质介导的机制在调节训练、诱导和耐受中发挥关键作用的。我们提供了有关单核细胞向巨噬细胞分化如何调节 IFN-γ 介导的诱导、影响 AP-1 和 CEBP 活性调节以及减弱炎症基因超诱导的新数据。我们提出了一个 "训练-诱导连续体 "模型,该模型将 IFN 介导的诱导纳入了当前有关训练和耐受性的概念中,并提出了 STAT1 和 IRF1 的核心作用。
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引用次数: 0
Tissue-resident memory NK cells: Homing in on local effectors and regulators 组织驻留记忆 NK 细胞:捕捉本地效应因子和调节因子
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13332
Iona S. Schuster, Christopher E. Andoniou, Mariapia A. Degli-Esposti

Natural killer (NK) cells are the prototype innate effector lymphocyte population that plays an important role in controlling viral infections and tumors. Studies demonstrating that NK cells form long-lived memory populations, akin to those generated by adaptive immune cells, prompted a revaluation of the potential functions of NK cells. Recent data demonstrating that NK cells are recruited from the circulation into tissues where they form long-lived memory-like populations further emphasize that NK cells have properties that mirror those of adaptive immune cells. NK cells that localize in non-lymphoid tissues are heterogeneous, and there is a growing appreciation that immune responses occurring within tissues are subject to tissue-specific regulation. Here we discuss both the immune effector and immunoregulatory functions of NK cells, with a particular emphasis on the role of NK cells within non-lymphoid tissues and how the tissue microenvironment shapes NK cell-dependent outcomes.

摘要 自然杀伤(NK)细胞是先天效应淋巴细胞群的原型,在控制病毒感染和肿瘤方面发挥着重要作用。研究表明,NK 细胞会形成类似于适应性免疫细胞产生的长效记忆群,这促使人们重新评估 NK 细胞的潜在功能。最近的数据表明,NK 细胞从血液循环中被招募到组织中,并在那里形成类似记忆的长效细胞群,这进一步强调了 NK 细胞具有与适应性免疫细胞相同的特性。定位于非淋巴组织的 NK 细胞是异质性的,而且人们越来越认识到,组织内发生的免疫反应受组织特异性调控。在此,我们将讨论 NK 细胞的免疫效应和免疫调节功能,特别强调 NK 细胞在非淋巴组织中的作用,以及组织微环境如何影响 NK 细胞依赖性结果。
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引用次数: 0
Discovering adaptive features of innate immune memory 发现先天免疫记忆的适应性特征
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13328
Mina Sadeghi, Maziar Divangahi

Conventionally, it was thought that innate immunity operated through a simple system of nonspecific responses to an insult. However, this perspective now seems overly simplistic. It has become evident that intricate cooperation and networking among various cells, receptors, signaling pathways, and protein complexes are essential for regulating and defining the overall activation status of the immune response, where the distinction between innate and adaptive immunity becomes ambiguous. Given the evolutionary timeline of vertebrates and the success of plants and invertebrates which depend solely on innate immunity, immune memory cannot be considered an innovation of only the lymphoid lineage. Indeed, the evolutionary innate immune memory program is a conserved mechanism whereby innate immune cells can induce a heightened response to a secondary stimulus due to metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming. Importantly, the longevity of this memory phenotype can be attributed to the reprogramming of self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow, which is subsequently transmitted to lineage-committed innate immune cells. HSCs reside within a complex regulated network of immune and stromal cells that govern their two primary functions: self-renewal and differentiation. In this review, we delve into the emerging cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as metabolic pathways of innate memory in HSCs, which harbor substantial therapeutic promise.

