In this paper we propose methodology for modeling and development of wireless sensor network (WSN) application for monitoring, quantifying, verifying and validating organization GHG information. We have discussed preliminary activities and challenges involved in the development of GHG project and proposed system architecture for GHG information system. Methodology is modeled and specified using Active sensor process (ASP). Extensively studied different fault affecting WSN and considered effective fault tolerance technique at the level of individual component. An algorithm is proposed for verifying and validating sampled data and evaluated using experimental analysis.
{"title":"Specification verification and validation of wireless sensor network model for environment monitoring","authors":"R. Jaichandran, A. Irudhayaraj","doi":"10.1145/2185216.2185329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2185216.2185329","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we propose methodology for modeling and development of wireless sensor network (WSN) application for monitoring, quantifying, verifying and validating organization GHG information. We have discussed preliminary activities and challenges involved in the development of GHG project and proposed system architecture for GHG information system. Methodology is modeled and specified using Active sensor process (ASP). Extensively studied different fault affecting WSN and considered effective fault tolerance technique at the level of individual component. An algorithm is proposed for verifying and validating sampled data and evaluated using experimental analysis.","PeriodicalId":180836,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131625470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to multi-hop routing and many-to-one data traffic pattern of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes near to the sink have heavier relay traffic that makes them to deplete their energy much faster than sensor nodes in other parts of the monitored space. This uneven energy consumption can cause energy hole around the sink. During this case, the sensed data cannot be successfully routed to the sink. To deal with this problem, we propose an energy balanced mobile agents based data dissemination (EBMADD) protocol that employ multiple mobile agents for data aggregation and collection task. We performed simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of the EBMADD protocol and the results show that our proposed protocol will balance the energy consumption among all the sensor nodes and prolong the lifetime of network.
{"title":"An energy balanced mobile agents based data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks","authors":"Govind P. Gupta, M. Misra, K. Garg","doi":"10.1145/2185216.2185249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2185216.2185249","url":null,"abstract":"Due to multi-hop routing and many-to-one data traffic pattern of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes near to the sink have heavier relay traffic that makes them to deplete their energy much faster than sensor nodes in other parts of the monitored space. This uneven energy consumption can cause energy hole around the sink. During this case, the sensed data cannot be successfully routed to the sink. To deal with this problem, we propose an energy balanced mobile agents based data dissemination (EBMADD) protocol that employ multiple mobile agents for data aggregation and collection task. We performed simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of the EBMADD protocol and the results show that our proposed protocol will balance the energy consumption among all the sensor nodes and prolong the lifetime of network.","PeriodicalId":180836,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133377590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. N. Premnath, S. Kasera, B. Farhang-Boroujeny, Neal Patwari
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), widely recommended for sharing the spectrum among different nodes in a dynamic spectrum access network, imposes tight timing and frequency synchronization requirements. We examine the use of filterbank multicarrier (FBMC), a some-what lesser known and understood alternative, for dynamic spectrum access in vehicular networks. FBMC promises very low out-of-band energy of each subcarrier signal when compared to OFDM. In order to fully understand and evaluate the promise of FBMC in mobile, outdoor settings, we first examine the use of special pulse shaping filters of the FBMC PHY layer in reliably transmitting data packets at a very high rate. Next, to gain an understanding of the cross-layer performance of FBMC, as well as to understand its impact beyond the PHY layer, we build a discrete event simulator using realistic models. Using extensive simulations, we show that FBMC consistently achieves an order of magnitude performance improvement over OFDM in terms of packet transmission delays and effective data transmission rate available to each node, over large distances in comparison to OFDM. Finally, our analysis in the case of multi-hop networks shows that FBMC can achieve about 20x smaller end-to-end data packet delivery delays, and relatively low packet drop probabilities in comparison to OFDM. In summary, our results can serve as guidelines for designing ad hoc, dynamic spectrum access communication standards for future vehicular networks.
