immigration policy in favour of attracting ‘highly skilled manpower’ through a points-based system. While this successfully increasedmedical immigration to the country, it would be condemned as a global ‘brain drain’ of skilled individuals by Western countries, especially the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. This international discourse is the focus of Chapter 6 of the monograph, highlighting the criticisms levelled at industrialised countries which had absorbed nearly 90% of the world’s migrant physicians (p. 160). In Canada, this enabled the supplementation of rural and remote health regions with a growing foreign workforce of medical professionals. Two full chapters of the book provide intimate case studies of the development of unique health cultures in rural areas, with Chapter 8 comparing the examples of two resource towns: Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and Thompson, Manitoba. The discussion finishes once again with domestic policy review of the novel incentive policies passed in the 1970s to relocate physicians towards underserved areas of the country. Mullally andWright employed comprehensive researchmethods for this work, with quantitative data forming a core part of the evidence. Using the Canadian Medical Directory, the annual returns of the federal Department of Immigration and Citizenship, multiple published reports from medical journals and an abundance of popular news and media resources, the authors compiled a substantial database regardingmigrant doctors, their countries of origin, counties of study, location of settlement and general demographic information. The statistics that emerged from these data provide a solid foundation for their assertations about the influx and outflow of medically trained individuals and highlight the quantitative impact of a ‘brain gain’ on Canadian medical practice and policy. However, the true strength of the work is the combined approach which supplements the hard statistics and policy discussions with the personal stories of men and women which were collected through oral interviews over several years. A glance through the sources demonstrates that this work was years in the making, and the authors took care to follow up on leads and contact numerous external individuals for added insight. One minor limitation to the qualitative content is the high ratio of male voices, which at times overshadows the contributions and experiences of foreign female medical professionals. Nonetheless, this is a significant work of history which does much to reconceptualise the narratives told about Canadian Medicare. Through its exploration of the ways that foreign-trained doctors settled into Canadian structures of medicine and subsequently moulded those structures over the course of the 1960s and 1970s, Foreign Practices provides a new framing for the national Medicare system, one which recognises the contributions of immigrant medical workers and marries the national belief of a homegrown system, with
{"title":"Alastair Compston, All Manner of Industry and Ingenuity. A Bio-Bibliography of Thomas Willis 1621–1675 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021), pp. xvi + 805, £99.99, hardback, ISBN: 9780198795391.","authors":"A. N. Williams","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.49","url":null,"abstract":"immigration policy in favour of attracting ‘highly skilled manpower’ through a points-based system. While this successfully increasedmedical immigration to the country, it would be condemned as a global ‘brain drain’ of skilled individuals by Western countries, especially the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. This international discourse is the focus of Chapter 6 of the monograph, highlighting the criticisms levelled at industrialised countries which had absorbed nearly 90% of the world’s migrant physicians (p. 160). In Canada, this enabled the supplementation of rural and remote health regions with a growing foreign workforce of medical professionals. Two full chapters of the book provide intimate case studies of the development of unique health cultures in rural areas, with Chapter 8 comparing the examples of two resource towns: Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and Thompson, Manitoba. The discussion finishes once again with domestic policy review of the novel incentive policies passed in the 1970s to relocate physicians towards underserved areas of the country. Mullally andWright employed comprehensive researchmethods for this work, with quantitative data forming a core part of the evidence. Using the Canadian Medical Directory, the annual returns of the federal Department of Immigration and Citizenship, multiple published reports from medical journals and an abundance of popular news and media resources, the authors compiled a substantial database regardingmigrant doctors, their countries of origin, counties of study, location of settlement and general demographic information. The statistics that emerged from these data provide a solid foundation for their assertations about the influx and outflow of medically trained individuals and highlight the quantitative impact of a ‘brain gain’ on Canadian medical practice and policy. However, the true strength of the work is the combined approach which supplements the hard statistics and policy discussions with the personal stories of men and women which were collected through oral interviews over several years. A glance through the sources demonstrates that this work was years in the making, and the authors took care to follow up on leads and contact numerous external individuals for added insight. One minor limitation to the qualitative content is the high ratio of male voices, which at times overshadows the contributions and experiences