Legume Science最新文献

Urdbean or blackgram is one of the important multi-season pulse crops grown in India. Improved seed quality and resistance to Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) are the important objectives of the urdbean breeding program. For this, knowledge of inheritance for seed quality traits and MYMIV resistance is essentially required. Therefore, an attempt has been made to understand the inheritance of seed traits like seed luster, seed coat color, mosaic on seed surface, and MYMIV reaction using intra- and inter-specific bi-parental populations. The inheritance results revealed that in DPU88-31 × LBG-685 population, the shining seed registered dominance over the dull trait, while the green seed coat color exhibited dominance over the brown seed coat color. However, the inter-specific F₂ population derived from IPU11-02 × Pant M 6 deviated significantly from Mendelian ratios and supported severe segregation distortion for seed traits, while the mosaic on seed coat or mottling character studied in interspecific population demonstrated a dominant digenic inheritance pattern. In five inter- and intra-specific F₂ populations, MYMIV resistance demonstrated monogenic dominant inheritance, which was also validated in F₃ generations. Furthermore, linkage analysis exhibited an association between seed luster and seed coat color, while no association was noticed between seed traits and MYMIV resistance. The normality tests revealed that seed width and 100 seeds weight were controlled by a few major genes, while other quantitative traits were governed by many genes with small additive effects. The skewness suggested that complementary gene interactions were present among genes controlling 100 seed weight in the intra-specific cross, while duplicate gene interactions were involved in the inter-specific cross. The identified monogenic traits and linked morphological marker after further enrichment of the linkage group could be used as an important tool in the regular breeding program.

Protein is one of the essential major nutrients required for the cell functioning in human body. Complete proteins, which are usually found in animal-based proteins, despite of having high biovailability also cause adverse effect on the environment and increased the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. Recent years have witnessed enhanced awareness about the health benefits of substituting animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins, especially in developed countries. Nitrogen-fixing grain legumes are considered important sources of protein in many developing countries as they are generally cheaper than meat or cereals. Extensive research has been conducted on several underutilized legumes with similar nutritional properties to soybean; one of these legumes is velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens). Though it is rich in protein (27%), complementary amino acid pattern to that of cereal grains exerts health beneficial properties, including antiparkinson, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties, it is limited for human consumption due to the presence of antinutrients. This review provides insight into the potential use of this underutilized legume in resolving the global protein crisis and address food insecurity issues. Additionally, the review focuses on various processing conditions necessary to utilize velvet bean for the development of food products and by-products like protein isolate, concentrate, flour and their functional properties, and toxicological viewpoint. This current might help in driving future research and applications in velvet bean as a sustainable, plant-based protein source for human foods along with the critical research areas for their improvement.

Interest in utilizing new sustainable protein sources is increasing, and understanding the rheological behavior of sesame protein can be useful in further application. Small amplitude oscillatory shear measurements of sesame protein dispersions at varying concentrations of 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0% were examined at both linear and nonlinear regions. Although the sesame protein dispersions showed pseudoplastic behavior, the shear-thickening effect of sesame proteins at higher concentrations makes it possible to apply in beverages without increasing viscosity. The low values of the yield point of the sesame protein explained its feasibility for utilization in varying products such as high-protein-enriched beverages without the adverse effect of the high viscosity. The fracture stress and strain indicated the high strength of the sesame protein to the mechanical changes. The mechanical properties of the sesame proteins also confirmed typical strong gel behavior. The complex viscosity (η*) was decreased linearly with frequency demonstrating the shear thinning phenomenon. The frequency dependency of the protein was shown a low n value that explains a relatively elastic gel structure. These rheological characteristics of the sesame proteins might be more reliable than the previous works on the static rheological behavior, which provides a new horizon in the application of a sustainable protein in food industries.

Black gram (Vigna mungo) nuggets are locally known as “bori” and are an indigenous food and are consumed widely in the Indian subcontinent. The objective of the work was to compare the mode of selected drying techniques (hot-air, freeze, and microwave drying) on drying kinetics followed by the development of suitable mathematical modeling for the process. Additionally, the antioxidant, color, and textural properties of the dried nuggets were evaluated for their acceptability and associated health benefits. Based on regression parameters, it was found that the Page model fitted well (R² = 0.99) with the experimental data when compared with other models. The effective moisture diffusivity exhibited an inverse relation to drying time. Among tested drying techniques, it was found that TB in microwave drying at 450 W had the highest amount of phenolic content (5.27 mg/g), flavonoid content (1.72 mg/100 g), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (45.71 μmol/g), 61.42 μmol/g of ABTS assay, and 67.81 μmol/g of DPPH assay values. The freeze-drying products were better for physicochemical parameters than other drying process products. The presence of phytochemicals was responsible for the high bioactivity of microwave-dried nuggets.

