This article explores issues related to the terms of a lease in Islamic jurisprudence. We present the results of research on what can serve as the basis of a lease agreement, what terms can be used in a lease agreement, including phrases expressing the meaning of a lease agreement, as well as such words, like an aria, sulh, Hadiya and bay. The Union of Islamic scholars (ulama) permits the conclusion of a lease agreement through التعاطى) at-ta›ati), that is, through practical actions. Also, we presented scientific conclusions regarding the conditions under which a lease agreement is concluded, including the specific benefits if the lease agreement is related to the use of something. The article discusses issues related to rent, in particular, the fact that some things can be charged as rent as the equivalent of money in trade, and some cannot. The amount of rent must be specified in the contract, and if it is charged in cash, then it must be discussed in what monetary units it is charged. Moreover, in Islamic jurisprudence, scholars have established two main conditions for rent: the rent must be the property of Sharia value. If somebody pays rent for the use of something, in the opinion of legal scholars, then the services offered by the other party should not coincide with what the first party proposes. The article involves the study of different points of view of scholars on the collection of rent. Also, it involves issues such as advance payment (voluntary payment) of annuity, the indication in the rental agreement of the prepayment as one of the conditions, and the fee made after the completion of these works.
{"title":"TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE LEASE AGREEMENT","authors":"Mamurjon Erkaev","doi":"10.47980/iiau/2021/3/7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/iiau/2021/3/7","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores issues related to the terms\u0000of a lease in Islamic jurisprudence. We present the results of\u0000research on what can serve as the basis of a lease agreement,\u0000what terms can be used in a lease agreement, including\u0000phrases expressing the meaning of a lease agreement, as\u0000well as such words, like an aria, sulh, Hadiya and bay. The\u0000Union of Islamic scholars (ulama) permits the conclusion of\u0000a lease agreement through التعاطى) at-ta›ati), that is, through\u0000practical actions.\u0000Also, we presented scientific conclusions regarding\u0000the conditions under which a lease agreement is concluded,\u0000including the specific benefits if the lease agreement is related\u0000to the use of something.\u0000The article discusses issues related to rent, in particular,\u0000the fact that some things can be charged as rent as the\u0000equivalent of money in trade, and some cannot. The amount\u0000of rent must be specified in the contract, and if it is charged\u0000in cash, then it must be discussed in what monetary units it\u0000is charged.\u0000Moreover, in Islamic jurisprudence, scholars have\u0000established two main conditions for rent: the rent must be\u0000the property of Sharia value. If somebody pays rent for the\u0000use of something, in the opinion of legal scholars, then the\u0000services offered by the other party should not coincide with\u0000what the first party proposes.\u0000The article involves the study of different points of view\u0000of scholars on the collection of rent. Also, it involves issues\u0000such as advance payment (voluntary payment) of annuity,\u0000the indication in the rental agreement of the prepayment as\u0000one of the conditions, and the fee made after the completion\u0000of these works.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132198624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahmud ibn zayd Lamishi is a scholar of the Hanafi school, a follower of the teachings of Maturidi, who worked in samarkand at the end of the 5th - beginning of the 6th centuries aH (aD). He was known as a mutakallim (islamic philosopher) and methodologist. His works on theology as at-tamhid li qawa’id-t-tawhid, as well as books on islamic fiqh kitab fi Usul al-fiqh and bayon kashfil-alfoz, have reached us. islamic philosophy (kalam) and islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) were taught in the madrasah of the Ottoman empire and the seljuk state based on the works of Lamishi. the current article describes the issues of faith discussed in the last chapter of the work at-tamhid li qawa’id-ttawhid. this chapter consists of five paragraphs. the scholar examines the essence of faith, its strengthening or weakening, regardless of whether the faith is created or is not created. He also depicts the issues of the faithfulness of muqallid (conformist) and exceptions in faith. Considering the views and evidence of the ahlu-ssunnah scholars and adherents of the teaching of maturidi, the author reveals the essence of faith. He writes that the actions (of the servant of God) are not an integral part of his faithfulness, and do not affect it. the author also reveals the views of the kharijites and Jahmites on this matter. the following chapter is devoted to the increase or decrease of faith. the author stated in short phrases that faithfulness does not increase or decrease. In the chapter on faith in the third paragraph, the author describes whether faithfulness is created by something or someone. the main reason for this hypothesis is that an inner conviction is created from the characteristics of a person’s character, and faith can also be created. However, if we consider faithfulness as given, it is impossible to build it since it is a gift from the almighty. the next chapter is devoted to the faithfulness of a Muslim who is not an expert in islam. the author reveals some exceptions in matters of faith. the author quotes the views and arguments of the adherents of the Maturidi doctrine. He writes that the faithfulness of a muqallid is as important as the faith of an expert in Islam. moreover, he mentions that no exceptions are allowed in matters of faith.
