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Dendrimers: Synthesis, Encapsulation Applications and Specific Interaction with the Stratum Corneum—A Review 树突状大分子:合成、封装应用及与角质层的特异性相互作用综述
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.3390/macromol3020022
Katia Bacha, Catherine Chemotti, Jean-Pierre Mbakidi, M. Deleu, S. Bouquillon
Dendrimers are increasingly being studied in the context of encapsulation. Many potential applications of dendrimers are based on their properties. They are used in drug delivery systems, cosmetics, food and chemistry. This review is first devoted to different synthesis approaches for dendrimers and to their ability to encapsulate active molecules. Their applications in different fields, as well as their cytotoxicity, are then detailed. To conclude this review, the main works on the interaction of dendrimers with the stratum corneum (SC) are also presented.
树状大分子越来越多地在封装的背景下进行研究。树状大分子的许多潜在应用是基于它们的性质。它们用于药物输送系统、化妆品、食品和化学。本文首先介绍了树状大分子的不同合成方法及其包封活性分子的能力。然后详细介绍了它们在不同领域的应用,以及它们的细胞毒性。最后,对树突状分子与角质层相互作用的研究进展进行了综述。
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引用次数: 1
Biopolymeric Membranes with Active Principle of Olive Leaves (Olea europaea L.) for Potential Topical Application 具有橄榄叶(Olea europaea L.)活性原理的生物聚合物膜的潜在局部应用
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.3390/macromol3020020
Rafael Carvalho Alves, C. Contessa, C. C. Moraes, Gabriela Silveira da Rosa
The biggest challenge for scientists is to create an ideal wound dressing that should be non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, providing optimal conditions for the most effective regeneration process. Biomaterials loaded with plant-derived compounds show better biocompatibility and biological properties, ensuring a faster tissue repair process. In order to develop membranes with good mechanical properties and anti-bacterial properties, the objective of this work describes the synthesis of a chitosan-based membrane added with olive leaf extract as an active principle with potential for topical application. The material developed was characterized in terms of morphology, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, and the anti-bacterial capacity of the membranes. The results indicated that the developed membrane has good potential for use as a wound dressing, as it presented mechanical properties (30.17 ± 8.73 MPa) and fluid draining capacity (29.31 ± 1.65 g·m−2·h−1) adequacy. In addition, the antimicrobial activity analysis revealed the active membrane potential against E. coli and S. aureus reaching 9.9 mm and 9.1 mm, respectively, in inhibition zones, the most common bacteria in skin wounds. Therefore, all the results indicate that the developed membrane presents viable characteristics for the use of wound dressing.
科学家面临的最大挑战是创造一种理想的伤口敷料,它应该是无毒的,生物相容性的,可生物降解的,为最有效的再生过程提供最佳条件。负载植物源性化合物的生物材料具有更好的生物相容性和生物学特性,确保了更快的组织修复过程。为了开发具有良好机械性能和抗菌性能的膜,本文介绍了添加橄榄叶提取物的壳聚糖基膜的合成,作为一种具有局部应用潜力的活性成分。所开发的材料在形态、物理、化学和机械性能以及膜的抗菌能力方面进行了表征。结果表明,该膜具有良好的力学性能(30.17±8.73 MPa)和排液能力(29.31±1.65 g·m−2·h−1),具有良好的应用前景。此外,抗菌活性分析显示,在皮肤创面最常见的抑菌区,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的活性膜电位分别达到9.9 mm和9.1 mm。因此,所有的结果表明,所研制的膜具有可行的特性,用于伤口敷料。
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引用次数: 0
Feasibility of Cherry Pit Particles as a Natural Reinforcement in Polypropylene 樱桃核颗粒作为聚丙烯天然增强材料的可行性
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.3390/macromol3020019
C. Burgstaller, Károly Renner
Using natural materials as reinforcements for polypropylene to alter composite properties and cost is a well-known approach. Often, wood particles are used for that. These give reasonable reinforcement, but are also sought after by other industries, e.g., for energy production, and may also not be available everywhere. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate cherry pit particles as an alternative material for polypropylene reinforcement. Cherry pits originate as a by-product from fruit processing and have not been utilized until now as reinforcement. Cherry pit particles were produced by milling the pits, and afterwards composites were produced by compounding and injection molding. Mechanical properties and melt flow were investigated. We found some reinforcement effect, but to a lesser extent than wood particles. The cherry pit particles contain some fatty acid components, which reduce tensile properties and increase the melt flow rate of the composites. For future applications, methods for reducing these fatty acids to improve reinforcement capabilities should be investigated.
