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Multivariate mapping of seabed grain size parameters in the Bay of Fundy using convolutional neural networks 利用卷积神经网络多变量绘制芬迪湾海底粒度参数图
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107299
Benjamin Misiuk , Yan Liang Tan , Michael Z. Li , Thomas Trappenberg , Ahmadreza Alleosfour , Ian W. Church , Vicki Ferrini , Craig J. Brown

High-resolution seabed sediment information is critical for a range of marine spatial planning applications in multi-use shelf environments. To establish this information for the Bay of Fundy, Canada, legacy seabed sediment measurements were obtained from regional data compilations, and eight parameters describing the grain size were modelled across the extent of the bay using high resolution acoustic seafloor mapping and oceanographic datasets. This was achieved using a purpose-made convolutional neural network configured for geospatial modelling of multivariate grain size parameters. Shared information between the response parameters enabled model training with partially complete observations from the varied legacy data sources, and an explicit multiscale model architecture ensured that environmental predictors were implemented at appropriate scales for modelling each parameter. This avoids typical exhaustive exploration and selection of scale-specific predictor sets that often precede model building. Compositional grain size parameters were additionally accommodated using appropriate output activation functions, providing an efficient alternative to compositional data transformation and imputation. Results agreed well with our current understanding of the surficial geology of the bay, and cross-validation was used to quantitatively evaluate map predictions. Of the eight predicted parameters, the mean grain size and mud (clay and silt) fractions were predicted with high accuracy (> 50% variance explained); the accuracy of grain size skewness was comparatively low (24% variance explained). Exploration of variable importance suggested that compiled acoustic backscatter was the most important environmental variable for predicting the grain size, but that geographic information describing the latitude and longitude within the bay was also highly useful. We hypothesize an interaction between these variables that enables location-specific prediction. Data layers of predicted grain size parameter values are made available for further sedimentological and ecological exploration, and for marine spatial planning activities within the bay.

高分辨率的海底沉积物信息对于多用途陆架环境中的一系列海洋空间规划应用至关重要。为建立加拿大芬迪湾的这一信息,从区域数据汇编中获得了遗留的海底沉积物测量数据,并利用高分辨率声学海底测绘和海洋学数据集,对整个海湾范围内描述粒度的八个参数进行了建模。这是利用专门为多变量粒度参数地理空间建模而配置的卷积神经网络实现的。响应参数之间的共享信息使模型训练能够使用来自不同传统数据源的部分完整观测数据,而明确的多尺度模型架构则确保了环境预测因子能够以适当的尺度对每个参数进行建模。这就避免了通常在建立模型之前对特定尺度预测集进行详尽的探索和选择。此外,还使用适当的输出激活函数来处理组成粒度参数,为组成数据转换和估算提供了一种高效的替代方法。结果与我们目前对海湾表层地质的理解非常吻合,交叉验证用于对地图预测进行定量评估。在八个预测参数中,平均粒度和泥(粘土和粉土)组分的预测准确率较高(50% 的方差解释率);粒度偏度的准确率相对较低(24% 的方差解释率)。对变量重要性的探讨表明,汇编的声学反向散射是预测粒度的最重要环境变量,但描述海湾内经纬度的地理信息也非常有用。我们假设这些变量之间存在相互作用,从而可以进行特定地点的预测。预测粒度参数值的数据层可用于进一步的沉积学和生态学探索,以及海湾内的海洋空间规划活动。
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引用次数: 0
Suspended particulate matter response to extreme forcings in the Bay of Seine 塞纳湾悬浮颗粒物对极端作用力的响应
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107292
Coline Poppeschi , Romaric Verney , Guillaume Charria