马哈茂德·本·扎伊德·拉米希是哈纳菲学派的学者，是马图里迪教义的追随者，他在公元5世纪末至6世纪初在撒马尔罕工作。他被称为伊斯兰哲学家和方法学家。他在神学方面的著作《at-tamhid li qawa 'id-t-tawhid》，以及关于伊斯兰教法的书籍《kitab fi Usul al-fiqh》和《bayon kashfil-alfoz》，已经传到了我们手中。伊斯兰哲学(kalam)和伊斯兰法理学(fiqh)在奥斯曼帝国和塞尔柱王朝的伊斯兰学校教授，这些都是基于拉米希的著作。当前的文章描述了在tamhid li qawa 'id-ttawhid工作的最后一章中讨论的信仰问题。本章由五段组成。学者考察了信仰的本质，它的增强或减弱，而不管信仰是否被创造出来。他还描绘了墨守成规者的忠诚和信仰中的例外。考虑到ahlu- sunnah学者和maturidi教义的追随者的观点和证据，作者揭示了信仰的本质。他写道，(神仆人的)行为不是神信实的组成部分，也不会影响神的信实。作者还揭示了哈里吉派和贾米派对这个问题的看法。下一章专门讨论信心的增加或减少。作者简短地陈述了忠诚不会增加或减少。在第三段关于信心的章节中，作者描述了信心是否是由某事或某人创造的。这个假设的主要原因是，内心的信念是从一个人的性格特征中创造出来的，信仰也可以被创造出来。然而，如果我们认为忠诚是天赋的，就不可能建立它，因为它是全能者的礼物。下一章是关于一个不是伊斯兰专家的穆斯林的忠诚。作者揭示了信仰方面的一些例外情况。作者引用了马图里迪教义信徒的观点和论点。他写道，穆卡瓦利德的忠诚与伊斯兰专家的信仰同样重要。此外，他提到在信仰问题上不允许有例外。
{"title":"FAITH AND ISSUES RELATED TO IT IN MAHMUD LAMISHI’S TAMHID","authors":"Abdullo G'ulomov","doi":"10.47980/iiau/2021/3/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/iiau/2021/3/4","url":null,"abstract":"Mahmud ibn zayd Lamishi is a scholar of the Hanafi school, a follower of the teachings of Maturidi, who worked in samarkand at the end of the 5th - beginning of the 6th centuries aH (aD). He was known as a mutakallim (islamic philosopher) and methodologist. His works on theology as at-tamhid li qawa’id-t-tawhid, as well as books on islamic fiqh kitab fi Usul al-fiqh and bayon kashfil-alfoz, have reached us. islamic philosophy (kalam) and islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) were taught in the madrasah of the Ottoman empire and the seljuk state based on the works of Lamishi. the current article describes the issues of faith discussed in the last chapter of the work at-tamhid li qawa’id-ttawhid. this chapter consists of five paragraphs. the scholar examines the essence of faith, its strengthening or weakening, regardless of whether the faith is created or is not created. He also depicts the issues of the faithfulness of muqallid (conformist) and exceptions in faith. Considering the views and evidence of the ahlu-ssunnah scholars and adherents of the teaching of maturidi, the author reveals the essence of faith. He writes that the actions (of the servant of God) are not an integral part of his faithfulness, and do not affect it. the author also reveals the views of the kharijites and Jahmites on this matter. the following chapter is devoted to the increase or decrease of faith. the author stated in short phrases that faithfulness does not increase or decrease. In the chapter on faith in the third paragraph, the author describes whether faithfulness is created by something or someone. the main reason for this hypothesis is that an inner conviction is created from the characteristics of a person’s character, and faith can also be created. However, if we consider faithfulness as given, it is impossible to build it since it is a gift from the almighty. the next chapter is devoted to the faithfulness of a Muslim who is not an expert in islam. the author reveals some exceptions in matters of faith. the author quotes the views and arguments of the adherents of the Maturidi doctrine. He writes that the faithfulness of a muqallid is as important as the faith of an expert in Islam. moreover, he mentions that no exceptions are allowed in matters of faith.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122569498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adherents of the Hanafi school make up almost half of the world’s Muslims. Iraq and Maverannahr have long been the centers of Hanafi jurisprudence. The scientific relationship between these two regions has had a strong influence on each other. Fiqh works created by scholars of our country were in demand in the Islamic world. The work “Mukhtasaru-l-Quduri” was compiled in Baghdad. It has long been used in our country as an authoritative source. Many works on Islamic law, created by scholars of Maverannahr, were written under the influence of this book. However, this work remains largely unexplored in our country. The article describes the history of the formation of Hanafi jurisprudence, gives information on the genre muhtasar, establishes the position of “Mukhtasaru-lQuduri” among the books on jurisprudence, and clarifies its advantages. We can divide books written in the muhtasar genre into several types. According to his resume, Quduri’s work is not an abbreviated version of a specific work. The author himself does not comment on this fact. In a small study, we attempted to identify the relationship between explicit storytelling releases based on different media. The style of presentation of the work “Mukhtasaru-l-Quduri” and its informativeness made it a source of constant use for the Hanafis. It examines how the text of the work relates to the six books called “Usul” and how it served as the basis for many later books of the Hanafi school. The article presents materials about “Mukhtasaru-l-Quduri” as one of the most widely used books in Hanafi jurisprudence. The article puts forward the following provisions: from the moment of creation, written comments and glosses have been written to the work we are researching; authoritative texts were created on its basis; the work was written in the poetic form of manzum; translations of the work “Mukhtasarul-Quduri” into different languages have been carried out. At present, the scientific study of the Hanafi school is one of the main issues for the Muslims of our country. Therefore, along with research devoted to collections of fatwas by Hanafi scholars and books on fiqh, the further study of the work “Mukhtasaru-l-Quduri” becomes especially relevant.
