Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123019
An increase in life expectancy comes with a higher risk for age-related neurological and cognitive dysfunctions. Given the psycho-socioeconomic burden due to unhealthy aging in the coming decades, the United Nations has declared 2021–2030 as a decade of healthy aging. In this line, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapeutics received special interest from the research community. Based on decades of research on cell therapy, a consensus has emerged that the therapeutic effects of cell therapy are due to the paracrine mechanisms rather than cell replacement. Exosomes, a constituent of the secretome, are nano-sized vesicles that have been a focus of intense research in recent years as a possible therapeutic agent or as a cargo to deliver drugs of interest into the central nervous system to induce neurogenesis, reduce neuroinflammation, confer neuroregeneration/neuroprotection, and improve cognitive and motor functions. In this review, we have discussed the neuroprotective properties of exosomes derived from adult mesenchymal stem cells, with a special focus on the role of exosomal miRNAs. We also reviewed various strategies to improve exosome production and their content for better therapeutic effects. Further, we discussed the utilization of ectomesenchymal stem cells like dental pulp stem cells and their exosomes in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
{"title":"Engineered exosome therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An increase in life expectancy comes with a higher risk for age-related neurological and cognitive dysfunctions. Given the psycho-socioeconomic burden due to unhealthy aging in the coming decades, the United Nations has declared 2021–2030 as a decade of healthy aging. In this line, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapeutics received special interest from the research community. Based on decades of research on cell therapy, a consensus has emerged that the therapeutic effects of cell therapy are due to the paracrine mechanisms rather than cell replacement. Exosomes, a constituent of the secretome, are nano-sized vesicles that have been a focus of intense research in recent years as a possible therapeutic agent or as a cargo to deliver drugs of interest into the central nervous system to induce neurogenesis, reduce neuroinflammation, confer neuroregeneration/neuroprotection, and improve cognitive and motor functions. In this review, we have discussed the neuroprotective properties of exosomes derived from adult mesenchymal stem cells, with a special focus on the role of exosomal miRNAs. We also reviewed various strategies to improve exosome production and their content for better therapeutic effects. Further, we discussed the utilization of ectomesenchymal stem cells like dental pulp stem cells and their exosomes in treating neurodegenerative diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18122,"journal":{"name":"Life sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002432052400609X/pdfft?md5=54d0a9192541617d0f50f49b1ed5a2f6&pid=1-s2.0-S002432052400609X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123021
Chronic caloric restriction triggers unfavorable alterations in cardiac function albeit responsible scenarios remain unclear. This work evaluated the possible involvement of Akt2 in caloric restriction-evoked cardiac geometric and functional changes and responsible processes focusing on autophagy and mitophagy. Akt2 knockout and WT mice were subjected to caloric restriction for 30 weeks prior to assessment of myocardial homeostasis. Caloric restriction compromised echocardiographic parameters (decreased LV wall thickness, LVEDD, stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and LV mass), cardiomyocyte contractile and intracellular Ca2+ capacity, myocardial atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and mitochondrial injury associated with elevated blood glucocorticoids, autophagy (LC3B, p62, Atg7, Beclin-1), and mitophagy (Pink1, Parkin, TOM20), dampened cardiac ATP levels, mitochondrial protein PGC1α and UCP2, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2, intracellular Ca2+ governing components Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, phosphorylation of SERCA2a, mTOR (Ser2481) and ULK1 (Ser757), and upregulated Bax, phospholamban, phosphorylation of Akt2, AMPK, and ULK1 (Ser555), the responses except autophagy markers (Beclin-1, Atg7), phosphorylation of AMPK, mTOR and ULK1 were negated by Akt2 ablation. Levels of CDK1 and DRP1 phosphorylation were overtly upregulated with caloric restriction, the response was reversed by Akt2 knockout. Caloric restriction-evoked changes in cardiac remodeling and cardiomyocyte function were alleviated by glucocorticoid receptor antagonism, Parkin ablation and Mdivi-1. In vitro experiment indicated that serum deprivation or glucocorticoids evoked GFP-LC3B accumulation and cardiomyocyte dysfunction, which was negated by inhibition of Akt2, CDK1 or DRP1, whereas mitophagy induction reversed Akt2 ablation-evoked cardioprotection. These observations favor a protective role of Akt2 ablation in sustained caloric restriction-evoked cardiac pathological changes via correction of glucocorticoid-induced mitophagy defect in a CDK1-DRP1-dependent manner.