The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report of 2023 alerts about an increase in the occurrence and intensity of extreme hydro-meteorological events such as storms and extreme river flows, i.e. drought and floods. Investigating the occurrence of these extreme events in the past 15 years and their impacts on sediment dynamics will provide crucial knowledge for anticipating future trajectories of coastal ecosystems. Time series from in situ observations are analyzed to identify extreme events of river flows and waves and examine their impact on Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) dynamics in a highly turbid coastal area equipped with a high frequency in situ monitoring station at the interface between the Seine Estuary and the Bay of Seine (northern coast of France). Extreme river flow and wave orbital velocity events are investigated because high river discharge contributes to deliver large amounts of SPM concentration to the bay and strong wave action within the bay can lead to erosion and resuspension of bottom sediments. An original detection method is proposed, based on high frequency in situ observations combined with satellite and model data from 2006 to 2022. Extreme forcings are examined through their specific characteristics (high intensity, long duration, season of occurrence, succession of events), their impact on SPM concentration in the coastal environment and the comparison to mean seasonal dynamics. A positive relationship exists between SPM concentration and high SPM spatial extent and forcing intensity. Extremes are more intense in winter for both forcings and generate larger SPM concentration anomalies. However, extreme events during late spring/summer, periods or mean low forcing intensity, are demonstrated to generate SPM concentration anomalies up to 4 times larger than the monthly mean value, hence possibly strongly impacting the system during these atypical periods. This is particularly important as analyzing the distribution of extreme river flow events over the last 60 years indicated an increase in their occurrence and more important the progressive occurrence of high intensity extreme events during spring/summer periods.

政府间气候变化专门委员会 2023 年的最新报告警告说,极端水文气象事件,如风暴 和极端河流流量,即干旱和洪水的发生率和强度都将增加。调查过去 15 年中这些极端事件的发生情况及其对沉积物动力学的影响,将为预测沿岸生态系统的未来轨迹提供重要的知识。在塞纳河口和塞纳湾(法国北部海岸)交界处的一个高度浑浊的沿海地区,配备了一个高频原位监测站,对原位观测的时间序列进行了分析,以确定河流流量和波浪的极端事件,并研究它们对悬浮微粒物质(SPM)动力学的影响。对极端河水流量和波浪轨道速度事件进行了调查,因为高河水流量会向海湾输送大量的 SPM 浓度,而海湾内的强波浪作用会导致底层沉积物的侵蚀和再悬浮。根据 2006 年至 2022 年的高频现场观测数据,结合卫星和模型数据,提出了一种新颖的检测方法。通过极端作用力的具体特征(强度大、持续时间长、发生季节长、事件连续)、其对沿岸环境中 SPM 浓度的影响以及与平均季节动态的比较,对极端作用力进行了研究。SPM 浓度与高 SPM 空间范围和强迫强度之间存在正相关关系。在这两种作用下,冬季的极端事件都比较多,产生的 SPM 浓度异常也比较大。然而,春末/夏初的极端事件,即平均强迫强度较低的时期,产生的 SPM 浓度异常值是月平均值的 4 倍,因此可能在这些非典型时期对系统产生强烈影响。这一点尤为重要,因为对过去 60 年中极端河流流量事件分布的分析表明,这些事件的发生率在上升,更重要的是,高强度极端事件逐渐出现在春夏季节。
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引用次数: 0
Shore platform erosion and cliff retreat in the Eastern Korea: A quantified assessment using 10Be concentrations and numerical modeling 韩国东部的海岸平台侵蚀和悬崖后退:利用 10Be 浓度和数值模型进行量化评估
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107291
Ara Jeong , Yeong Bae Seong , Kwang Hee Choi , Zuzanna M. Swirad , Cho-Hee Lee , Byong Yong Yu

Shore platforms, essential for coastal analysis and management, are poorly understood in terms of their long-term evolution, particularly regarding coastal cliff retreat rates and trends, despite their common presence in rocky coastlines. Rock coasts constitute fully erosional environments, yet long-term rates and trends of coastal cliff retreat remain poorly understood. This study adds to the limited number of studies that use cosmogenic isotopes to reconstruct millennial-scale cliff erosion. Cosmogenic 10Be concentrations were measured in 16 rock samples collected across an active 31 m wide granitic Jangsa shore platform in eastern Korea. A geometry-based inverse numerical model was used to simulate 10Be concentrations for various cliff retreat modes, relative sea level curves, and platform downwearing models. The model results were combined with measured concentrations to find the most likely scenario for coastal evolution. Our findings reveal that the shore platform has widened through time and is entirely formed during the Holocene, unlike the previous cosmogenic study in western Korea that attributed the formation of shore platforms to former interglacial periods. The results suggest acceleration in cliff retreat rate from 1.4 mm yr−1 at 7.4 kyr BP to 7.0 mm yr−1 at present. Accelerating cliff erosion may pose a threat to coastal communities, particularly in the context of observed and predicted anthropogenic sea level rise.