{"title":"“MUKHTASARU-L-QUDURIY” AS A PRESTIGIOUS SOURCE OF HANAFI FIQH","authors":"Nodirbek Turaboyev","doi":"10.47980/iiau/2021/3/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/iiau/2021/3/3","url":null,"abstract":"Adherents of the Hanafi school make up almost\u0000half of the world’s Muslims. Iraq and Maverannahr have\u0000long been the centers of Hanafi jurisprudence. The scientific\u0000relationship between these two regions has had a strong\u0000influence on each other. Fiqh works created by scholars of\u0000our country were in demand in the Islamic world.\u0000The work “Mukhtasaru-l-Quduri” was compiled\u0000in Baghdad. It has long been used in our country as an\u0000authoritative source. Many works on Islamic law, created by\u0000scholars of Maverannahr, were written under the influence\u0000of this book. However, this work remains largely unexplored\u0000in our country.\u0000The article describes the history of the formation\u0000of Hanafi jurisprudence, gives information on the genre\u0000muhtasar, establishes the position of “Mukhtasaru-lQuduri” among the books on jurisprudence, and clarifies\u0000its advantages. We can divide books written in the muhtasar\u0000genre into several types. According to his resume, Quduri’s\u0000work is not an abbreviated version of a specific work. The\u0000author himself does not comment on this fact.\u0000In a small study, we attempted to identify the relationship\u0000between explicit storytelling releases based on different media.\u0000The style of presentation of the work “Mukhtasaru-l-Quduri”\u0000and its informativeness made it a source of constant use for\u0000the Hanafis. It examines how the text of the work relates to\u0000the six books called “Usul” and how it served as the basis for\u0000many later books of the Hanafi school. The article presents\u0000materials about “Mukhtasaru-l-Quduri” as one of the most\u0000widely used books in Hanafi jurisprudence.\u0000The article puts forward the following provisions: from\u0000the moment of creation, written comments and glosses have\u0000been written to the work we are researching; authoritative\u0000texts were created on its basis; the work was written in the\u0000poetic form of manzum; translations of the work “Mukhtasarul-Quduri” into different languages have been carried out.\u0000At present, the scientific study of the Hanafi school is one\u0000of the main issues for the Muslims of our country. Therefore,\u0000along with research devoted to collections of fatwas by Hanafi\u0000scholars and books on fiqh, the further study of the work\u0000“Mukhtasaru-l-Quduri” becomes especially relevant.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117350165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses the concept of information and its importance today, the use of information in Uzbekistan and the world, the measures taken to ensure information security. In this regard, the fact that virtual information poses a direct threat to the socio-political processes of society is also covered in detail. Places where the virtual threats are reflected and ways to eliminate them have been revealed. The article illustrates how effective the virtual world and virtual communication have become for individuals and society. It is emphasized that several terms (virtual life, virtual family, and virtual love) have emerged in connection with the word virtual, which has become popular. We know that the information spread on the Internet today, in addition to its positive significance, also reflects the negative. In particular, the growing amount of negative information spread on social networks such as YouTube, Facebook, Telegram, WhatsApp creates the need to address the problems in this area. The growing distortion of information about positive changes in society among young people through the Internet, especially the anonymous penetration of religious fanaticism into their worldview, underscores the importance of studying and preventing this problem. The body part of the article focuses on the use of the opportunities of the virtual world in the spread of religious, extremist ideas. In this regard, the fact that the terrorist and extremist groups have not left indifferent to the considerable influence of social networks and Internet sites and their activeness in using these tools are shown in the example of ISIS. To conclude, the article provides suggestions and recommendations on the need to protect future generations from the threats of the virtual world
{"title":"IMPACT OF VIRTUAL INFORMATION ON SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY","authors":"Behzodbek Soipov","doi":"10.47980/iiau/2021/3/6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/iiau/2021/3/6","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the concept of information\u0000and its importance today, the use of information in Uzbekistan\u0000and the world, the measures taken to ensure information\u0000security. In this regard, the fact that virtual information poses\u0000a direct threat to the socio-political processes of society is\u0000also covered in detail. Places where the virtual threats are\u0000reflected and ways to eliminate them have been revealed.\u0000The article illustrates how effective the virtual world\u0000and virtual communication have become for individuals and\u0000society. It is emphasized that several terms (virtual life, virtual\u0000family, and virtual love) have emerged in connection with the\u0000word virtual, which has become popular.\u0000We know that the information spread on the Internet\u0000today, in addition to its positive significance, also reflects\u0000the negative. In particular, the growing amount of negative\u0000information spread on social networks such as YouTube,\u0000Facebook, Telegram, WhatsApp creates the need to address the\u0000problems in this area. The growing distortion of information\u0000about positive changes in society among young people\u0000through the Internet, especially the anonymous penetration\u0000of religious fanaticism into their worldview, underscores the\u0000importance of studying and preventing this problem. The body\u0000part of the article focuses on the use of the opportunities of\u0000the virtual world in the spread of religious, extremist ideas.