{"title":"Ablation of Akt2 rescues chronic caloric restriction-provoked myocardial remodeling and dysfunction through a CDK1-mediated regulation of mitophagy","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chronic caloric restriction triggers unfavorable alterations in cardiac function albeit responsible scenarios remain unclear. This work evaluated the possible involvement of Akt2 in caloric restriction-evoked cardiac geometric and functional changes and responsible processes focusing on autophagy and mitophagy. Akt2 knockout and WT mice were subjected to caloric restriction for 30 weeks prior to assessment of myocardial homeostasis. Caloric restriction compromised echocardiographic parameters (decreased LV wall thickness, LVEDD, stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and LV mass), cardiomyocyte contractile and intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> capacity, myocardial atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and mitochondrial injury associated with elevated blood glucocorticoids, autophagy (LC3B, p62, Atg7, Beclin-1), and mitophagy (Pink1, Parkin, TOM20), dampened cardiac ATP levels, mitochondrial protein PGC1α and UCP2, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2, intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> governing components Na<sup>+</sup>-Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger, phosphorylation of SERCA2a, mTOR (Ser<sup>2481</sup>) and ULK1 (Ser<sup>757</sup>), and upregulated Bax, phospholamban, phosphorylation of Akt2, AMPK, and ULK1 (Ser<sup>555</sup>), the responses except autophagy markers (Beclin-1, Atg7), phosphorylation of AMPK, mTOR and ULK1 were negated by Akt2 ablation. Levels of CDK1 and DRP1 phosphorylation were overtly upregulated with caloric restriction, the response was reversed by Akt2 knockout. Caloric restriction-evoked changes in cardiac remodeling and cardiomyocyte function were alleviated by glucocorticoid receptor antagonism, Parkin ablation and Mdivi-1. <em>In vitro</em> experiment indicated that serum deprivation or glucocorticoids evoked GFP-LC3B accumulation and cardiomyocyte dysfunction, which was negated by inhibition of Akt2, CDK1 or DRP1, whereas mitophagy induction reversed Akt2 ablation-evoked cardioprotection. These observations favor a protective role of Akt2 ablation in sustained caloric restriction-evoked cardiac pathological changes <em>via</em> correction of glucocorticoid-induced mitophagy defect in a CDK1-DRP1-dependent manner.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18122,"journal":{"name":"Life sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123022
Aims
This review explores the mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for COVID-19-induced liver injury, with a focus on its impact on patients with pre-existing liver conditions, liver cancer, and those undergoing liver transplantation.
Materials and methods
A comprehensive literature review included studies on clinical manifestations of liver injury due to COVID-19. Key areas examined were direct viral effects, drug-induced liver injury, cytokine storms, and impacts on individuals with chronic liver diseases, liver transplants, and the role of vaccination. Data were collected from clinical trials, observational studies, case reports, and review literature.
Key findings
COVID-19 can cause a spectrum of liver injuries, from mild enzyme elevations to severe hepatic dysfunction. Injury mechanisms include direct viral invasion, immune response alterations, drug toxicity, and hypoxia-reperfusion injury. Patients with chronic liver conditions (such as alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma) face increased risks of severe outcomes. The pandemic has worsened pre-existing liver conditions, disrupted cancer treatments, and complicated liver transplantation. Vaccination remains crucial for reducing severe disease, particularly in chronic liver patients and transplant recipients. Telemedicine has been beneficial in managing patients and reducing cross-infection risks.
Significance
This review discusses the importance of improved diagnostic methods and management strategies for liver injury caused by COVID-19. It emphasizes the need for close monitoring and customized treatment for high-risk groups, advocating for future research to explore long-term effects, novel therapies, and evidence-based approaches to improve liver health during and after the pandemic.