海岸平台对沿岸分析和管理至关重要,但人们对海岸平台的长期演变,特别是海岸崖壁的退缩速率和趋势了解甚少,尽管岩石海岸线中普遍存在海岸平台。岩石海岸是完全侵蚀的环境,但人们对海岸悬崖的长期后退速率和趋势仍然知之甚少。这项研究为利用宇宙生成同位素重建千年尺度悬崖侵蚀的有限研究增添了新的内容。在韩国东部 31 米宽的活跃花岗岩獐子岛海岸平台上采集的 16 个岩石样本中测量了宇宙源 10Be 的浓度。使用基于几何的逆数值模型模拟了各种悬崖退缩模式、相对海平面曲线和平台下穿模型的 10Be 浓度。将模型结果与实测浓度相结合,找到了海岸演变的最可能情况。我们的研究结果表明,海岸平台随着时间的推移而不断扩大,并且完全形成于全新世,这与之前在韩国西部进行的宇宙成因研究将海岸平台的形成归因于前冰期不同。研究结果表明,悬崖后退速度加快,从 7.4 千年前的 1.4 毫米/年-1 到现在的 7.0 毫米/年-1。悬崖侵蚀的加速可能对沿海社区构成威胁,特别是在观测到的和预测的人为海平面上升的背景下。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental controls on the generation of submarine landslides in Arctic fjords: Insight from Pangnirtung Fjord, Baffin Island, Nunavut 北极峡湾海底滑坡产生的环境控制因素:努勒维特巴芬岛彭尼尔通峡湾的启示
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107290
Philip Sedore , Alexandre Normandeau , Vittorio Maselli

High-latitude fjords are susceptible to hazardous subaerial and submarine mass movements such as rock avalanches and landslides. Geophysical surveys in the fjords of Baffin Island (Nunavut) have shown widespread evidence of submarine landslides, but their timing and triggers remain relatively unconstrained, limiting our ability to understand the environmental controls on the wide range of landslides occurring in high latitude fjords. Using bathymetric, sub-bottom, and sediment core data, this study seeks to generate a comprehensive understanding of the distribution, morphology, lithology, and timing of submarine landslides in Pangnirtung Fjord (SE Baffin Island, Nunavut). These results are used to evaluate the influence of different environmental controls on the generation of submarine landslides in Arctic fjords. We identified 180 near-surface submarine landslides, most of which are relatively small (∼ 0.13 km2), with elongated depletion zones and wide deposits dispersed along the basin floor of the fjord. Landslide ages, calculated from radiocarbon dating and 210Pb/137Cs activities, indicate that 8 of the 11 dated landslides occurred in the last 200 years. Four types of environmental controls were identified, which are believed to have preconditioned or triggered the observed landslides: 1) 51% of landslides, by area, are associated with subaerial sources and extend offshore of debris flow channels and fans; 2) 23% are initiated in shallow-water (< 40 m), are non-subaerially influenced, and may have been triggered by nearshore processes and sea-ice loading; 3) 13% are located in deeper waters (>40 m) and associated with sills and moraines, suggesting they are older deposits associated with the retreat of the ice sheet in the fjord; and 4) 13% are offshore of river deltas, likely associated with delta progradation; they form the largest landslide deposits in the fjord. This research suggests that the main triggers for submarine landslides in high-latitude fjords are climatically influenced (rainfall, floods, subaerial debris flows, and sea ice loading). Consequently, the predicted increase in the frequency of subaerial debris flows and river floods due to anthropogenic climate change will likely result in an increase in the recurrence of these types of submarine landslides. Additional monitoring efforts will be then needed to fully evaluate how future climate will impact the submarine landslide hazard across the Arctic.