\u0000In this regard, the fact that the terrorist and extremist groups\u0000have not left indifferent to the considerable influence of social\u0000networks and Internet sites and their activeness in using these\u0000tools are shown in the example of ISIS.\u0000To conclude, the article provides suggestions and\u0000recommendations on the need to protect future generations\u0000from the threats of the virtual world","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123908469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article examines the history of religions of the Turkic past, Islamic Renaissance, Tsarist imperialism, Soviet atheism, and nowadays. The author analyzes constitutional and special laws, describes religious diversity and cultural pluralism, examines the system and institutions of religious education, identifies the main reasons for the radicalization of the two countries. He pays special attention to the specifics of the manifestation of religious radicalism in each of the two countries, their approaches to this problem and ways of countering the terrorist threat, and systematizes the opinions of various scientists. The negative consequences of historical and political events on the religious life of the Uzbek and Kazakh societies are determined. The choice of these states is due to the similarity of their history, culture, and political system. A comparative analysis of the state of interfaith relations in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan is carried out according to the following criteria: historical stages, legislative and legal framework, religious associations, religious education, the problem of religious extremism and fundamentalism. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the interaction of the authorities with religious and confessional structures, to identify the main problems of interfaith relations and the religious situation in general. This study contributes to a better understanding of ethno-confessional and inter-confessional politics in modern realities, as well as an analysis of the state and forecast of the prospects for the development of tolerant inter-confessional relations in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in the context of religious pluralism, globalism, and actual challenges of the postmodern era. It is necessary to gradually strengthen the legislative, political and socio-economic base, which will be aimed at the secular path of development of our countries, without prejudice to confessions and religious organizations, which are separated from the state by definition. In the Turkic period history of Central Asia, many concrete examples testify to the positive experience of historically peaceful coexistence of various religions in the Central Asian Turkic-Muslim region. These historical facts should and can positively influence the further strengthening of interreligious cooperation and harmony
{"title":"-COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERCONFESSIONAL RELATIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN AND UZBEKISTAN","authors":"Abdulla Mirzakhojaev","doi":"10.47980/iiau/2021/2/5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/iiau/2021/2/5","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the history of religions of the Turkic past, Islamic Renaissance, Tsarist imperialism, Soviet atheism, and nowadays. The author analyzes constitutional and special laws, describes religious diversity and cultural pluralism, examines the system and institutions of religious education, identifies the main reasons for the radicalization of the two countries. He pays special attention to the specifics of the manifestation of religious radicalism in each of the two countries, their approaches to this problem and ways of countering the terrorist threat, and systematizes the opinions of various scientists. The negative consequences of historical and political events on the religious life of the Uzbek and Kazakh societies are determined. The choice of these states is due to the similarity of their history, culture, and political system. A comparative analysis of the state of interfaith relations in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan is carried out according to the following criteria: historical stages, legislative and legal framework, religious associations, religious education, the problem of religious extremism and fundamentalism. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the interaction of the authorities with religious and confessional structures, to identify the main problems of interfaith relations and the religious situation in general. This study contributes to a better understanding of ethno-confessional and inter-confessional politics in modern realities, as well as an analysis of the state and forecast of the prospects for the development of tolerant inter-confessional relations in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in the context of religious pluralism, globalism, and actual challenges of the postmodern era. It is necessary to gradually strengthen the legislative, political and socio-economic base, which will be aimed at the secular path of development of our countries, without prejudice to confessions and religious organizations, which are separated from the state by definition. In the Turkic period history of Central Asia, many concrete examples testify to the positive experience of historically peaceful coexistence of various religions in the Central Asian Turkic-Muslim region. These historical facts should and can positively influence the further strengthening of interreligious cooperation and harmony","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131376643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article