of foreign female medical professionals. Nonetheless, this is a significant work of history which does much to reconceptualise the narratives told about Canadian Medicare. Through its exploration of the ways that foreign-trained doctors settled into Canadian structures of medicine and subsequently moulded those structures over the course of the 1960s and 1970s, Foreign Practices provides a new framing for the national Medicare system, one which recognises the contributions of immigrant medical workers and marries the national belief of a homegrown system, with ","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"35 1","pages":"86 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77084923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aro Velmet, Pasteur’s Empire: Bacteriology & Politics in France, Its Colonies, & the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020), pp. xiv + 306, $78.00, hardback, ISBN: 9780190072827.","authors":"C. Thompson","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.50","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"1 1","pages":"88 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89522533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"With all best wishes for the future","authors":"S. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.46","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"2 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73549651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mirko Mattia, L. Biehler‐Gomez, E. Sguazza, P. Galimberti, Folco Vaglienti, D. Gibelli, P. Poppa, G. Caccia, M. Caccianiga, S. Vanin, Laura Manthey, R. Jantz, D. Di Candia, E. Maderna, G. Albini, Sachin Pawaskar, Franklin E. Damann, A. Fedeli, E. Belgiovine, Daniele Capuzzo, F. Slavazzi, C. Cattaneo
Abstract The Ospedale Maggiore, known as Ca’ Granda, was founded in 1456 by will of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, and was considered for almost five centuries a model for Milanese, Italian and even European healthcare. Attracting patients from all over Europe, the Ca’ Granda distinguished itself for the introduction of new treatments and innovative health reforms. In the burial ground of the hospital still lie the bodies of the deceased patients, who came from the poorest strata of the population. The study of their remains aims to give back a general identity and a story to each of these persons as well as reconstruct a fraction of the sixteenth century population of Milano as concerns lifestyle and disease and examine practises and therapy of this exceptional hospital. It is estimated that about two million commingled bones and articulated skeletons rest in the crypt, together with other types of findings (e.g., ceramic, coins, clothing). These remains are the object of a large project involving various disciplines ranging from humanities to hard sciences. The aim of this paper is to bring this historical gem to the attention of scholars and provide a glimpse of what its contents have already revealed.
{"title":"Ca’ Granda, an avant-garde hospital between the Renaissance and Modern age: a unique scenario in European history","authors":"Mirko Mattia, L. Biehler‐Gomez, E. Sguazza, P. Galimberti, Folco Vaglienti, D. Gibelli, P. Poppa, G. Caccia, M. Caccianiga, S. Vanin, Laura Manthey, R. Jantz, D. Di Candia, E. Maderna, G. Albini, Sachin Pawaskar, Franklin E. Damann, A. Fedeli, E. Belgiovine, Daniele Capuzzo, F. Slavazzi, C. Cattaneo","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.40","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Ospedale Maggiore, known as Ca’ Granda, was founded in 1456 by will of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, and was considered for almost five centuries a model for Milanese, Italian and even European healthcare. Attracting patients from all over Europe, the Ca’ Granda distinguished itself for the introduction of new treatments and innovative health reforms. In the burial ground of the hospital still lie the bodies of the deceased patients, who came from the poorest strata of the population. The study of their remains aims to give back a general identity and a story to each of these persons as well as reconstruct a fraction of the sixteenth century population of Milano as concerns lifestyle and disease and examine practises and therapy of this exceptional hospital. It is estimated that about two million commingled bones and articulated skeletons rest in the crypt, together with other types of findings (e.g., ceramic, coins, clothing). These remains are the object of a large project involving various disciplines ranging from humanities to hard sciences. The aim of this paper is to bring this historical gem to the attention of scholars and provide a glimpse of what its contents have already revealed.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"2015 1","pages":"24 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76752727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper examines some neglected aspects of Hippocratic medicine, drawing special attention to certain methodological questions concerning the role of sense perception in the acquisition of medical knowledge. I argue that there is greater epistemological uniformity among the texts of the Hippocratic Corpus than is sometimes assumed. I provide a careful reading of seemingly inconsistent Hippocratic treatises in the light of a plausible and coherent epistemological model. The impression that we are dealing with different, indeed inconsistent, epistemological views can be explained away by the specific dialectical contexts of each work and their historical background. Most importantly, a proper justification of this model will require us to delve into the epistemological foundations of Hippocratic medicine.