高纬度峡湾很容易发生危险的空中和海底大规模运动,如岩崩和滑坡。在巴芬岛(努纳武特)峡湾进行的地球物理勘测显示了海底滑坡的广泛证据,但其发生时间和触发因素仍相对不明确,这限制了我们了解发生在高纬度峡湾的各种滑坡的环境控制因素的能力。本研究利用水深测量、海底和沉积物岩芯数据,力求全面了解彭尼尔通峡湾(努纳武特地区巴芬岛东南部)海底滑坡的分布、形态、岩性和发生时间。这些结果用于评估不同环境控制因素对北极峡湾海底滑坡产生的影响。我们发现了 180 个近地表海底滑坡,其中大部分相对较小(∼ 0.13 平方公里),有细长的损耗带,宽大的沉积物沿峡湾盆地底层分散。根据放射性碳测年和 210Pb/137Cs 活动计算出的滑坡年龄表明,在 11 个有年代的滑坡中,有 8 个发生在最近 200 年。研究发现了四种环境控制因素,据信这些因素是观测到的滑坡发生的先决条件或诱因:1)按面积计算,51% 的滑坡与地下源有关,并延伸至泥石流通道和扇形区的近海;2)23% 的滑坡发生在浅水区(40 米以内),不受海洋影响,可能是由近岸过程和海冰负荷引发的;3)13%位于较深的水域(40 米),与山体和冰碛有关,表明它们是与峡湾冰盖退缩有关的较古老沉积物;以及 4)13%位于河流三角洲近海,可能与三角洲阶降有关;它们形成了峡湾最大的滑坡沉积物。这项研究表明,高纬度峡湾海底滑坡的主要触发因素受气候影响(降雨、洪水、海面下泥石流和海冰负荷)。因此,由于人为气候变化,预计空中泥石流和河流洪水的频率会增加,这很可能会导致这类海底滑坡的复发率增加。因此,需要开展更多的监测工作,以全面评估未来气候将如何影响整个北极地区的海底滑坡灾害。
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引用次数: 0
Mid-Holocene hydroclimatic change and hurricane activity in Central America recorded by an Isla de Mona Stalagmite 莫纳岛石笋记录的中美洲全新世中期水文气候变化和飓风活动
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107289
Huiru Tang , Liangcheng Tan , Yongli Gao , Jingjie Zang , Le Ma , Yanzhen Li , R. Lawrence Edwards , Hai Cheng , Ashish Sinha , Xiqian Wang , Xing Cheng , Ángel A. Garcia Jr. , E. Calvin Alexander Jr.

In recent years, Puerto Rico has been repeatedly hit by drought and hurricane, causing severe damage to the local society and economy. Therefore, understanding the region's climate variability and predicting extreme weather has become an important scientific problem. Cave stalagmites are widely recognized as high-quality terrestrial paleoclimate proxies due to their accurate dating and high resolution. In this study, we present a stalagmite-based multi-proxy reconstruction of hurricane and hydrological changes in Central America from the island of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico, for the mid-Holocene period (4700–6260 a BP). Our data suggest a significant influence of solar activity on rainfall patterns in Central America via changes in the mean position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Our study further shows that El Niño may have played a role in influencing hurricane development at a decadal scale, and also found that the relationship of hurricane activities and El Niño intensity on the decadal and centennial scale is variable. The implications of our findings are crucial for informing contemporary climate models and enhancing our preparedness for potential future climate scenarios in the region.

近年来,波多黎各多次遭受干旱和飓风袭击,给当地社会和经济造成严重破坏。因此,了解该地区的气候变异性和预测极端天气已成为一个重要的科学问题。洞穴石笋因其精确的年代测定和高分辨率而被公认为高质量的陆地古气候代用指标。在本研究中,我们从波多黎各的莫纳岛(Isla de Mona)的石笋中获得了全新世中期(公元前 4700-6260 年)中美洲飓风和水文变化的多代理重建数据。我们的数据表明,太阳活动通过热带辐合带(ITCZ)平均位置的变化对中美洲的降雨模式产生了重大影响。我们的研究进一步表明,在十年尺度上,厄尔尼诺可能对飓风的发展起到了一定的影响作用,同时还发现,在十年和百年尺度上,飓风活动与厄尔尼诺强度之间的关系是多变的。我们的研究结果对于为当代气候模型提供信息和加强我们对该地区未来潜在气候情景的准备至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Multiscale ocean dynamics control the sedimentary source-to-sink processes in the southwestern Okinawa Trough (East China Sea) 多尺度海洋动力学控制冲绳海槽(东海)西南部的沉积源-汇过程
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107285
Bowen Zhu , Zhigang Zeng , Fan Sun