使用天然材料作为聚丙烯的增强材料来改变复合材料的性能和成本是一种众所周知的方法。通常,木材颗粒被用于此。这些提供了合理的强化,但也受到其他行业的追捧,例如能源生产,也可能不是到处都能得到。因此,这项工作的目的是研究樱桃核颗粒作为聚丙烯增强材料的替代材料。樱桃核起源于水果加工的副产品,直到现在才被用作加固材料。对樱桃核颗粒进行铣削加工,然后进行复合和注塑成型制备复合材料。对其力学性能和熔体流动进行了研究。我们发现了一定的加固作用,但程度小于木颗粒。樱桃核颗粒中含有一定量的脂肪酸成分,降低了复合材料的拉伸性能,提高了复合材料的熔体流动速率。为了将来的应用,应该研究减少这些脂肪酸以提高强化能力的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Lectins from Alpinia purpurata Inflorescence (ApuL) and Schinus terebinthifolia Leaf (SteLL) on Human Leukemic Cell Lines and Mesenchymal Stem Cells 紫癜Alpinia purpurata花序(ApuL)和三叶凝集素(SteLL)对人白血病细胞系和间充质干细胞的影响
Pub Date : 2023-05-21 DOI: 10.3390/macromol3020018
Jéssica de Santana Brito, Amanda de Oliveira Marinho, L. L. de Siqueira Patriota, W. D. C. Gaião, Diego José Lira Torres, P. Paiva, V. D. de Lorena, C. G. Rodrigues, M. B. da Silva, T. Napoleão
Lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) are able to distinguish different patterns of glycosylation on cell surfaces. This study investigated the effects of lectins from Alpinia purpurata inflorescence (ApuL) and Schinus terebinthifolia leaf (SteLL) on the viability of human leukemia cells (K562, chronic myeloid leukemia; JURKAT, acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human umbilical cords. In addition, possible immunomodulatory effects of ApuL and SteLL on MSCs were assessed by determining cytokine levels in cultures. ApuL reduced the viability of JURKAT cells (IC50: 12.5 μg/mL), inducing both apoptosis and necrosis. For K562 cells, ApuL at 50 µg/mL caused a decrease in viability, but of only 8.8%. Conversely, SteLL exerted a cytotoxic effect on K562 (IC50: 6.0 μg/mL), inducing apoptosis, while it was not cytotoxic to JURKAT. ApuL and SteLL (0.19–100 μg/mL) did not decrease MSCs viability. Treatment with ApuL strongly suppressed (99.5% reduction) the release of IL-6 by MSCs. SteLL also reduced the levels of this cytokine in culture supernatant. In conclusion, ApuL and SteLL showed potential to reduce the viability of leukemia cells, as well as immunomodulatory effect on MSCs without being toxic to them. These biological properties can be explored biomedically and biotechnologically in the future.