{"title":"Efficient dynamic spectrum access in vehicular networks using filterbank multicarrier","authors":"S. N. Premnath, S. Kasera, B. Farhang-Boroujeny, Neal Patwari","doi":"10.1145/2185216.2185269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2185216.2185269","url":null,"abstract":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), widely recommended for sharing the spectrum among different nodes in a dynamic spectrum access network, imposes tight timing and frequency synchronization requirements. We examine the use of filterbank multicarrier (FBMC), a some-what lesser known and understood alternative, for dynamic spectrum access in vehicular networks. FBMC promises very low out-of-band energy of each subcarrier signal when compared to OFDM. In order to fully understand and evaluate the promise of FBMC in mobile, outdoor settings, we first examine the use of special pulse shaping filters of the FBMC PHY layer in reliably transmitting data packets at a very high rate. Next, to gain an understanding of the cross-layer performance of FBMC, as well as to understand its impact beyond the PHY layer, we build a discrete event simulator using realistic models. Using extensive simulations, we show that FBMC consistently achieves an order of magnitude performance improvement over OFDM in terms of packet transmission delays and effective data transmission rate available to each node, over large distances in comparison to OFDM. Finally, our analysis in the case of multi-hop networks shows that FBMC can achieve about 20x smaller end-to-end data packet delivery delays, and relatively low packet drop probabilities in comparison to OFDM. In summary, our results can serve as guidelines for designing ad hoc, dynamic spectrum access communication standards for future vehicular networks.","PeriodicalId":180836,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114902546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this contribution a technique for first responders localization support in emergency indoor scenarios is presented. Although localization and mapping has been largely investigated in the field of mobile robotics, it is still a big challenge in emergency response due to the demanding operating conditions. The peculiarity of the proposed system relies on the integration between human operators and robots in a hybrid team. Localization technique takes advantages both from a pre-installed set of landmarks and a self-deployable sensor network composed by tags dropped by rescuers. The main contribution of the paper is the development and the testing of a localization procedure for hybrid rescue teams, able to handle both a priori knowledge, i.e., maps of the environment, with large uncertainties and information updated during rescue tasks.
{"title":"An adaptive localization system for first responders","authors":"F. Pascucci, R. Setola","doi":"10.1145/2185216.2185255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2185216.2185255","url":null,"abstract":"In this contribution a technique for first responders localization support in emergency indoor scenarios is presented. Although localization and mapping has been largely investigated in the field of mobile robotics, it is still a big challenge in emergency response due to the demanding operating conditions. The peculiarity of the proposed system relies on the integration between human operators and robots in a hybrid team. Localization technique takes advantages both from a pre-installed set of landmarks and a self-deployable sensor network composed by tags dropped by rescuers. The main contribution of the paper is the development and the testing of a localization procedure for hybrid rescue teams, able to handle both a priori knowledge, i.e., maps of the environment, with large uncertainties and information updated during rescue tasks.","PeriodicalId":180836,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114994516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We explore the use of unique device characteristics that we call fingerprints, and unique wireless link characteristics that we call link signatures, for enhancing wireless network security. Our fingerprinting research complements the traditional password and certificate methods for authenticating and identifying devices. Specifically, we show how the clock skew of an access point can be used as its fingerprint to detect unauthorized access points in wireless local area networks quickly and accurately.
{"title":"Securing wireless networks using unique device and link characteristics","authors":"S. Kasera","doi":"10.1145/2185216.2185305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2185216.2185305","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the use of unique device characteristics that we call fingerprints, and unique wireless link characteristics that we call link signatures, for enhancing wireless network security. Our fingerprinting research complements the traditional password and certificate methods for authenticating and identifying devices. Specifically, we show how the clock skew of an access point can be used as its fingerprint to detect unauthorized access points in wireless local area networks quickly and accurately.","PeriodicalId":180836,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117267967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In multitier visual sensor networks, the constraints faced during node communication is horizontal collaboration and limited life time of visual sensor networks. During horizontal communication between the visual sensor nodes, there is a need for selecting the number of neighboring nodes in the region having more or less common field of view to reduce the redundant information transmitted to the base station. This work introduces an overlapping based energy aware approach for selecting the node which will be transmitting the image to the base station. This novel approach helps in efficient processing and to increase the life time of visual sensor networks. Analysis carried out with the proposed approach shows that the network lifetime increases by 70%.
{"title":"Optimized overlapping based energy-aware node collaboration in visual sensor networks","authors":"H. Kenchannavar, U. Kulkarni","doi":"10.1145/2185216.2185248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2185216.2185248","url":null,"abstract":"In multitier visual sensor networks, the constraints faced during node communication is horizontal collaboration and limited life time of visual sensor networks. During horizontal communication between the visual sensor nodes, there is a need for selecting the number of neighboring nodes in the region having more or less common field of view to reduce the redundant information transmitted to the base station. This work introduces an overlapping based energy aware approach for selecting the node which will be transmitting the image to the base station. This novel approach helps in efficient processing and to increase the life time of visual sensor networks. Analysis carried out with the proposed approach shows that the network lifetime increases by 70%.","PeriodicalId":180836,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124493821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The solution addressed here is based on inertial navigation: the output (linear acceleration and angular velocity) of a small-size inertial measurement unit, weared by the operator to be tracked, is processed to estimate the present location and the walked path. This information can be transmitted outside the intervention area, e.g. to the manager of the fire squad, to coordinate operators and possibly to start recovery actions of operators in difficulty. This paper presents the derivation of the matrix differential equations of the navigation and of the errors, followed by their discretization and estimation of the errors by a Complementary Extended Kalman Filter. Then the detection of the Zero Velocity Update is introduced to estimate the intervals when the foot is approximately still, at each step during walking, as a method to decrease the errors. Eventually, navigation error estimates are subtracted from the navigation estimate, followed by an experimental validation of the method.