The sedimentary source-to-sink processes remain under debate in the southwestern Okinawa Trough due to its complex oceanographic context. We employe a multidisciplinary approach combining marine sedimentology and physical oceanography to address the sedimentary source-to-sink processes. This study shows that the East China Sea shelf has been the provenance of the southwestern Okinawa Trough during the past 3000 a, judged from the detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. Numerical simulations indicated that the bottom currents are the primary drivers that transport sediments from the East China Sea shelf continuously entering the southwestern Okinawa Trough. This study confirms that the source-to-sink system in the southwestern Okinawa Trough is controlled by multiscale ocean processes, and verifies that the sediments are mainly sourced from the East China Sea shelf in the past 3000 a. These arguments greatly improve our understanding on the sediment dispersal and have important implications on the climatic and oceanographic reconstructions.

由于冲绳海槽西南部复杂的海洋学背景,其沉积物从源到汇的过程仍存在争议。我们采用海洋沉积学和物理海洋学相结合的多学科方法来研究沉积源-汇过程。研究结果表明,根据锆英石U-Pb地质年代测定,东海大陆架在过去3000 a期间一直是冲绳海槽西南部的产地。数值模拟表明,底流是将沉积物从东海大陆架不断运入冲绳海槽西南部的主要驱动力。该研究证实了冲绳海槽西南部的源-汇系统受多尺度海洋过程的控制,并验证了过去 3000 a 的沉积物主要来自东海大陆架。
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引用次数: 0
Paleo-tropical cyclone activity over the last millennium inferred from shipwreck relics in the Xisha Islands, northern South China Sea 从南海北部西沙群岛沉船遗迹推断上千年古热带气旋活动
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107288
Guishan Chen , Guanhua Li , Miaomiao Liu , Kaiwei Luo , Yingyu Huang , Chunlei Bao , Changfa Zhan

The prediction of the impact of long-term climate change on tropical cyclone (TC) activity has become a global concern, for which paleotempestology could provide crucial information about TC activity before instrumental archives. The ancient shipwrecks could alternatively be applied to retrieve paleo-TC activity owing to strong TC activity being among the dominant causes of historical shipwrecks. This study presents a preliminary study exploring the potential relationship between the shipwrecks and TC activity based on the compilation of shipwreck relics and chronological assessments of porcelains associated with the shipwrecks in the Xisha Islands, in the northern South China Sea (SCS). The compilation generally spans from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty (approximately 960 to 1850 CE), showing relatively enhanced shipwreck events during the time interval between 1400 and 1700 CE, consistent with the increased moisture and flood events during this period from other adjacent sedimentary records. Further analysis suggests that paleo-TC activity was controlled by multiple mechanisms concerning the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and Asian dust emissions. Frequent ENSO events and the southward retreat of the ITCZ would have contributed to increased moisture in tropical regions promoting TC activity during the Little Ice Age (LIA), while the dust would strengthen TC activity through atmospheric circulations. Additional work combining the archaeological and sedimentary archives should be indispensable to further understand the climatic connections and potential mechanisms of TC processes, under climate change and relevant mitigation measures.