{"title":"COVID-19-related liver injury: Mechanisms, diagnosis, management; its impact on pre-existing conditions, cancer and liver transplant: A comprehensive review","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><p>This review explores the mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for COVID-19-induced liver injury, with a focus on its impact on patients with pre-existing liver conditions, liver cancer, and those undergoing liver transplantation.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>A comprehensive literature review included studies on clinical manifestations of liver injury due to COVID-19. Key areas examined were direct viral effects, drug-induced liver injury, cytokine storms, and impacts on individuals with chronic liver diseases, liver transplants, and the role of vaccination. Data were collected from clinical trials, observational studies, case reports, and review literature.</p></div><div><h3>Key findings</h3><p>COVID-19 can cause a spectrum of liver injuries, from mild enzyme elevations to severe hepatic dysfunction. Injury mechanisms include direct viral invasion, immune response alterations, drug toxicity, and hypoxia-reperfusion injury. Patients with chronic liver conditions (such as alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma) face increased risks of severe outcomes. The pandemic has worsened pre-existing liver conditions, disrupted cancer treatments, and complicated liver transplantation. Vaccination remains crucial for reducing severe disease, particularly in chronic liver patients and transplant recipients. Telemedicine has been beneficial in managing patients and reducing cross-infection risks.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This review discusses the importance of improved diagnostic methods and management strategies for liver injury caused by COVID-19. It emphasizes the need for close monitoring and customized treatment for high-risk groups, advocating for future research to explore long-term effects, novel therapies, and evidence-based approaches to improve liver health during and after the pandemic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18122,"journal":{"name":"Life sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123018
GBM is the most common, aggressive, and intracranial primary brain tumor; it originates from the glial progenitor cells, has poor overall survival (OS), and has limited treatment options. In this decade, GBM immunotherapy is in trend and preferred over several conventional therapies, due to their better patient survival outcome. This review explores the clinical trials of several immunotherapeutic approaches (immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), CAR T-cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy) with their efficacy and safety. Despite significant progress, several challenges (viz., immunosuppressive microenvironment, heterogeneity, and blood-brain barrier (BBB)) were experienced that hamper their immunotherapeutic potential. Furthermore, these challenges were clinically studied to be resolved by multiple combinatorial approaches, discussed in the later part of the review. Thus, this review suggests the clinical use and potential of immunotherapy in GBM and provides the holistic recent knowledge and future perspectives.
GBM是最常见、侵袭性最强的颅内原发性脑肿瘤;它起源于胶质祖细胞,总生存率(OS)低,治疗方案有限。在这十年中,GBM 免疫疗法因其更好的患者生存率而成为趋势,并成为几种传统疗法的首选。本综述探讨了几种免疫治疗方法(免疫检查点阻断剂(ICB)、CAR T 细胞疗法、癌症疫苗和收养细胞疗法)的临床试验及其疗效和安全性。尽管取得了重大进展,但也遇到了一些挑战(即免疫抑制微环境、异质性和血脑屏障(BBB)),这些挑战阻碍了它们的免疫治疗潜力。此外,经临床研究,这些挑战可通过多种组合方法加以解决,本综述的后半部分将对此进行讨论。因此,本综述提出了免疫疗法在 GBM 中的临床应用和潜力,并提供了最新的整体知识和未来展望。
{"title":"GBM immunotherapy: Exploring molecular and clinical frontiers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>GBM is the most common, aggressive, and intracranial primary brain tumor; it originates from the glial progenitor cells, has poor overall survival (OS), and has limited treatment options. In this decade, GBM immunotherapy is in trend and preferred over several conventional therapies, due to their better patient survival outcome. This review explores the clinical trials of several immunotherapeutic approaches (immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), CAR T-cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy) with their efficacy and safety. Despite significant progress, several challenges (<em>viz.</em>, immunosuppressive microenvironment, heterogeneity, and blood-brain barrier (BBB)) were experienced that hamper their immunotherapeutic potential. Furthermore, these challenges were clinically studied to be resolved by multiple combinatorial approaches, discussed in the later part of the review. Thus, this review suggests the clinical use and potential of immunotherapy in GBM and provides the holistic recent knowledge and future perspectives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18122,"journal":{"name":"Life sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142095542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123020
Aim
Transcriptional regulation of gene expression plays a crucial role in orchestrating complex morphogenetic and molecular events during heart development and function. Mediator complex is an essential multi-subunit protein complex that governs gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Although Mediator subunits (MEDs) work integrally in the complex, individual MED component displays specialized functions. MED27, categorized as an Upper Tail subunit, possesses an as-yet-uncharacterized function. In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiological role of MED27 in cardiomyocytes.