provides estimates of the “material standard of living” of the world’s population by periods (life expectancy, the volume of production of consumer goods, services, and products per capita). Many scientists and experts, politicians and, statesmen who have left their mark on world history have thought about the concept of progress. Most of them supported the idea of “progress” only from the bottom up. One described the pinnacle of progress as Chinese communism and, another called it “Western democracy.” This one-sided explanation reflects in the theory of five entities. (primitive, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and, communism or Western democracy). It emphasizes that all nations must go through these formations. The end of the twentieth century was characterized not only by the breakdown of the socialist system so “longawaited” in the West, the disappearance of the bipolar world and the emergence of world centers of power, unpredictable insane globalization with all the ensuing consequences, but, as it is obvious now, by the emergence of new, previously unseen threats and challenges not only to the sovereignty of individual countries but, above all, by threats to the existence of both each individual and by challenges to the existence of people itself. The first quarter of the 21st century, more than ever before, stuck out, exposed and, brought to the culmination point all painful problems - environmental, economic, geopolitical, socio-cultural, etc. The problem of adequate analysis and forecasting of these threats and challenges did not test, methodologically verified. The study made it possible to conclude that the issue of global and national security on earth is one of the main tasks of any state. And the understanding of the current requirements plays a principal role in preventing the emergence of a threat factor. Thus, understanding the period is one of the dominant needs in preventing the emergence of a threat factor
{"title":"TRANSFORMATION OF CURRENT ISSUES OF MODERN SOCIO-POLITICAL CHANGES","authors":"Rustam Djumayev","doi":"10.47980/iiau/2021/2/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/iiau/2021/2/4","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides estimates of the “material standard of living” of the world’s population by periods (life expectancy, the volume of production of consumer goods, services, and products per capita). Many scientists and experts, politicians and, statesmen who have left their mark on world history have thought about the concept of progress. Most of them supported the idea of “progress” only from the bottom up. One described the pinnacle of progress as Chinese communism and, another called it “Western democracy.” This one-sided explanation reflects in the theory of five entities. (primitive, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and, communism or Western democracy). It emphasizes that all nations must go through these formations. The end of the twentieth century was characterized not only by the breakdown of the socialist system so “longawaited” in the West, the disappearance of the bipolar world and the emergence of world centers of power, unpredictable insane globalization with all the ensuing consequences, but, as it is obvious now, by the emergence of new, previously unseen threats and challenges not only to the sovereignty of individual countries but, above all, by threats to the existence of both each individual and by challenges to the existence of people itself. The first quarter of the 21st century, more than ever before, stuck out, exposed and, brought to the culmination point all painful problems - environmental, economic, geopolitical, socio-cultural, etc. The problem of adequate analysis and forecasting of these threats and challenges did not test, methodologically verified. The study made it possible to conclude that the issue of global and national security on earth is one of the main tasks of any state. And the understanding of the current requirements plays a principal role in preventing the emergence of a threat factor. Thus, understanding the period is one of the dominant needs in preventing the emergence of a threat factor","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115840666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article emphasizes the influx of Christianity into cyberspace, the history of the first virtual forums, groups, networks, and websites relevant to this religion. It discusses the results of the studies on the widespread of faith, particularly Christianity, on the Internet. Examples, obtained as a result of American, Canadian, and British scientists’ observation of these processes, are provided. As it is known, scientists divide the studies on the correlation between religion and the Internet into three periods. Based on this fact, we paid attention to the studies of the leading representatives of each period and their results. In the second half of the twentieth century, the process, which began with a simple message on a bulletin board system (BBS), began to develop rapidly. Special forums on the expression of religious views (e.g. “Origins”, 1983) and virtual groups dedicated to Christianity (“net.religion.Christian”, 1984) come to light. The author analyzes and justifies these groups were paid much attention and participated actively by the general population and the church. The article identifies the most discussed topics in the virtual communities, which were established in the first network for religious dialogue Ecunet in their public and private (paid) conversations. It provides information about an online religious ceremony on the memory of the missing astronauts of the Challenger spacecraft. It shows how the emergence of the free World Wide web and the possibility of working with hypertext and creating websites influenced the dynamics of Christianity in cyberspace. It also provides information on the leading websites of cyber-communication technologies and which sects and churches they belong to.