传统上,人们认为先天性免疫是通过一个简单的非特异性反应系统来应对侮辱的。然而,这种观点现在看来过于简单。显然,各种细胞、受体、信号通路和蛋白质复合物之间错综复杂的合作和网络对于调节和确定免疫反应的整体激活状态至关重要,在这种情况下,先天性免疫和适应性免疫之间的区别变得模糊不清。鉴于脊椎动物的进化时间表以及植物和无脊椎动物完全依赖先天性免疫的成功,免疫记忆不能被认为只是淋巴系的创新。事实上,进化的先天免疫记忆程序是一种保守的机制,先天免疫细胞可通过新陈代谢和表观遗传学重编程诱导对次级刺激做出更强的反应。重要的是,这种记忆表型的长寿可归因于骨髓中自我更新造血干细胞(HSCs)的重编程,随后将其传递给符合品系的先天性免疫细胞。造血干细胞存在于一个由免疫细胞和基质细胞组成的复杂调控网络中,该网络控制着造血干细胞的两种主要功能:自我更新和分化。在这篇综述中,我们将深入研究造血干细胞先天性免疫记忆的新兴细胞和分子机制以及代谢途径,它们蕴含着巨大的治疗前景。
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引用次数: 0
Group 1 ILCs: Heterogeneity, plasticity, and transcriptional regulation 第 1 组 ILCs:异质性、可塑性和转录调控。
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13327
Raki Sudan, Susan Gilfillan, Marco Colonna

Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), comprising ILC1s and natural killer cells (NK cells), belong to a large family of developmentally related innate lymphoid cells that lack rearranged antigen-specific receptors. NK cells and ILC1s both require the transcription factor T-bet for lineage commitment but additionally rely on Eomes and Hobit, respectively, for their development and effector maturation programs. Both ILC1s and NK cells are essential for rapid responses against infections and mediate cancer immunity through production of effector cytokines and cytotoxicity mediators. ILC1s are enriched in tissues and hence generally considered tissue resident cells whereas NK cells are often considered circulatory. Despite being deemed different cell types, ILC1s and NK cells share many common features both phenotypically and functionally. Recent studies employing single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology have exposed previously unappreciated heterogeneity in group 1 ILCs and further broaden our understanding of these cells. Findings from these studies imply that ILC1s in different tissues and organs share a common signature but exhibit some unique characteristics, possibly stemming from tissue imprinting. Also, data from recent fate mapping studies employing Hobit, RORγt, and polychromic reporter mice have greatly advanced our understanding of the developmental and effector maturation programs of these cells. In this review, we aim to outline the fundamental traits of mouse group 1 ILCs and explore recent discoveries related to their developmental programs, phenotypic heterogeneity, plasticity, and transcriptional regulation.

第 1 组先天性淋巴细胞(ILCs)包括 ILC1s 和自然杀伤细胞(NK 细胞),属于发育相关的先天性淋巴细胞大家族,它们缺乏重新排列的抗原特异性受体。NK 细胞和 ILC1s 都需要转录因子 T-bet 来实现系的承诺,但它们的发育和效应物成熟程序还分别依赖于 Eomes 和 Hobit。ILC1s 和 NK 细胞对快速应对感染和通过产生效应细胞因子和细胞毒性介质介导癌症免疫至关重要。ILC1 在组织中富集,因此通常被认为是组织常驻细胞,而 NK 细胞通常被认为是循环细胞。尽管 ILC1s 和 NK 细胞被认为是不同的细胞类型,但它们在表型和功能上有许多共同之处。最近采用单细胞 RNA 测序(scRNA-seq)技术进行的研究揭示了第 1 组 ILC 先前未被认识到的异质性,进一步拓宽了我们对这些细胞的认识。这些研究结果表明,不同组织和器官中的 ILC1s 有着共同的特征,但也表现出一些独特的特征,这可能源于组织印记。此外,最近利用Hobit、RORγt和多色报告小鼠进行的命运图谱研究数据也大大推进了我们对这些细胞的发育和效应成熟程序的理解。在这篇综述中,我们旨在概述小鼠第1组ILCs的基本特征,并探讨与它们的发育程序、表型异质性、可塑性和转录调控有关的最新发现。
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引用次数: 0
Modulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells response in inflammation and autoimmunity 在炎症和自身免疫中调节浆细胞树突状细胞的反应。
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13331
Marie Dominique Ah Kioon, Paôline Laurent, Vidyanath Chaudhary, Yong Du, Mary K. Crow, Franck J. Barrat