Materials and methods
we generated a Med27 floxed mouse line, which was further used to generate constitutive (cKO) and inducible (icKO) cardiomyocyte-specific Med27 knockout mouse models. Morphological, histological analysis and cardiac physiological studies were performed in Med27 cKO and icKO mutants. Transcriptional profiles were determined by RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis.
Key fundings
Ablation of MED27 in developing mouse cardiomyocytes results in embryonic lethality, while its deletion in adult cardiomyocytes leads to heart failure and mortality. Similar to the ablation of another Upper Tail subunit, MED30 in cardiomyocytes, deletion of MED27 leads to decreased protein levels of most MEDs in cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, overexpression of MED30 fails to restore the protein levels of Mediator subunits in MED27-deficient cardiomyocytes, demonstrating that the role of MED27 in maintaining the integrity and stability of the Mediator complex is independent of MED30.
Significance
Our results revealed an essential role of MED27 in cardiac development and function by maintaining the stability of the Mediator core.
{"title":"The essential role of MED27 in stabilizing the mediator complex for cardiac development and function","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><p>Transcriptional regulation of gene expression plays a crucial role in orchestrating complex morphogenetic and molecular events during heart development and function. Mediator complex is an essential multi-subunit protein complex that governs gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Although Mediator subunits (MEDs) work integrally in the complex, individual MED component displays specialized functions. MED27, categorized as an Upper Tail subunit, possesses an as-yet-uncharacterized function. In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiological role of MED27 in cardiomyocytes.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>we generated a <em>Med27</em> floxed mouse line, which was further used to generate constitutive (cKO) and inducible (icKO) cardiomyocyte-specific <em>Med27</em> knockout mouse models. Morphological, histological analysis and cardiac physiological studies were performed in <em>Med27</em> cKO and icKO mutants. Transcriptional profiles were determined by RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Key fundings</h3><p>Ablation of MED27 in developing mouse cardiomyocytes results in embryonic lethality, while its deletion in adult cardiomyocytes leads to heart failure and mortality. Similar to the ablation of another Upper Tail subunit, MED30 in cardiomyocytes, deletion of MED27 leads to decreased protein levels of most MEDs in cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, overexpression of MED30 fails to restore the protein levels of Mediator subunits in MED27-deficient cardiomyocytes, demonstrating that the role of MED27 in maintaining the integrity and stability of the Mediator complex is independent of MED30.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Our results revealed an essential role of MED27 in cardiac development and function by maintaining the stability of the Mediator core.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18122,"journal":{"name":"Life sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142108938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122989
Multiple myeloma, the second most common hematological malignancy, remains incurable with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50 % and recurrence rates near 100 %, despite significant attempts to develop effective medicines. Therefore, there is a pressing demand in the medical field for innovative and more efficient treatments for MM. Currently, the standard approach for treating MM involves administering high-dose chemotherapy, which frequently correlates with improved results; however, one major limiting factor is the significant side effects of these medications. Furthermore, the strategies used to deliver medications to tumors limit their efficacy, whether by rapid clearance from circulation or an insufficient concentration in cancer cells. Cancer treatment has shifted from cytotoxic, nonspecific chemotherapy regimens to molecularly targeted, rationally developed drugs with improved efficacy and fewer side effects. Nanomedicines may provide an effective alternative way to avoid these limits by delivering drugs into the complicated bone marrow microenvironment and efficiently reaching myeloma cells. Putting drugs into nanoparticles can make their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles much better. This can increase the drug's effectiveness in tumors, extend its time in circulation in the blood, and lower its off-target toxicity. In this review, we introduce several criteria for the rational design of nanomedicine to achieve the best anti-tumoral therapeutic results. Next, we discuss recent advances in nanomedicine for MM therapy.