{"title":"HISTORY OF THE ENTRY OF CHRISTIANITY INTO CYBERSPACE","authors":"Sh. V. Niyazova","doi":"10.47980/iiau/2021/2/6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/iiau/2021/2/6","url":null,"abstract":"This article emphasizes the influx of Christianity into cyberspace, the history of the first virtual forums, groups, networks, and websites relevant to this religion. It discusses the results of the studies on the widespread of faith, particularly Christianity, on the Internet. Examples, obtained as a result of American, Canadian, and British scientists’ observation of these processes, are provided. As it is known, scientists divide the studies on the correlation between religion and the Internet into three periods. Based on this fact, we paid attention to the studies of the leading representatives of each period and their results. In the second half of the twentieth century, the process, which began with a simple message on a bulletin board system (BBS), began to develop rapidly. Special forums on the expression of religious views (e.g. “Origins”, 1983) and virtual groups dedicated to Christianity (“net.religion.Christian”, 1984) come to light. The author analyzes and justifies these groups were paid much attention and participated actively by the general population and the church. The article identifies the most discussed topics in the virtual communities, which were established in the first network for religious dialogue Ecunet in their public and private (paid) conversations. It provides information about an online religious ceremony on the memory of the missing astronauts of the Challenger spacecraft. It shows how the emergence of the free World Wide web and the possibility of working with hypertext and creating websites influenced the dynamics of Christianity in cyberspace. It also provides information on the leading websites of cyber-communication technologies and which sects and churches they belong to.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116205679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the second half of the 19th century, marked by intensive scientific researches, the educator and encyclopedist Ahmad Donish left behind a rich scientific legacy, particularly his work Me’yoru-t-tadoyun, which to this day remains poorly studied. Even though the name of this work is known to the scientific community, few people are still familiar with its content. The article analyzes the religious and moral factors that caused the creation of the work Me’yoru-t-tadoyun, the recommendations of Ahmad Donish regarding the coverage of the history of world religions, and the rights of representatives of different religions to consider their beliefs as the only true ones. Ahmad Donish proposed a series of large-scale reforms in the Bukhara Emirate. These reforms assumed the coverage of a complex of political, economic, and social problems of the country, which would contribute to the establishment of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence of citizens of the Bukhara Emirate, belonging to various religious beliefs. In his work, Ahmad Donish turned to the scientific heritage of his forerunners to strengthen the correctness of his ideas. The sources for it were such works as the works of Sheikh Fariddin Attor (Tazkiratu-l-avliya), Mavlono Jami (Nafatahul-uns), Sarvi Bustani and his Tadilu-l-mizan, considered to be the edition of Mizanu-l-Haq, Mizanu-l-mavazin by Abdullah Mashhadi, Nasikhatu-l-muminin by Hafiz Gulom Halim Dehlevi, Rabboniilikni anglash (Understanding the Rabbinic ) by Abdulqadyr Gelani, including Kimiyoi Saodat and Imam Ghazali, such religious and moralistic works as Kanzu-lirfon and Hadisi Qudsi. The content of the work traces the influence of the philosophical views of Abu Nasr Farabi on the formation of the religious and moral ideas of Ahmad Donish. The author of the article, outlining his thoughts about the meaning of «Me’yoru-t-tadoiyun» for the present, emphasizes and gives several convincing examples confirming the importance of this work for ensuring interreligious harmony of tolerance, resolving mutual contradictions between different religions. The author ends the article with scientific conclusions about the meaning and role of the studied work «Me’yoru-t-tadoyun» in the education of modern youth and in explaining the essence of the true doctrine of Islam.