凝集素(碳水化合物结合蛋白)能够区分细胞表面不同的糖基化模式。本研究探讨了紫癜花序(ApuL)和三叶凝集素(SteLL)对人白血病细胞(K562、慢性髓系白血病;JURKAT,急性淋巴细胞白血病)和人脐带间充质干细胞(MSCs)。此外,通过测定培养物中的细胞因子水平,评估ApuL和SteLL对MSCs可能的免疫调节作用。ApuL降低JURKAT细胞活力(IC50: 12.5 μg/mL),诱导细胞凋亡和坏死。对于K562细胞,50µg/mL的ApuL使细胞活力下降,但仅下降8.8%。相反,SteLL对K562具有细胞毒性(IC50: 6.0 μg/mL),诱导细胞凋亡,而对JURKAT无细胞毒性。ApuL和SteLL (0.19 ~ 100 μg/mL)均未降低MSCs的活力。ApuL治疗强烈抑制MSCs IL-6的释放(减少99.5%)。SteLL还降低了培养上清中该细胞因子的水平。综上所述,ApuL和SteLL显示出降低白血病细胞活力的潜力,以及对MSCs的免疫调节作用,但对MSCs没有毒性。这些生物学特性可以在未来进行生物医学和生物技术的探索。
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引用次数: 1
Agar-Agar and Chitosan as Precursors in the Synthesis of Functional Film for Foods: A Review 琼脂和壳聚糖作为前体在食品功能膜合成中的研究进展
Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.3390/macromol3020017
C. Contessa, Gabriela Silveira da Rosa, C. C. Moraes, J. F. Burkert
The food industry produces an exorbitant amount of solid waste of petrochemical origin as a result of the increase in the development of new products. Natural polymers are an alternative to this theme; however, their development with adequate properties is a challenge. The union of different polymers in the synthesis of packaging is usually carried out to improve these properties. The combination of agar-agar and chitosan biopolymers show particular advantages through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged groups, presenting a promising source of studies for the synthesis of green packaging. When combined with natural extracts with active properties, these polymers allow an increase in the microbiological stability of foods associated with lower chemical preservative content and greater environmental sustainability.
由于新产品开发的增加,食品工业产生了过多的石化固体废物。天然聚合物是这个主题的另一种选择;然而,他们的发展与适当的属性是一个挑战。在包装的合成中,不同聚合物的结合通常是为了改善这些性能。琼脂与壳聚糖结合的生物聚合物通过氢键和静电吸引作用,在绿色包装的合成中具有独特的优势,是一种很有前景的研究来源。当与具有活性特性的天然提取物结合使用时,这些聚合物可以提高食品的微生物稳定性,降低化学防腐剂含量,提高环境可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Heat-Resistant Polymers with Intense, Visible Photoluminescence Functionality and Fluorescence Probing Application 具有强可见光发光功能和荧光探测应用的耐热聚合物
Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.3390/macromol3020016
M. Hasegawa, Shunichi Horii
Heat-resistant polymers with an intense, visible photoluminescence (PL) functionality are presented. A polybenzoxazole (PBO) containing hexafluoroisopropylidene (HFIP) side groups exhibited an intense purple PL with a quantum yield, ΦPL, of 0.22 (22%), owing to the effectively disturbed concentration quenching (CQ) in the fluorophore units by the bulky HFIP side groups. The chain ends of a wholly cycloaliphatic polyimide (PI), derived from 1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA) and 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) (MBCHA), were modified with conjugated monoamines. The PI derived from 2,3,6,7-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (2,3,6,7-NTDA) and MBCHA exhibited a very high glass transition temperature (Tg = 376 °C) and purple fluorescence from the S1(π,π*) state. However, its ΦPL value was lower than expected. A pronounced effect of fluorophore dilution using CBDA on the PL enhancement was observed. This is closely related to the planar structure of the 2,3,6,7-NTDA-based diimide units. By contrast, the counterpart using an 2,3,6,7-NTDA isomer, 1,4,5,8-NTDA, was virtually non-fluorescent, despite its sufficient dilution using CBDA. The PI film obtained using 3,3″,4,4″-p-terphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (TPDA) with a non-coplanar structure and MBCHA exhibited an intense blue fluorescence spectrum (ΦPL = 0.26) peaking at 434 nm. The dilution approach using CBDA enhanced its fluorescence up to a high ΦPL value of 0.41. Even when TPDA was combined with an aromatic diamine, 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB), the intense blue fluorescence was observed without charge-transfer fluorescence. A semi-cycloaliphatic PI derived from TFMB and a novel cycloaliphatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride, which was obtained from a hydrogenated trimellitic anhydride derivative and 4,4′-biphenol, was used as another host polymer for 9,10-bis(4-aminophenyl)anthracene (BAPA). The BAPA-incorporating PI film resulted in a significant PL enhancement with a considerably high ΦPL of 0.48. This PI film also had a relatively high Tg (265 °C). A reactive dye, N,N′-bis[4-(4-amino-3-methylbenzyl)-2-methylphenyl]-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxydiimide, was harnessed as a fluorescence probe to explore transamidation between polyimide precursors in solution.