预测长期气候变化对热带气旋(TC)活动的影响已成为全球关注的问题,为此,古气候学可以提供仪器档案之前有关热带气旋活动的重要信息。由于强烈的热带气旋活动是造成历史沉船的主要原因之一,古沉船也可用于检索古热带气旋活动。本研究以南海北部西沙群岛沉船遗物汇编和沉船相关瓷器年代评估为基础,初步探讨了沉船与TC活动之间的潜在关系。该汇编的时间跨度一般为宋代至清代(约公元960年至1850年),显示公元1400年至1700年期间沉船事件相对增多,这与其他邻近沉积记录显示的这一时期湿度和洪水事件增多的情况一致。进一步的分析表明,古气候活动受到多种机制的控制,包括厄尔尼诺南方涛动(ENSO)、热带辐合带(ITCZ)的移动以及亚洲的沙尘排放。频繁的厄尔尼诺/南方涛动现象和热带辐合带的南移会导致热带地区湿度增加,从而促进小冰河时期(LIA)的热带气旋活动,而沙尘则会通过大气环流加强热带气旋活动。为进一步了解气候变化和相关减缓措施下的气候联系和热带气旋过程的潜在机制,结合考古和沉积档案开展更多工作是必不可少的。
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引用次数: 0
Methane seeps on the U.S. Atlantic margin: An updated inventory and interpretative framework 美国大西洋边缘的甲烷渗漏:最新清单和解释框架
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107287
C.D. Ruppel , A.D. Skarke , N.C. Miller , M.W. Kidiwela , J. Kluesner , W. Baldwin

Since the discovery of >570 methane flares on the northern U.S. Atlantic margin between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank in the last decade, the acquisition of thousands of kilometers of additional water column imaging data has provided greater coverage at water depths between the outer continental shelf and the lower continental slope. The additional high-resolution data reveal >1400 gas flares, but the removal of probable duplicates from the combined database of new flares and those recognized in 2014 yields ∼1139 unique sites. Most of these sites occur in clusters of 5 or more seeps, leaving about 275 unique locations (including 47 clusters) for seepage along the margin. As a function of depth, seep distribution is heavily skewed toward the upper continental slope at water depths shallower than 400 m on the southern New England margin and ∼ 550 m in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, with additional seeps clustered at ∼1100 m and just deeper than ∼1400 m in both sectors. Despite little ongoing tectonic deformation or active faulting on this passive margin, a variety of processes driven from below the seafloor (e.g., migration of fluids along faults or through permeable strata, seepage above diapirs or other pre-existing structures) and from above (e.g., erosion, sapping, unroofing) contribute to the development of seeps in different settings along the margin. In addition, the prevalence of seeps on promontories overlooking shelf-breaking canyons may be directly related to the three-dimensional nature of the hydrate stability zone in these locations. As a function of depth, the parts of the slope at the contemporary landward limit of gas hydrate stability are devoid of seeps, and the upper slope zones with the most concentrated seepage were not within the gas hydrate stability zone even during the Last Glacial Maximum. Thus, if the large number of upper slope seeps is at least partially sourced in gas hydrate degradation, the gas emitted at these seeps must have migrated there from greater depths on the continental slope.

自过去十年在哈特拉斯角和乔治斯滩之间的美国北部大西洋边缘发现570个甲烷燃烧点以来,数千公里的额外水柱成像数据的获取扩大了在外大陆架和下大陆坡之间水深的覆盖范围。新增的高分辨率数据揭示了 1400 个气体耀斑,但从新耀斑和 2014 年确认的耀斑合并数据库中去除可能的重复数据后,得到了 1139 个独特的地点。这些地点大多由 5 个或更多渗漏点组成,因此边缘地带的渗漏点约有 275 个(包括 47 个渗漏点)。作为水深的函数,在新英格兰南部边缘水深浅于 400 米和大西洋中部海湾水深 550 米处,渗漏分布严重偏向大陆坡上部,在这两个区域,还有一些渗漏聚集在水深 1100 米和水深 1400 米处。尽管在这一被动边缘上几乎没有持续的构造变形或活动断层,但来自海底下部(如流体沿断层或通过渗透性地层的迁移、在断裂带或其他已存在的结构上的渗流)和上部(如侵蚀、抽吸、解顶)的各种过程促使了边缘不同环境中渗流的发展。此外,在俯瞰陆架断裂峡谷的岬角上渗流的普遍性可能与这些地方水合物稳定区的三维性质直接相关。作为深度的函数,处于当代天然气水合物稳定向陆极限的斜坡部分没有渗漏,而渗漏最集中的斜坡上部区域即使在末次冰川极盛时期也不在天然气水合物稳定区范围内。因此,如果上坡的大量渗漏至少部分源于天然气水合物的降解,那么这些渗漏所释放的天然气一定是从大陆坡的更深处迁移到这里的。
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引用次数: 0
The role of the Holocene transgression in the environmental changes of lagoons and marshes of the Mediterranean coast 全新世大断裂在地中海沿岸泻湖和沼泽地环境变化中的作用
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107286
A.M. Blázquez , M. López-Belzunce , A.E. Rodríguez-Pérez , J. Guillem , C. Ferrer , M. Nieto , T. Torres , J.E. Ortiz