The discovery of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the subsequent recognition that endogenous nucleic acids (NAs) could serve as TLR ligands have led to essential insights into mechanisms of healthy immune responses as well as pathogenic mechanisms relevant to systemic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, NA-containing immune complexes serve as TLR ligands, with distinct implications depending on the additional immune stimuli available. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), the robust producers of type I interferon (IFN-I), are providing critical insights relevant to TLR-mediated healthy immune responses and tissue repair, as well as generation of inflammation, autoimmunity and fibrosis, processes central to the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. In this review, we describe recent data characterizing the role of platelets and NA-binding chemokines in modulation of TLR signaling in pDCs, as well as implications for how the IFN-I products of pDCs contribute to the generation of inflammation and wound healing responses by monocyte/macrophages. Chemokine modulators of TLR-mediated B cell tolerance mechanisms and interactions between TLR signaling and metabolic pathways are also considered. The modulators of TLR signaling and their contribution to the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases suggest new opportunities for identification of novel therapeutic targets.

收费样受体(TLR)的发现以及随后对内源性核酸(NAs)可作为 TLR 配体的认识,使人们对健康免疫反应机制以及与全身性自身免疫性和炎症性疾病相关的致病机制有了重要的认识。在系统性红斑狼疮、系统性硬化症和类风湿性关节炎中,含有 NA 的免疫复合物可作为 TLR 配体,其不同的影响取决于额外的免疫刺激。类质体树突状细胞(pDCs)是Ⅰ型干扰素(IFN-I)的强力制造者,它们提供了与 TLR 介导的健康免疫反应和组织修复以及炎症、自身免疫和纤维化(许多自身免疫性疾病发病机制的核心过程)的产生有关的重要见解。在这篇综述中,我们将介绍血小板和 NA 结合型趋化因子在调节 pDC 的 TLR 信号转导中的作用的最新数据,以及 pDC 的 IFN-I 产物如何促进单核细胞/巨噬细胞产生炎症和伤口愈合反应的影响。此外,还研究了 TLR 介导的 B 细胞耐受机制的趋化因子调节剂以及 TLR 信号传导与代谢途径之间的相互作用。TLR 信号的调节因子及其对全身性自身免疫性疾病发病机制的贡献,为确定新的治疗靶点提供了新的机会。
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引用次数: 0
Trained immunity: General and emerging concepts 训练有素的免疫力:一般概念和新概念。
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13326
Patricia Vuscan, Brenda Kischkel, Leo A. B. Joosten, Mihai G. Netea

Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non-specific protection against pathogens, innate immune cells can acquire antigen-agnostic memory, exhibiting increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation. This long-term de-facto innate immune memory, also termed trained immunity, is mediated through extensive metabolic rewiring and epigenetic modifications. While the upregulation of trained immunity proves advantageous in countering immune paralysis, its overactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we present the latest advancements in the field of innate immune memory followed by a description of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning trained immunity generation and different cell types that mediate it. Furthermore, we explore its implications for various diseases and examine current limitations and its potential therapeutic targeting in immune-related disorders.

在过去十年中,令人信服的证据揭示了先天性免疫细胞以前被忽视的适应性特征。先天性免疫细胞的传统作用是针对病原体提供短期、非特异性的保护,除此之外,它们还能获得抗原识别记忆,对二次刺激表现出更强的反应能力。这种长期的事实上的先天性免疫记忆,也被称为训练有素的免疫,是通过广泛的新陈代谢重新布线和表观遗传修饰介导的。训练有素的免疫力的上调在对抗免疫瘫痪方面证明是有利的,但其过度激活也是自身炎症和自身免疫性疾病的发病机制之一。在这篇综述中,我们将介绍先天性免疫记忆领域的最新进展,然后描述训练有素的免疫力产生的基本机制以及介导这种免疫力的不同细胞类型。此外,我们还探讨了先天性免疫记忆对各种疾病的影响,并研究了免疫相关疾病目前的局限性及其潜在的治疗目标。
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引用次数: 0
Signals that control MAIT cell function in healthy and inflamed human tissues 控制健康和发炎人体组织中 MAIT 细胞功能的信号。
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13325
Andrew J. Konecny, Yin Huang, Manu Setty, Martin Prlic