多发性骨髓瘤是第二大最常见的血液恶性肿瘤,尽管在开发有效药物方面做了大量尝试,但它仍然是不治之症,5 年生存率约为 50%,复发率接近 100%。因此,医学界迫切需要创新和更有效的治疗方法。目前,治疗 MM 的标准方法是进行大剂量化疗,这种方法往往能改善疗效;然而,一个主要的限制因素是这些药物的副作用很大。此外,由于药物在血液循环中清除过快或在癌细胞中浓度不足,将药物送入肿瘤的策略也限制了药物的疗效。癌症治疗已从细胞毒性、非特异性化疗方案转向分子靶向、合理开发的药物,这些药物疗效更好、副作用更小。纳米药物可将药物送入复杂的骨髓微环境,并有效地到达骨髓瘤细胞,从而为避免这些限制提供了一种有效的替代方法。将药物放入纳米颗粒中,可以使药物的药代动力学和药效学特征变得更好。这可以提高药物在肿瘤中的有效性,延长药物在血液中的循环时间,并降低药物的脱靶毒性。在这篇综述中,我们介绍了合理设计纳米药物以达到最佳抗肿瘤治疗效果的几个标准。接下来,我们将讨论用于 MM 治疗的纳米药物的最新进展。
{"title":"Recent advancements in nanomedicine as a revolutionary approach to treating multiple myeloma","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Multiple myeloma, the second most common hematological malignancy, remains incurable with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50 % and recurrence rates near 100 %, despite significant attempts to develop effective medicines. Therefore, there is a pressing demand in the medical field for innovative and more efficient treatments for MM. Currently, the standard approach for treating MM involves administering high-dose chemotherapy, which frequently correlates with improved results; however, one major limiting factor is the significant side effects of these medications. Furthermore, the strategies used to deliver medications to tumors limit their efficacy, whether by rapid clearance from circulation or an insufficient concentration in cancer cells. Cancer treatment has shifted from cytotoxic, nonspecific chemotherapy regimens to molecularly targeted, rationally developed drugs with improved efficacy and fewer side effects. Nanomedicines may provide an effective alternative way to avoid these limits by delivering drugs into the complicated bone marrow microenvironment and efficiently reaching myeloma cells. Putting drugs into nanoparticles can make their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles much better. This can increase the drug's effectiveness in tumors, extend its time in circulation in the blood, and lower its off-target toxicity. In this review, we introduce several criteria for the rational design of nanomedicine to achieve the best anti-tumoral therapeutic results. Next, we discuss recent advances in nanomedicine for MM therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18122,"journal":{"name":"Life sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142093629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123009
Adipose tissue dysfunction is a key feature of metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease induced by bacteria that affects the gingiva and other components of periodontal tissue. Recent studies indicate that molecules from inflamed periodontal tissue contribute to adipose tissue dysfunction. However, the cellular mechanisms and interactions between adipose tissue and gingiva driving the progression of metabolic and periodontal conditions remain unclear. To address this, we developed a chimeric (mouse/human) co-culture tissue model (which identifies the origins of species-specific cytokines) to investigate these interactions. Using tissue-specific functional cells and immunocytes, we constructed equivalents of adipose tissue (ATE) and gingiva (GTE), co-cultivating them under inflammatory conditions induced by bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our findings showed that exposure to LPS resulted in a notable reduction in lipid accumulation, GLUT4 expression, and adiponectin secretion in ATE, along with increased macrophage colonies forming around lipid droplets, as well as elevated levels of triglyceride, leptin, and IL-6. In GTE, LPS triggered significant inflammatory responses, characterized by increased macrophage accumulation, elevated COX-2 expression, and heightened secretion of inflammatory cytokines. LPS also reduced epithelial thickness and the expression of keratin 19 and collagen IV, indicating impaired barrier function and gingival integrity. Co-culturing ATE with GTE exacerbated these LPS-induced harmful effects in both tissues. In conclusion, our findings suggest that interplay between gingiva and adipose tissue can intensify the inflammatory and dysfunctional changes caused by LPS. This co-culture tissue model offers a valuable tool for future studies on periodontitis and metabolic syndrome.