耐热聚合物具有强烈的,可见的光致发光(PL)功能提出。含有六氟异丙基(HFIP)侧基的聚苯并恶唑(PBO)表现出强烈的紫色PL,量子产率ΦPL为0.22(22%),这是由于大体积的HFIP侧基有效地干扰了荧光团单元的浓度猝灭(CQ)。以1,2,3,4-环丁烷四羧酸二酐(CBDA)和4,4 ' -亚甲基双(环己胺)(MBCHA)为原料合成了全环脂肪族聚酰亚胺(PI)。由2,3,6,7-萘四羧酸二酐(2,3,6,7- ntda)和MBCHA得到的PI具有很高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg = 376℃)和S1(π,π*)态的紫色荧光。然而,其ΦPL值低于预期。观察到用CBDA稀释荧光团对PL增强有明显的影响。这与2,3,6,7- ntda基二亚胺单元的平面结构密切相关。相比之下,使用2,3,6,7- ntda异构体的对应物1,4,5,8- ntda实际上是无荧光的,尽管使用CBDA进行了充分的稀释。采用非共面结构的3,3″,4,4″-对terphenyltetraarboxylic dihydridril (TPDA)与MBCHA制备的PI薄膜在434 nm处具有强蓝色荧光光谱(ΦPL = 0.26)。使用CBDA稀释方法将其荧光增强到0.41的高ΦPL值。即使TPDA与芳香二胺2,2′-双(三氟甲基)联苯胺(TFMB)结合,也观察到强烈的蓝色荧光,没有电荷转移荧光。采用由TFMB衍生的半环脂肪族PI和由氢化三苯酸酐衍生物和4,4′-双酚合成的新型环脂肪族四羧基二酐作为9,10-双(4-氨基苯基)蒽(BAPA)的另一宿主聚合物。含有bapa的PI膜导致了显著的PL增强,其ΦPL值相当高,为0.48。该PI膜也具有较高的Tg(265℃)。利用活性染料N,N ' -双[4-(4-氨基-3-甲基苄基)-2-甲基苯基]-3,4,9,10-苝四羧基二亚胺作为荧光探针,研究了溶液中聚酰亚胺前体之间的转酰胺反应。
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引用次数: 0
Ochratoxin A-Imprinted nanoMIPs Prepared by Solid Phase Synthesis: Effect of Mimic Template on Binding Properties 固相合成制备赭曲霉毒素a印迹纳米omip:模拟模板对结合性能的影响
Pub Date : 2023-05-11 DOI: 10.3390/macromol3020015
Thea Serra, L. Anfossi, Simone Cavalera, Matteo Chiarello, F. Nardo, Valentina Testa, C. Baggiani
The solid-phase polymerization synthesis (SPPS) represents one of the most innovative approaches to the preparation of nano-sized molecularly imprinted polymers. One of its main features consists of the use of a solid support on which the template molecule is covalently grafted. It implies that the imprinting process does not involve the target molecule as is, but, rather, a structural modification of it. It is known that the rationally designed mimic N-(4-chloro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthoylamido)-(L)-phenylalanine (CHNA-Phe) is able to generate, by bulk polymerization, imprinted materials capable of recognizing the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A (OTA). In this work, we wanted to verify whether the CHNA-Phe can be a useful mimic template in the SPPS technique. The binding isotherm were measured in the pH range of 4–8 and the binding affinities for CHNA-Phe and OTA were compared, showing that CHNA-Phe-imprinted nanoMIPs recognize, in buffered water, equally well OTA, and that the overall molecular recognition depends markedly from pH-related ionic interactions between the ligand and the binding site. There results confirm that in the SPPS method, it is possible and convenient to use as mimic templates a molecule whose three-dimensional structure is to some extent different from the target without substantial loss of selectivity or binding affinity.