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have a semi-invariant T-cell receptor that allows recognition of antigen in the context of the MHC class I-related (MR1) protein. Metabolic intermediates of the riboflavin synthesis pathway have been identified as MR1-restricted antigens with agonist properties. As riboflavin synthesis occurs in many bacterial species, but not human cells, it has been proposed that the main purpose of MAIT cells is antibacterial surveillance and protection. The majority of human MAIT cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFNg) upon activation, while some MAIT cells in tissues can also express IL-17. Given that MAIT cells are present in human barrier tissues colonized by a microbiome, MAIT cells must somehow be able to distinguish colonization from infection to ensure effector functions are only elicited when necessary. Importantly, MAIT cells have additional functional properties, including the potential to contribute to restoring tissue homeostasis by expression of CTLA-4 and secretion of the cytokine IL-22. A recent study provided compelling data indicating that the range of human MAIT cell functional properties is explained by plasticity rather than distinct lineages. This further underscores the necessity to better understand how different signals regulate MAIT cell function. In this review, we highlight what is known in regards to activating and inhibitory signals for MAIT cells with a specific focus on signals relevant to healthy and inflamed tissues. We consider the quantity, quality, and the temporal order of these signals on MAIT cell function and discuss the current limitations of computational tools to extrapolate which signals are received by MAIT cells in human tissues. Using lessons learned from conventional CD8 T cells, we also discuss how TCR signals may integrate with cytokine signals in MAIT cells to elicit distinct functional states.

粘膜相关不变性 T 细胞(MAIT)具有一种半不变性 T 细胞受体,可在 MHC I 类相关蛋白(MR1)的背景下识别抗原。核黄素合成途径的代谢中间产物已被确定为具有激动特性的 MR1 限制性抗原。由于核黄素合成发生在许多细菌物种中,但不发生在人体细胞中,因此有人认为 MAIT 细胞的主要作用是抗菌监测和保护。大多数人类 MAIT 细胞在激活后会分泌γ 干扰素(IFNg),而组织中的一些 MAIT 细胞也能表达 IL-17。鉴于 MAIT 细胞存在于被微生物群定植的人体屏障组织中,MAIT 细胞必须能够以某种方式区分定植和感染,以确保只在必要时激发效应功能。重要的是,MAIT 细胞还具有其他功能特性,包括可能通过表达 CTLA-4 和分泌细胞因子 IL-22 来帮助恢复组织稳态。最近的一项研究提供了令人信服的数据,表明人类 MAIT 细胞功能特性的范围是由可塑性而非独特的血统所决定的。这进一步强调了更好地了解不同信号如何调控 MAIT 细胞功能的必要性。在这篇综述中,我们将重点介绍目前已知的 MAIT 细胞激活和抑制信号,并特别关注与健康和炎症组织相关的信号。我们考虑了这些信号对 MAIT 细胞功能的数量、质量和时间顺序,并讨论了目前计算工具在推断 MAIT 细胞在人体组织中接收哪些信号方面的局限性。利用从传统 CD8 T 细胞中学到的经验,我们还讨论了 TCR 信号如何与 MAIT 细胞中的细胞因子信号相结合,从而激发出不同的功能状态。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to “The anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties of anionic pulmonary surfactant phospholipids” 更正 "阴离子肺表面活性物质磷脂的抗炎和抗病毒特性"。
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13320

Numata M, Kandasamy P, Voelker DR. The anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties of anionic pulmonary surfactant phospholipids. Immunol Rev. 2023; 317: 166–186. doi:10.1111/imr.13207

In the article, the second paragraph was inadvertently added to Summary section and should have been removed.

The Summary reads:

The minor anionic pulmonary surfactant phospholipids, POPG and PI, exhibit anti-inflammatory effects as antagonists for multiple TLRs. These lipids also have strong efficacies as antivirals against multiple respiratory RNA-enveloped viruses such as RSV, IAVs, and SARS-CoV-2. PI also has a potent effect against non-enveloped virus (human rhinovirus A). These lipids also have very strong potential to be applied as anti-inflammatory compounds for acute lung injury, induced by cytokine storms, including severe COVID-19.