{"title":"Location and tracking of pedestrians based on inertial navigation","authors":"E. D. Marinis, O. Gasparini","doi":"10.1145/2185216.2185284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2185216.2185284","url":null,"abstract":"The solution addressed here is based on inertial navigation: the output (linear acceleration and angular velocity) of a small-size inertial measurement unit, weared by the operator to be tracked, is processed to estimate the present location and the walked path. This information can be transmitted outside the intervention area, e.g. to the manager of the fire squad, to coordinate operators and possibly to start recovery actions of operators in difficulty. This paper presents the derivation of the matrix differential equations of the navigation and of the errors, followed by their discretization and estimation of the errors by a Complementary Extended Kalman Filter. Then the detection of the Zero Velocity Update is introduced to estimate the intervals when the foot is approximately still, at each step during walking, as a method to decrease the errors. Eventually, navigation error estimates are subtracted from the navigation estimate, followed by an experimental validation of the method.","PeriodicalId":180836,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129860008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considering the contribution agriculture has made towards India's rapid raise in economic status, its relevance to the nation's subjects, its depth and far reaching wing span across the length and breadth of the country and foremost to account for the turmoil through which the farming community in India is going through under the current circumstances, it does deserve to be treated with higher reverence and priority. Although agriculture has made enormous contribution towards India's rapid raise in economic status, accounting for nearly 20% of the GDP and the livelihood for 58% of the population, the farmers who are the mainstay of this industry face a lot of problems in raising crops and sustaining production. This paper proposes a system that will automate the irrigation system, especially in rural India, to compensate for the flimsy, inconsistent and unreliable power supply system. Suggested design uses a Central regional scheduler server hosting an intelligent software working alongside with remote microcontroller based sensors to get up to date environmental parameters so as to assist it to work out the best array of water pumps to be turned on at a given instance. Sensor devices are kept at the vicinity of where the water pumps are so that influential decision making parameters can be sensed and fed to the intelligent software stationed at the central server. It uses mobile technology to handshake between the central server and the sensor controllers. Various derivatives of the same are discussed which need to be weighed in terms of their practicality, ease of deployment and of course the cost factor. It also helps the nation to preserve both water and electricity by enforcing controlled but adequate usage of the same.
{"title":"IRIGNET: intelligent communication network for power-scarce rural India","authors":"S. Sathyadevan, Hari Kallingalthodi, N. Hari","doi":"10.1145/2185216.2185335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2185216.2185335","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the contribution agriculture has made towards India's rapid raise in economic status, its relevance to the nation's subjects, its depth and far reaching wing span across the length and breadth of the country and foremost to account for the turmoil through which the farming community in India is going through under the current circumstances, it does deserve to be treated with higher reverence and priority. Although agriculture has made enormous contribution towards India's rapid raise in economic status, accounting for nearly 20% of the GDP and the livelihood for 58% of the population, the farmers who are the mainstay of this industry face a lot of problems in raising crops and sustaining production. This paper proposes a system that will automate the irrigation system, especially in rural India, to compensate for the flimsy, inconsistent and unreliable power supply system. Suggested design uses a Central regional scheduler server hosting an intelligent software working alongside with remote microcontroller based sensors to get up to date environmental parameters so as to assist it to work out the best array of water pumps to be turned on at a given instance. Sensor devices are kept at the vicinity of where the water pumps are so that influential decision making parameters can be sensed and fed to the intelligent software stationed at the central server. It uses mobile technology to handshake between the central server and the sensor controllers. Various derivatives of the same are discussed which need to be weighed in terms of their practicality, ease of deployment and of course the cost factor. It also helps the nation to preserve both water and electricity by enforcing controlled but adequate usage of the same.","PeriodicalId":180836,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129317108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New developments in nanoscience are leading to a much better understanding and control of the natural sensors and actuators. Using its own version of what scientists call nanoengineering, nature transforms abundant and inanimate ingredients into self-generating and self-repairing entities that move, reproduce and possess intelligence. With recent advances in science and technology scientists can now envision development of materials that possess intelligence and show some of the salient characteristics of living things, especially a structure intricate enough to interact with the chemical environment with selectivity (molecular recognition) and with the ability to transform that chemical environment to suit its needs (actuation). Short- chain single stranded nucleic acids (called aptamers) adopt complex 3-dimensional conformations that can exhibit specific binding abilities and enzymatic activities at ppt level of ligands. The ability of nucleic acids to be chemically synthesized inexpensively and enzymatically amplified makes them molecules of choice for sensing and responding to detrimental entities. For e.g. copper, lead, arsenic detecting aptamers have been isolated and can be planted into sensors for biomedical diagnostics, water remediation, etc. These molecules will benefit from a vehicle for their use in a physiological environment. Nanoparticles are increasingly being studied for this purpose. While utilizing their beneficial functions, possibilities of engulfment of nanoparticles by biological cells and resultant toxicity must also be taken into account. The uncertainty of nanotechnology, especially potential environmental risks of nanoparticles cannot be ignored lest we have another asbestosis to deal with. Recent research shows that depending on their surface chemistry, size, surface area, crystallinity and surface charge, nanoparticles can produce toxicity on cells via different mechanisms and need to be studied in detail.