Additive manufacturing, or three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology, has been recently explored in every field of science and technology for its unique features and ease of operation. 3DP technology has a wide range of applications in the food industry. The technology has enormous potential for the development of functional foods, for food and drug delivery, and for people with special needs, including dysphagia patients. This review envisages the recent interest in plant proteins and the development of food products using additive manufacturing (3DP), which is an exciting opportunity for the food industry and legume producers. The development of the formulation prior to printing requires a thorough rheological characterization for the smooth operation of the printer and fidelity. The steady flow properties and viscoelasticity of legume proteins, as well as their role in 3DP, are elucidated. Finally, this review provides insights into the current state of legume protein-based 3DP and food product development.

Lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) are grown worldwide in diverse agroecological regions with significant global production and trade. Since early 2000s, lentils production and consumption have been growing beyond its traditional areas of production and utilization, notably in USA, Canada, Australia, UK, and many European Union countries. Lentils are a rich source of protein, minerals, and many bioactive compounds. Therefore, lentil-based products can offer a healthy food choice for all consumers, including those who are vegetarian or vegans, and/or looking for meat protein alternatives due to health and/or environmental concerns. In order to avail all the benefits that lentils offer, a quality maintenance approach is essential across value-chain operations of postharvest handling, storage, and value-added processing. In recent years, lentils have been used increasingly in a variety of value-added products and cuisines in the developed countries. Different processing methods, for example, cooking, autoclaving, extrusion, baking, roasting, fermentation, and sprouting, significantly improve protein bioavailability, total digestibility, and overall nutritional and organoleptic quality. A number of traditional and innovative processing techniques also have been used to produce lentil-based end-products or ingredients for various food applications. Overall, lentils are well positioned as a food legume crop to cater to emerging trends among consumers, especially those looking for healthy food choices, an alternative plant-based protein for global food security, and foods that are produced in environmentally friendly and agriculturally sustainable manner. Significant production and consumption trends for lentils clearly demonstrate enhanced value for consumers and further impact in contributions to a nutritious global food supply.

Pulse grains are phenotypically diverse varying in colour, size, shape, and uniformity and have been integrated within many cultures and cuisines for several thousand years. Consumption of pulses within traditional dishes is still the dominant use for these grains, and therefore, the marketability is largely based on visual characteristics. There is also increasing interest into the utilisation of pulses in new processed food products because of their high protein content.

Pulse-quality assessment is critical within industry to determine marketability of the produce and remuneration for growers; however, the methods for assessment are largely subjective, completed by visual appraisal. Furthermore, targeted pulse-quality traits form part of the overall strategy of plant breeding programmes, but the grain-assessment methodologies are time consuming, constraining testing efficiency, and some destructive tests are reserved for advanced germplasm.

Recent advances in computing and spectral sensing technology have improved opportunities for development of non-destructive, high-throughput and accurate machine vision (MV) systems for product-quality evaluation. Algorithms based on digital image analysis have been developed to classify and quantify characteristics relating to the size, shape, colour and defects of grains and other agricultural products. Additionally, near-infrared-spectral processing has been successfully applied in the prediction of compositional constituents, such as protein and moisture, for some agricultural products.

This review describes the standard methodologies for the assessment of pulse-quality traits and developments in MV applications for grain quality assessment. Opportunities are identified, both within the pulse grain industry and plant breeding programmes, for objective and standardised post-harvest testing of pulse grains through MV.

Wild mustard is one of the common and troublesome winter weeds of chickpea fields and a great competitor to reduce the chickpea productivity. Plant species (chickpeas cv. Saral and wild mustard) were compared at freezing temperatures (+4 as a control, 0, −4, −8, −12, −16, and −20°C) based on the morphophysiological traits and their recovery ability. Chickpea chlorophyll fluorescence was more sensitive to low temperatures than wild mustard. Chickpea and wild mustard F_v′/F_m′ (light-adapted maximum efficiency of photosystem II [PSII] photochemistry) decrease 33% and 11% exposed to −16°C, respectively, compared with +4°C. Particularly at lower temperatures, wild mustard electrolyte leakage was smaller than that of chickpea; the temperature drop had a greater impact on the stems than the leaves. Per temperature degree drop from −12 to −20°C, the survival probability decreased by 12.5%. Wild mustard had a greater root dry matter (RDM) compared with chickpea plants. 50% dry matter depression temperature (RDMT₅₀) could better distinguish among the species freezing response; wild mustard RDMT₅₀ was ~1°C higher than chickpea. Plant survival and F_v′/F_m′ correlation suggested the reliability of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to assay plants freezing tolerance. The important contribution of a more powerful root system to wild mustard survival under adverse circumstances may be suggested by the positive association between plant survival and RDM. Higher tolerance of wild mustard to freezing stress ultimately leads to greater survival, regeneration, continued growth, and geographical distribution. Therefore, the wild mustard invasion will be possible in chickpea fields after freezing stress, especially in the cold climates and high-altitude regions.