固相聚合合成(SPPS)是制备纳米级分子印迹聚合物的最具创新性的方法之一。其主要特点之一是使用固体载体,模板分子在其上共价接枝。这意味着印迹过程并不涉及目标分子本身,而是对其进行结构修饰。已知合理设计的模拟物N-(4-氯-1-羟基-2-萘基酰胺)-(L)-苯丙氨酸(CHNA-Phe)能够通过本体聚合生成能够识别真菌毒素赭曲霉毒素A (OTA)的印迹材料。在这项工作中,我们想验证CHNA-Phe是否可以作为SPPS技术中有用的模拟模板。在4-8的pH范围内测量了结合等温线,并比较了CHNA-Phe和OTA的结合亲和性,结果表明,在缓冲水中,CHNA-Phe印迹的纳米omip对OTA的识别同样良好,并且整体分子识别明显依赖于配体与结合位点之间pH相关的离子相互作用。这些结果证实,在SPPS方法中,可以方便地使用三维结构与目标分子有一定差异的分子作为模拟模板,而不会明显失去选择性和结合亲和力。
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引用次数: 1
Easy Cell Detachment and Spheroid Formation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Two-Dimensional Colloidal Arrays 利用二维胶体阵列诱导多能干细胞的易分离和球形形成
Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.3390/macromol3020014
Goshi Kuno, A. Matsumoto
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may develop into any form of cell and are being intensively investigated. The influence on iPSCs of nanostructures generated using two-dimensional colloidal arrays was examined in this study. Colloidal arrays were formed using the following procedure. First, core–shell colloids were adsorbed onto a glass substrate using a layer-by-layer method. Second, the colloids were immobilized via thermal fusion. Third, the surface of the colloids was modified by plasma treatment. By adjusting the number density of colloids, cultured iPSCs were easily detached from the substrate without manual cell scraping. In addition to planar culture, cell aggregation of iPSCs attached to the substrate was achieved by combining hydrophilic surface patterning on the colloidal array. Multilayered cell aggregates with approximately four layers were able be cultured. These findings imply that colloidal arrays might be an effective tool for controlling the strength of cell adhesion.
诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)可以发育成任何形式的细胞,目前正在被深入研究。本研究考察了二维胶体阵列纳米结构对诱导多能干细胞的影响。胶体阵列采用以下程序形成。首先,用一层一层的方法将核壳胶体吸附到玻璃基板上。其次,通过热融合固定胶体。第三,通过等离子体处理对胶体表面进行修饰。通过调整胶体的数量密度,培养的iPSCs可以很容易地从基质上分离,而无需手动刮刮细胞。除了平面培养外,通过在胶体阵列上结合亲水性表面图案,可以实现附着在基质上的iPSCs的细胞聚集。可以培养出大约四层的多层细胞聚集体。这些发现暗示胶体阵列可能是控制细胞粘附强度的有效工具。
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引用次数: 0
The Interplay of Processing-Related Influences on the Formation of Volume Holographic Gratings in a Free-Surface Epoxy-Based Recording Material 加工对自由表面环氧基记录材料中体全息光栅形成的相互影响
Pub Date : 2023-05-09 DOI: 10.3390/macromol3020013
Tina Sabel-Grau
Understanding the formation processes of holographic gratings in polymers as a function of material composition and processing is important for the development of new materials for holography and its associated applications. Among the processing-related factors that affect grating formation in volume holographic recording material, pre-exposure, prebaking and dark storage, as well as the associated variations in layer thickness and composition, are usually underestimated. This study highlights the influence and interaction of these factors and shows that they should not be neglected. This is of particular importance for samples with a free surface. Here, one such epoxy-based free-surface material is investigated. To determine the influence of prebaking on the holographic grating formation, as well as on the achieved refractive index contrast, angular resolved analysis of volume holographic phase gratings is applied through point-by-point scanning of the local material response. Grating characteristics are determined by comparison with simulations based on rigorous coupled wave theory. Thus, the optimal dose for prebaking can be determined, as well as the optimal exposure time, depending on the dose. The influence of dark storage on the material response is investigated over a period of 12 weeks and shows a strong dependence on the deposited energy density.