{"title":"“MEYORU-Т-TADOYYUN” AS RELIGIOUS AND MORAL SOURCE","authors":"Ismat Naimov","doi":"10.47980/iiau/2021/2/8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/iiau/2021/2/8","url":null,"abstract":"In the second half of the 19th century, marked by intensive scientific researches, the educator and encyclopedist Ahmad Donish left behind a rich scientific legacy, particularly his work Me’yoru-t-tadoyun, which to this day remains poorly studied. Even though the name of this work is known to the scientific community, few people are still familiar with its content. The article analyzes the religious and moral factors that caused the creation of the work Me’yoru-t-tadoyun, the recommendations of Ahmad Donish regarding the coverage of the history of world religions, and the rights of representatives of different religions to consider their beliefs as the only true ones. Ahmad Donish proposed a series of large-scale reforms in the Bukhara Emirate. These reforms assumed the coverage of a complex of political, economic, and social problems of the country, which would contribute to the establishment of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence of citizens of the Bukhara Emirate, belonging to various religious beliefs. In his work, Ahmad Donish turned to the scientific heritage of his forerunners to strengthen the correctness of his ideas. The sources for it were such works as the works of Sheikh Fariddin Attor (Tazkiratu-l-avliya), Mavlono Jami (Nafatahul-uns), Sarvi Bustani and his Tadilu-l-mizan, considered to be the edition of Mizanu-l-Haq, Mizanu-l-mavazin by Abdullah Mashhadi, Nasikhatu-l-muminin by Hafiz Gulom Halim Dehlevi, Rabboniilikni anglash (Understanding the Rabbinic ) by Abdulqadyr Gelani, including Kimiyoi Saodat and Imam Ghazali, such religious and moralistic works as Kanzu-lirfon and Hadisi Qudsi. The content of the work traces the influence of the philosophical views of Abu Nasr Farabi on the formation of the religious and moral ideas of Ahmad Donish. The author of the article, outlining his thoughts about the meaning of «Me’yoru-t-tadoiyun» for the present, emphasizes and gives several convincing examples confirming the importance of this work for ensuring interreligious harmony of tolerance, resolving mutual contradictions between different religions. The author ends the article with scientific conclusions about the meaning and role of the studied work «Me’yoru-t-tadoyun» in the education of modern youth and in explaining the essence of the true doctrine of Islam.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"9 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114013200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the article is to study the contribution of scientists of Mawarannahr to the formation and development of the theory of Islamic law – usulu-l-fiqh. The study examines the factors that led to the emergence of usulu-l-fiqh in Iraq and its subsequent spread in the East. The article analyzes the scientific activity of the scientists of Mawarannahr and the influence of their works on the development of the al-fiqh method. We have studied written sources on usulu-l-fiqh in the region and their features. New concepts and methods introduced into the science of usulu-lfiqh through the books of Kaffal Shashi Mahasinu-sh-shari’a, Takvimu-l-adilla of Abu Zayd Dabusi, and Usulu-l-Pazdawi of Fakhru-l-Islam Ali Pazdawi. We researched the scientific activity and scientific works of such faqihs as Shamsu-la’imma Muhammad Sarakhsi, Fakhru-l-Islam Ali Pazdawi, Alau-d-din Samarkandi, Abu Hafs Umar Nasafi, Hisamiddin Akhsikati, Nizamiddin Shashi, Abul Barakat Nasafi, Sadrush-shaheed Ubaidullah ibn Mas’ud Bukhari. The article provides valuable information about such works as Takvimul-adilla, Usulu-l-Pazdawi, Usulu-s-Sarakhsi, Mizanu-l-usul, Manar, at-Talvih and comments and annotations to them. In conclusion, the importance of works on the science of usulul-fiqh for understanding the theoretical foundations, goals, and essence of Islam is explained
本文的目的是研究Mawarannahr的科学家对伊斯兰教法理论的形成和发展的贡献。这项研究调查了导致伊拉克出现乌苏鲁-伊-菲格赫及其随后在东方蔓延的因素。文章分析了Mawarannahr科学家的科学活动，以及他们的工作对al-fiqh法发展的影响。我们研究了该地区关于乌苏鲁-伊-菲格的书面资料及其特征。通过Kaffal Shashi Mahasinu-sh-shari 'a, Abu Zayd Dabusi的Takvimu-l-adilla和Fakhru-l-Islam Ali Pazdawi的Usulu-l-Pazdawi的书籍，新的概念和方法被引入到usulu-l -lfiqh科学中。我们研究了shasu -la 'imma Muhammad Sarakhsi, Fakhru-l-Islam Ali Pazdawi, Alau-d-din Samarkandi, Abu Hafs Umar Nasafi, Hisamiddin Akhsikati, Nizamiddin Shashi, Abul Barakat Nasafi, sadush -shaheed Ubaidullah ibn Mas 'ud Bukhari等法奇赫的科学活动和科学著作。本文提供了关于Takvimul-adilla, Usulu-l-Pazdawi, Usulu-s-Sarakhsi, Mizanu-l-usul, Manar, at-Talvih等作品的宝贵信息以及对它们的评论和注释。最后，本文解释了关于世俗-菲格斯科学的著作对于理解伊斯兰教的理论基础、目标和本质的重要性