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the position of the Holocene transgression on the coast of the Valencia Gulf. To achieve this goal, a sedimentological and micropaleontological analysis of samples of fossil benthic foraminifera in cores from six boreholes drilled in three different wetlands (Almenara marsh, Moro marsh and Valencia lagoon) was carried out. In order to assess the extent of sea level change, at least three factors must be taken into account: 1) eustatic rise (global scale) 2) neotectonics (regional scale) and 3) the sedimentary factor (local and regional scale). Regarding the first factor, some authors have noted that the Holocene transgression reached +1 m above the current sea level in this area. As for the second factor, while the Valencia lagoon is located on a subsiding coast the northernmost marshes are located on a tectonically stable coast. Finally, sedimentation rates are highly variable depending on the area; whereas in the Valencia lagoon the shoreline generally shifts seawards (progradation) in the northernmost areas the coast is currently undergoing retrogradation, although the anthropic factor clearly interferes with this pattern. One of the main conclusions is that in the Valencian coast the Holocene maximum relative sea level did not exceed the present-day one, except in the case of the subsiding area of the Valencia lagoon. The calculation of sedimentation rates, the relative sea-level curve and the evolution of the water column in the different wetlands seem to corroborate it. Radiocarbon and AAR analyses allowed us to date the maximum extent of the Holocene transgression on the Valencian coast at around 5500 cal yr BP in all cases. Despite the different subsidence the three studied wetlands reflected the predominant marine influence until 5500–5200 BP, which was later followed by a growing fluvial or continental incidence, when glacioeustatic adjustments defined the patterns of coastal progradation.

本文旨在评估巴伦西亚湾海岸全新世横断面的位置。为实现这一目标,对在三个不同湿地(阿尔梅纳拉沼泽、莫罗沼泽和巴伦西亚泻湖)钻探的六个岩芯中的底栖有孔虫化石样本进行了沉积学和微观古生物学分析。为了评估海平面变化的程度,至少必须考虑三个因素:1) 海蚀上升(全球尺度);2) 新构造运动(区域尺度);3) 沉积因素(地方和区域尺度)。关于第一个因素,一些学者指出,全新世的横断面比该地区目前的海平面高出+1 米。至于第二个因素,虽然巴伦西亚泻湖位于下沉的海岸上,但最北部的沼泽地位于构造稳定的海岸上。最后,沉积速率因地区不同而有很大差异;在巴伦西亚泻湖,海岸线一般向海移动(后退),而在最北部地区,海岸线目前正在后退,尽管人类因素明显干扰了这种模式。主要结论之一是,在巴伦西亚海岸,全新世的最高相对海平面没有超过现在的海平面,但巴伦西亚泻湖的下沉区域除外。沉积速率的计算、相对海平面曲线以及不同湿地的水柱演变似乎都证实了这一点。通过放射性碳和 AAR 分析,我们可以将巴伦西亚海岸全新世大断裂的最大范围推定为公元前 5500 年左右。尽管下沉程度不同,但所研究的三块湿地在公元前 5500-5200 年之前都反映了海洋的主要影响,随后是越来越多的河流或大陆的影响,冰川作用的调整决定了海岸阶梯的模式。
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引用次数: 0
Deciphering the sedimentary imprint of tsunamis and storms in the Lesser Antilles (Saint Martin): A 3500-year record in a coastal lagoon 解读小安的列斯群岛(圣马丁岛)海啸和风暴的沉积印记:沿海泻湖 3500 年的记录
IF 2.9 3区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2024.107284
Stefano C. Fabbri , Pierre Sabatier , Raphaël Paris , Simon Falvard , Nathalie Feuillet , Amélie Lothoz , Guillaume St-Onge , Audrey Gailler , Louise Cordrie , Fabien Arnaud , Maude Biguenet , Thibault Coulombier , Saptarshee Mitra , Eric Chaumillon