了解聚合物中全息光栅的形成过程作为材料组成和加工的功能,对于全息新材料及其相关应用的开发具有重要意义。在影响体全息记录材料中光栅形成的加工相关因素中,预曝光、预烘烤和暗储存以及相关的层厚度和组成变化通常被低估。本研究强调了这些因素的影响和相互作用,表明它们不应被忽视。这对于具有自由表面的样品尤其重要。在这里,研究了一种这样的环氧基自由表面材料。为了确定预焙对全息光栅形成和折射率对比度的影响,通过逐点扫描局部材料响应,对体全息相位光栅进行角分辨分析。基于严格耦合波理论,通过与仿真结果的比较,确定了光栅的特性。因此,可以根据剂量确定预焙的最佳剂量以及最佳暴露时间。暗存储对材料响应的影响在12周的时间内进行了研究,结果表明,暗存储对沉积的能量密度有很强的依赖性。
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引用次数: 0
PLA Films Containing Montmorillonite Nanoclay–Citronella Essential Oil Hybrids for Potential Active Film Formulation 含蒙脱土纳米粘土-香茅精油复合物的聚乳酸膜的潜在活性膜配方
Pub Date : 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.3390/macromol3020012
R. R. Ferreira, Marilia C. Farina, Anderson Maia, Rondes F. S. Torin
This work evaluated the synergistic effect of citronella essential oil (Ct) and montmorillonite (MMT) (called hybrid compound) incorporated in Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films at different concentrations (3, 10, 15, and 20 wt%). PLA films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, SEM, TGA, and DSC considering their mechanical properties and essential oil migration. XRD analysis showed the effective interaction between MMT and oil. Thermal analysis, SEM, and mechanical tests were essential to understand the saturation point of the PLA composites. Samples with 15% and 20% of Ct showed a crystallinity reduction of 0.5% compared to samples with 3% and 10% of Ct. PLA/MMT–Ct showed a reduction in tensile strength of the order of 16 and 24, correlated to 15% and 20% of the Ct content, respectively, compared to PLA/MMT–Ct3%. Migration tests showed fast oil delivery correlated with high oil concentration, as evidenced using the PLA/MMT–Ct20% sample results, which showed an estimated release of 50% in the first 150 h due to system saturation, and the remaining being released in the last 350 h. Therefore, the migration tests provide an effective Ct concentration range promising for application with active packaging due to the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of Ct.
本研究评估了香茅精油(Ct)和蒙脱土(MMT)(称为杂化化合物)在不同浓度(3%、10%、15%和20% wt%)下掺入聚乳酸(PLA)薄膜中的协同效应。利用x射线衍射、SEM、TGA和DSC对聚乳酸薄膜的力学性能和精油迁移特性进行了表征。XRD分析表明,MMT与油之间存在有效的相互作用。热分析、扫描电镜和力学测试是了解PLA复合材料饱和点的必要条件。与含有3%和10% Ct的样品相比,含有15%和20% Ct的样品的结晶度降低了0.5%。PLA/ MMT-Ct的抗拉强度降低了16和24个数量级,分别与15%和20%的Ct含量相关,而PLA/ MMT-Ct3%。迁移测试表明,快速的油输送与高油浓度相关,正如使用PLA/ MMT-Ct20%样品结果所证明的那样,该结果显示,由于系统饱和,在前150小时内释放了50%的释放量,其余的在最后350小时释放。因此,迁移测试提供了一个有效的Ct浓度范围,由于Ct的固有抗菌特性,有望应用于活性包装。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Macromol
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