{"title":"THE BEGINNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENCE “USUL AL-FIQH” IN MAWARANNAHR","authors":"Saidahmadxon Gaybullayev","doi":"10.47980/iiau/2021/2/9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/iiau/2021/2/9","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to study the contribution of scientists of Mawarannahr to the formation and development of the theory of Islamic law – usulu-l-fiqh. The study examines the factors that led to the emergence of usulu-l-fiqh in Iraq and its subsequent spread in the East. The article analyzes the scientific activity of the scientists of Mawarannahr and the influence of their works on the development of the al-fiqh method. We have studied written sources on usulu-l-fiqh in the region and their features. New concepts and methods introduced into the science of usulu-lfiqh through the books of Kaffal Shashi Mahasinu-sh-shari’a, Takvimu-l-adilla of Abu Zayd Dabusi, and Usulu-l-Pazdawi of Fakhru-l-Islam Ali Pazdawi. We researched the scientific activity and scientific works of such faqihs as Shamsu-la’imma Muhammad Sarakhsi, Fakhru-l-Islam Ali Pazdawi, Alau-d-din Samarkandi, Abu Hafs Umar Nasafi, Hisamiddin Akhsikati, Nizamiddin Shashi, Abul Barakat Nasafi, Sadrush-shaheed Ubaidullah ibn Mas’ud Bukhari. The article provides valuable information about such works as Takvimul-adilla, Usulu-l-Pazdawi, Usulu-s-Sarakhsi, Mizanu-l-usul, Manar, at-Talvih and comments and annotations to them. In conclusion, the importance of works on the science of usulul-fiqh for understanding the theoretical foundations, goals, and essence of Islam is explained","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124747285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lyric songs depict how rich is the aesthetic taste of the Turkic peoples and their special love for verbal art for a long period, and the fact that they possessed artistic resources capable of competing with the most agile peoples of their time. Moreover, these songs illustrate the artistic views of the Turks. Pure lyrical experiences, with their novelty, the richness of images, and unique pathos, have always engaged the reader. The poetry of the Turkic peoples is studied as a separate phenomenon in the history of world literature. Mahmud Kashgari’s Divani lugat at-Turk provides extensive information about the foundations of Turkish poetry and its scope. We can see the first paradigms of lyric poetry in the oral poetry of the Turkic peoples in the Divani lugat at-Turk. As a great linguist of his time and an advanced thinker – Kashgari proves each word with its specific expression or a piece of poetry. Each poem in his work is unique regarding its artistic value and semantics. We can see this, especially in these lyrical poems. Even simple episodes in lyrical songs demonstrate the ability of our ancestors to express thoughts beautifully. The lyrical passages in the Divani lugat at-Turk consist of the description of the mistress, the sad moments of the separation of beloved ones, and the poems addressed to his beloved one. The issue of fine art and its location is noteworthy in them. The devices used in them play an essential role as the initial version in the context of the literature of the Turkic peoples. The author cites some examples of such poetic art: tashbih, oxymoron, metaphor, tajnis, repetition, hyperbole (mubalaga), irsali masal, etc. These devices were actively reflected in all types of poetry of the later period. This article discusses the semantics of lyrical poems in the Divani lugat at-Turk and reveals their fine art.
{"title":"SEMANTICS OF POEM IN «DIV TICS OF POEM IN «DIVANI LUGATI-T-TURK»","authors":"Qosimjon Sodiqov, Govhar Rahmatova","doi":"10.47980/iiau/2021/2/7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47980/iiau/2021/2/7","url":null,"abstract":"Lyric songs depict how rich is the aesthetic taste of the Turkic peoples and their special love for verbal art for a long period, and the fact that they possessed artistic resources capable of competing with the most agile peoples of their time. Moreover, these songs illustrate the artistic views of the Turks. Pure lyrical experiences, with their novelty, the richness of images, and unique pathos, have always engaged the reader. The poetry of the Turkic peoples is studied as a separate phenomenon in the history of world literature. Mahmud Kashgari’s Divani lugat at-Turk provides extensive information about the foundations of Turkish poetry and its scope. We can see the first paradigms of lyric poetry in the oral poetry of the Turkic peoples in the Divani lugat at-Turk. As a great linguist of his time and an advanced thinker – Kashgari proves each word with its specific expression or a piece of poetry. Each poem in his work is unique regarding its artistic value and semantics. We can see this, especially in these lyrical poems. Even simple episodes in lyrical songs demonstrate the ability of our ancestors to express thoughts beautifully. The lyrical passages in the Divani lugat at-Turk consist of the description of the mistress, the sad moments of the separation of beloved ones, and the poems addressed to his beloved one. The issue of fine art and its location is noteworthy in them. The devices used in them play an essential role as the initial version in the context of the literature of the Turkic peoples. The author cites some examples of such poetic art: tashbih, oxymoron, metaphor, tajnis, repetition, hyperbole (mubalaga), irsali masal, etc. These devices were actively reflected in all types of poetry of the later period. This article discusses the semantics of lyrical poems in the Divani lugat at-Turk and reveals their fine art.","PeriodicalId":180207,"journal":{"name":"The Light of Islam","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125096156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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