脂肪组织功能障碍是代谢综合征的一个主要特征,它会增加牙周炎的风险,牙周炎是一种由细菌诱发的炎症性疾病,会影响牙龈和牙周组织的其他成分。最近的研究表明,发炎的牙周组织分子会导致脂肪组织功能障碍。然而,脂肪组织和牙龈之间驱动新陈代谢和牙周病进展的细胞机制和相互作用仍不清楚。为了解决这个问题,我们开发了一种嵌合(小鼠/人类)共培养组织模型(可确定物种特异性细胞因子的来源)来研究这些相互作用。利用组织特异性功能细胞和免疫细胞,我们构建了等效的脂肪组织(ATE)和牙龈(GTE),在细菌内毒素脂多糖(LPS)诱导的炎症条件下对它们进行共培养。我们的研究结果表明,暴露于 LPS 会导致 ATE 中的脂质积累、GLUT4 表达和促脂素分泌明显减少,同时在脂滴周围形成的巨噬细胞集落增多,甘油三酯、瘦素和 IL-6 水平升高。在 GTE 中,LPS 引发了明显的炎症反应,表现为巨噬细胞聚集增加、COX-2 表达升高和炎性细胞因子分泌增多。LPS 还降低了上皮厚度以及角蛋白 19 和胶原蛋白 IV 的表达,表明屏障功能和牙龈完整性受损。将 ATE 与 GTE 共同培养会加剧 LPS 对这两种组织的有害影响。总之,我们的研究结果表明,牙龈和脂肪组织之间的相互作用会加剧 LPS 引起的炎症和功能障碍变化。这种共培养组织模型为今后研究牙周炎和代谢综合征提供了宝贵的工具。
{"title":"Interplay of co-cultured chimeric adipose and gingival tissues exacerbates inflammatory dysfunction relevant to periodontal and metabolic conditions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adipose tissue dysfunction is a key feature of metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease induced by bacteria that affects the gingiva and other components of periodontal tissue. Recent studies indicate that molecules from inflamed periodontal tissue contribute to adipose tissue dysfunction. However, the cellular mechanisms and interactions between adipose tissue and gingiva driving the progression of metabolic and periodontal conditions remain unclear. To address this, we developed a chimeric (mouse/human) co-culture tissue model (which identifies the origins of species-specific cytokines) to investigate these interactions. Using tissue-specific functional cells and immunocytes, we constructed equivalents of adipose tissue (ATE) and gingiva (GTE), co-cultivating them under inflammatory conditions induced by bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our findings showed that exposure to LPS resulted in a notable reduction in lipid accumulation, GLUT4 expression, and adiponectin secretion in ATE, along with increased macrophage colonies forming around lipid droplets, as well as elevated levels of triglyceride, leptin, and IL-6. In GTE, LPS triggered significant inflammatory responses, characterized by increased macrophage accumulation, elevated COX-2 expression, and heightened secretion of inflammatory cytokines. LPS also reduced epithelial thickness and the expression of keratin 19 and collagen IV, indicating impaired barrier function and gingival integrity. Co-culturing ATE with GTE exacerbated these LPS-induced harmful effects in both tissues. In conclusion, our findings suggest that interplay between gingiva and adipose tissue can intensify the inflammatory and dysfunctional changes caused by LPS. This co-culture tissue model offers a valuable tool for future studies on periodontitis and metabolic syndrome.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18122,"journal":{"name":"Life sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142087473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123011
Heading aims
Based on the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which m6A influences ferroptosis, our objective is to underscore the intricate and interdependent relationships between m6A and the principal regulatory pathways of ferroptosis, as well as other molecules, emphasizing its relevance to diseases associated with this cell death mode.
Materials and methods
We conducted a literature search using the keywords “m6A and ferroptosis” across PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline. The search was limited to English-language publications from 2017 to 2024. Retrieved articles were managed using Endnote software. Two authors independently screened the search results and reviewed the full texts of selected articles.
Key findings
Abnormal m6A levels are often identified as critical regulators of ferroptosis. Specifically, “writers”, “readers” and “erasers” that dynamically modulate m6A function regulate various pathways in ferroptosis including iron metabolism, lipid metabolism and antioxidant system. Additionally, we provide an overview of the role of m6A-mediated ferroptosis in multiple diseases and summarize the potential applications of m6A-mediated ferroptosis, including its use as a therapeutic target for diseases and as diagnostic as well as prognostic biomarkers.