{"title":"Nanotechnology for sensing: emerging applications of aptamers based sensors for societal welfare","authors":"P. Somasundaran, P. Purohit","doi":"10.1145/2185216.2185298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2185216.2185298","url":null,"abstract":"New developments in nanoscience are leading to a much better understanding and control of the natural sensors and actuators. Using its own version of what scientists call nanoengineering, nature transforms abundant and inanimate ingredients into self-generating and self-repairing entities that move, reproduce and possess intelligence. With recent advances in science and technology scientists can now envision development of materials that possess intelligence and show some of the salient characteristics of living things, especially a structure intricate enough to interact with the chemical environment with selectivity (molecular recognition) and with the ability to transform that chemical environment to suit its needs (actuation). Short- chain single stranded nucleic acids (called aptamers) adopt complex 3-dimensional conformations that can exhibit specific binding abilities and enzymatic activities at ppt level of ligands. The ability of nucleic acids to be chemically synthesized inexpensively and enzymatically amplified makes them molecules of choice for sensing and responding to detrimental entities. For e.g. copper, lead, arsenic detecting aptamers have been isolated and can be planted into sensors for biomedical diagnostics, water remediation, etc. These molecules will benefit from a vehicle for their use in a physiological environment. Nanoparticles are increasingly being studied for this purpose. While utilizing their beneficial functions, possibilities of engulfment of nanoparticles by biological cells and resultant toxicity must also be taken into account. The uncertainty of nanotechnology, especially potential environmental risks of nanoparticles cannot be ignored lest we have another asbestosis to deal with. Recent research shows that depending on their surface chemistry, size, surface area, crystallinity and surface charge, nanoparticles can produce toxicity on cells via different mechanisms and need to be studied in detail.","PeriodicalId":180836,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129595345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern distributed systems are increasingly relying on components that need to make use of wireless technology. Examples include subsystems implemented as wireless sensor networks or subsystems making use of mobile computing platforms. In this tutorial, we'll be looking closer into wireless-only distributed systems that are extreme in one or several of the following dimensions: their size in terms of the number of nodes, the resource limitations of those nodes (memory, compute power, energy budget), or the harshness of their environment (lossy channels, mobility). In particular, we'll be discussing issues related to turning such extreme distributed systems into robust ones, addressing questions like: how to set up and maintaining routing paths, how to reliably disseminate information, and how to realize very large ultra-low duty-cycled networks. In the meantime, we draw examples from systems that are aimed at directly supporting human beings.
{"title":"Exploring extreme wireless distributed systems","authors":"Michael Steen","doi":"10.1145/2185216.2185222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2185216.2185222","url":null,"abstract":"Modern distributed systems are increasingly relying on components that need to make use of wireless technology. Examples include subsystems implemented as wireless sensor networks or subsystems making use of mobile computing platforms. In this tutorial, we'll be looking closer into wireless-only distributed systems that are extreme in one or several of the following dimensions: their size in terms of the number of nodes, the resource limitations of those nodes (memory, compute power, energy budget), or the harshness of their environment (lossy channels, mobility).\u0000 In particular, we'll be discussing issues related to turning such extreme distributed systems into robust ones, addressing questions like: how to set up and maintaining routing paths, how to reliably disseminate information, and how to realize very large ultra-low duty-cycled networks. In the meantime, we draw examples from systems that are aimed at directly supporting human beings.","PeriodicalId":180836,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Wireless Technologies for Humanitarian Relief","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127105718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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