We determined the antiviral efficacy of POPG against five clinical isolates of RSV (designated by GenBank accession numbers) and recombinant strains of RSV (rA2-A2F, rA2-19F, and rA2 Long F) in comparison with RSV-A2.12 The titer of each strain is shown as PFU/mL, and the efficacies of POPG and POPC (200 μg/mL) on each strain are stated as the viral titers by plaque assays. Data are shown as means ± SD from two independent experiments.

The Summary should read:

The minor anionic pulmonary surfactant phospholipids, POPG and PI, exhibit anti-inflammatory effects as antagonists for multiple TLRs. These lipids also have strong efficacies as antivirals against multiple respiratory RNA-enveloped viruses such as RSV, IAVs, and SARS-CoV-2. PI also has a potent effect against non-enveloped virus (human rhinovirus A). These lipids also have very strong potential to be applied as anti-inflammatory compounds for acute lung injury, induced by cytokine storms, including severe COVID-19.

We apologize for this error.

Numata M, Kandasamy P, Voelker DR.阴离子肺表面活性磷脂的抗炎和抗病毒特性。Immunol Rev. 2023; 317: 166-186.doi:10.1111/imr.13207在文章中,摘要部分不慎添加了第二段,应予以删除。摘要如下:次要阴离子肺表面活性磷脂 POPG 和 PI 作为多种 TLR 的拮抗剂表现出抗炎作用。作为抗病毒药物,这些磷脂对多种呼吸道 RNA 病毒(如 RSV、IAV 和 SARS-CoV-2)也有很强的疗效。PI 对无包膜病毒(人鼻病毒 A)也有很强的抑制作用。这些脂质还具有很强的潜力,可用作细胞因子风暴(包括严重的 COVID-19)诱发的急性肺损伤的抗炎化合物。我们测定了 POPG 对五种 RSV 临床分离株(以 GenBank 编号命名)和 RSV 重组株(rA2-A2F、rA2-19F 和 rA2 Long F)的抗病毒效力,并与 RSV-A2 进行了比较12。每种毒株的滴度以 PFU/mL 表示,POPG 和 POPC(200 μg/mL)对每种毒株的效力以斑块检测的病毒滴度表示。数据以两个独立实验的平均值±标度表示。摘要应为:小阴离子肺表面活性磷脂 POPG 和 PI 作为多种 TLR 的拮抗剂,具有抗炎作用。作为抗病毒药物,这些磷脂对多种呼吸道 RNA 病毒(如 RSV、IAV 和 SARS-CoV-2)也有很强的疗效。PI 对无包膜病毒(人鼻病毒 A)也有很强的抑制作用。这些脂质还具有很强的潜力,可用作细胞因子风暴(包括严重的 COVID-19)诱发的急性肺损伤的抗炎化合物。
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引用次数: 0
New insights into ILC2 memory 对 ILC2 记忆的新认识
IF 8.7 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13323
Itziar Martinez-Gonzalez, Fumio Takei

Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2s) are innate lymphocytes involved in type 2 immunity. ILC2s are abundant at the barrier tissues and upon allergen exposure, respond to epithelial-derived alarmins by producing type 2 cytokines (e.g., IL-5 and IL-13). Upon activation, some of these activated ILC2s acquire immunological memory and can mount enhanced responses upon further allergen encounters. Here, we review recent findings of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying immune memory in ILC2s both in mice and humans and discuss the implications of memory ILC2s in the context of allergic diseases.

第 2 组先天性淋巴细胞(ILC2s)是参与第 2 类免疫的先天性淋巴细胞。ILC2 在屏障组织中含量丰富,一旦接触过敏原,就会通过产生 2 型细胞因子(如 IL-5 和 IL-13)对上皮源性 alarmins 做出反应。激活后,其中一些活化的 ILC2 会获得免疫记忆,并在进一步接触过敏原时产生更强的反应。在此,我们回顾了小鼠和人类 ILC2 免疫记忆的细胞和分子机制的最新发现,并讨论了记忆 ILC2 对过敏性疾病的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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