Significance
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, a prevalent RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, is crucial in regulating various aspects of RNA metabolism. Notably, accumulating evidence has implicated m6A modification in ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death characterized by elevated iron levels and lipid peroxide accumulation. Overall, this review sheds light on the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of m6A regulators in addressing conditions associated with ferroptosis.
{"title":"The regulatory mechanisms of N6-methyladenosine modification in ferroptosis and its implications in disease pathogenesis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Heading aims</h3><p>Based on the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which m6A influences ferroptosis, our objective is to underscore the intricate and interdependent relationships between m6A and the principal regulatory pathways of ferroptosis, as well as other molecules, emphasizing its relevance to diseases associated with this cell death mode.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>We conducted a literature search using the keywords “m6A and ferroptosis” across PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline. The search was limited to English-language publications from 2017 to 2024. Retrieved articles were managed using Endnote software. Two authors independently screened the search results and reviewed the full texts of selected articles.</p></div><div><h3>Key findings</h3><p>Abnormal m6A levels are often identified as critical regulators of ferroptosis. Specifically, “writers”, “readers” and “erasers” that dynamically modulate m6A function regulate various pathways in ferroptosis including iron metabolism, lipid metabolism and antioxidant system. Additionally, we provide an overview of the role of m6A-mediated ferroptosis in multiple diseases and summarize the potential applications of m6A-mediated ferroptosis, including its use as a therapeutic target for diseases and as diagnostic as well as prognostic biomarkers.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, a prevalent RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, is crucial in regulating various aspects of RNA metabolism. Notably, accumulating evidence has implicated m6A modification in ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death characterized by elevated iron levels and lipid peroxide accumulation. Overall, this review sheds light on the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of m6A regulators in addressing conditions associated with ferroptosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18122,"journal":{"name":"Life sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142055997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123014
Aims
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that has received widespread attention; however, current clinical treatments can only relieve its symptoms, and do not effectively protect dopaminergic neurons. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF-EXO) on PD models and to explore the underlying mechanisms of these effects.
Main methods
6-Hydroxydopamine was used to establish in vivo and in vitro PD models. Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the effects of BDNF-EXO on apoptosis and ferroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The in vivo biological distribution of BDNF-EXO was detected using a small animal imaging system, and dopaminergic neuron improvements in brain tissue were detected using western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Nissl and Prussian blue staining.
Key findings
BDNF-EXO effectively suppressed 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Following intravenous administration, BDNF-EXO crossed the blood–brain barrier to reach afflicted brain regions in mice, leading to a notable enhancement in neuronal survival. Furthermore, BDNF-EXO modulated microtubule-associated protein 2 and phosphorylated tau expression, thereby promoting neuronal cytoskeletal stability. Additionally, BDNF-EXO bolstered cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms through the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway, thereby conferring neuroprotection against damage.
Significance
The novel drug delivery system, BDNF-EXO, had substantial therapeutic effects in both in vivo and in vitro PD models, and may represent a new treatment strategy for PD.
{"title":"Treatment of Parkinson's disease model with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded with BDNF","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that has received widespread attention; however, current clinical treatments can only relieve its symptoms, and do not effectively protect dopaminergic neurons. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF-EXO) on PD models and to explore the underlying mechanisms of these effects.</p></div><div><h3>Main methods</h3><p>6-Hydroxydopamine was used to establish <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> PD models. Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the effects of BDNF-EXO on apoptosis and ferroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The <em>in vivo</em> biological distribution of BDNF-EXO was detected using a small animal imaging system, and dopaminergic neuron improvements in brain tissue were detected using western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Nissl and Prussian blue staining.</p></div><div><h3>Key findings</h3><p>BDNF-EXO effectively suppressed 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis and ferroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Following intravenous administration, BDNF-EXO crossed the blood–brain barrier to reach afflicted brain regions in mice, leading to a notable enhancement in neuronal survival. Furthermore, BDNF-EXO modulated microtubule-associated protein 2 and phosphorylated tau expression, thereby promoting neuronal cytoskeletal stability. Additionally, BDNF-EXO bolstered cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms through the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway, thereby conferring neuroprotection against damage.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>The novel drug delivery system, BDNF-EXO, had substantial therapeutic effects in both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> PD models, and may represent a new treatment strategy for PD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18122,"journal":{"name":"Life sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142055998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}