Our study aims at identifying and characterizing tsunami and storm deposits by combining sedimentological, geochemical, and radiocarbon dating analyses. X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT) is used to characterize the sedimentary fabric of the deposits. The study was conducted on a transect of oriented short sediment cores from a small lagoon at Saint Martin (Lesser Antilles), where both event types could be observed. Using micro-CT data of different event deposits, we were able to derive paleo-flow orientations and directions and compare the dynamics of the events to their environmental setting. The results showed that seven extreme-wave event (EWE) deposits, originating from hurricanes or tsunamis, had the highest Ca/Fe ratios, distinctive for marine input to the lagoon, and were characterized by coarser grains. Some also presented above the sandy part of the event deposit a siliciclastic geochemical signal rich in fine siliciclastic sediment with organic matter, which might correspond to backwash deposits. The thickness and frequency of these sandy EWE deposits in our cores decreased from the proximal to the distal zone in the center of the lagoon, with high lateral and vertical variability in sediment thickness. The youngest EWE deposit relates to the unprecedentedly powerful Category 5 Hurricane Irma, which barely left a fine layer of sand in the lagoon, demonstrating the lagoon's resilience to tropical storms. Five of the six other EWEs, characterized by micro-CT-derived sedimentary fabric, likely originated from tsunamis and occurred over the last 3500 years BP with a recurrence interval of 300–400 years, based on radiocarbon dating. A well-studied tsunami deposit from Pre-Columbian times (∼400 years BP) showed oriented sedimentary fabric, which could be used for paleo-flow reconstruction and EWE-type distinction in the Lesser Antilles, suggesting the use of an additional method for identifying EWE-type deposits in the geological record rather than other methods alone. To develop effective strategies for mitigating the natural hazards faced by communities in the coastal areas of the Lesser Antilles, it will be crucial to examine EWEs in the Caribbean region beyond historic times successfully.

我们的研究旨在通过结合沉积学、地球化学和放射性碳测年分析,确定海啸和风暴沉积物的特征。X 射线计算机显微层析技术(micro-CT)用于描述沉积物的沉积结构。这项研究是在圣马丁岛(小安的列斯群岛)一个小泻湖的定向短沉积岩芯横断面上进行的,在这里可以观察到两种事件类型。利用不同事件沉积物的微型计算机断层扫描数据,我们能够推导出古生物流向和方向,并将事件的动态与其环境背景进行比较。结果表明,源于飓风或海啸的七个极端波事件(EWE)沉积物具有最高的钙/铁比,是泻湖海洋输入的独特特征,并且具有颗粒较粗的特点。有些事件沉积物的沙质部分上方还出现了硅质地球化学信号,富含有机质的细硅质沉积物,这可能与反冲沉积物相对应。在我们的岩芯中,这些砂质 EWE 沉积的厚度和频率从泻湖中心的近端向远端区域递减,沉积厚度的横向和纵向变化很大。最年轻的 EWE 沉积物与威力空前的 5 级飓风 "艾尔玛 "有关,飓风几乎没有在泻湖中留下一层细沙,这表明泻湖对热带风暴的适应能力很强。根据放射性碳测年法,其他六个 EWE 中的五个以微型 CT 衍生沉积结构为特征,很可能源于海啸,发生于公元前 3500 年,重现间隔为 300-400 年。早在前哥伦布时代(公元前 400 年),一种经过深入研究的海啸沉积物就显示出定向沉积结构,可用于小安的列斯群岛的古水流重建和 EWE 类型的区分,这表明在地质记录中识别 EWE 类型沉积物时,应使用一种额外的方法,而不是仅使用其他方法。为了制定有效的战略,减轻小安的列斯群岛沿海地区社区面临的自然灾害,成功地研究加勒比地区历史时期之后的 EWE 至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
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Marine Geology
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