{"title":"Beneath the skin: method and perception in Hippocratic medicine","authors":"Jorge Torres","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.39","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines some neglected aspects of Hippocratic medicine, drawing special attention to certain methodological questions concerning the role of sense perception in the acquisition of medical knowledge. I argue that there is greater epistemological uniformity among the texts of the Hippocratic Corpus than is sometimes assumed. I provide a careful reading of seemingly inconsistent Hippocratic treatises in the light of a plausible and coherent epistemological model. The impression that we are dealing with different, indeed inconsistent, epistemological views can be explained away by the specific dialectical contexts of each work and their historical background. Most importantly, a proper justification of this model will require us to delve into the epistemological foundations of Hippocratic medicine.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"40 1","pages":"34 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73811043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The treatment of injured Indian soldiers in Britain during WWI deployed particular ways of recording injuries and using them to make judgments about loyalty to the Imperial Army by assessing the soldier’s ability to malinger. This was possible by using personal correspondences between soldiers and their families for ethnographic ends ie. to determine susceptibility to develop mental illness through a soldier’s ethnic background and whether he was from the so-called ‘martial races’ or not. This classificatory knowledge as well as the suspicion towards exaggerated symptoms was also inherited by Indian psychiatry after partition. However, while these psychiatrists reproduced some colonial biases about susceptibility of illness, they were much more receptive to considering the social experience of patients including their kinship relations at home and in the military. By the end of WWII, symptoms came to be regarded as signs of recovery and readjustment to social relations to make a case for the lasting impacts of war on the soldier’s mental and physical health.
{"title":"Medicine and the critique of war: military psychiatry, social classification and the malingering patient in colonial India","authors":"S. Khan","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.38","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The treatment of injured Indian soldiers in Britain during WWI deployed particular ways of recording injuries and using them to make judgments about loyalty to the Imperial Army by assessing the soldier’s ability to malinger. This was possible by using personal correspondences between soldiers and their families for ethnographic ends ie. to determine susceptibility to develop mental illness through a soldier’s ethnic background and whether he was from the so-called ‘martial races’ or not. This classificatory knowledge as well as the suspicion towards exaggerated symptoms was also inherited by Indian psychiatry after partition. However, while these psychiatrists reproduced some colonial biases about susceptibility of illness, they were much more receptive to considering the social experience of patients including their kinship relations at home and in the military. By the end of WWII, symptoms came to be regarded as signs of recovery and readjustment to social relations to make a case for the lasting impacts of war on the soldier’s mental and physical health.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"19 1","pages":"47 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87103221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By braiding together multiple environmental and social factors – ranging from land and water transportation networks, festivities, seafood-eating habits, agricultural cycles, and intensified population gathering during ‘Shuangqiang, or the quick harvesting and planting of rice crops’(p. 3) – Fang presents an ecosystem that set the scene for Zhejiang’s cholera outbreak in July 1962. Cholera had a greater impact in rural areas owing to the poor water-management infrastructure there;women participated in agricultural production, making their infection rate equal to men’s;and the superior nutrition and limited contact with civilians on military bases explains the lower caseload among soldiers. [...]the book can also be read as an account of the resistance, confrontations, and negotiations that occurred between various strands of power in moving towards that style of governance, which was not without its blind spots: public health staff encountered difficulties and even violence when attempting to check inoculation certificates of officers in the People’s Liberation Army (Chapter 4);overseas Chinese were exempted from vaccination certificate checks because the PRC needed their remittances and skills (Chapter 4);and the Zhejiang government adapted its 1963 vaccination campaign to avoid peak farming season due to the passive participation of local cadres and farmworkers the previous year (Chapter 6).
{"title":"Xiaoping Fang, China and the Cholera Pandemic: Restructuring Society under Mao (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021), pp. 312, $55.00, hardback, ISBN: 9780822946625).","authors":"Yi-Tang Lin","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.51","url":null,"abstract":"By braiding together multiple environmental and social factors – ranging from land and water transportation networks, festivities, seafood-eating habits, agricultural cycles, and intensified population gathering during ‘Shuangqiang, or the quick harvesting and planting of rice crops’(p. 3) – Fang presents an ecosystem that set the scene for Zhejiang’s cholera outbreak in July 1962. Cholera had a greater impact in rural areas owing to the poor water-management infrastructure there;women participated in agricultural production, making their infection rate equal to men’s;and the superior nutrition and limited contact with civilians on military bases explains the lower caseload among soldiers. [...]the book can also be read as an account of the resistance, confrontations, and negotiations that occurred between various strands of power in moving towards that style of governance, which was not without its blind spots: public health staff encountered difficulties and even violence when attempting to check inoculation certificates of officers in the People’s Liberation Army (Chapter 4);overseas Chinese were exempted from vaccination certificate checks because the PRC needed their remittances and skills (Chapter 4);and the Zhejiang government adapted its 1963 vaccination campaign to avoid peak farming season due to the passive participation of local cadres and farmworkers the previous year (Chapter 6).","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"35 1","pages":"90 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89493650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract During the last decades of colonial rule, Belgian colonial authorities, health agencies and researchers intensely engaged with kwashiorkor, a severe syndrome that was deemed widespread among young children in some parts of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi and chiefly attributed to protein malnutrition. To fight kwashiorkor, the Belgian government, in the early 1950s, set up a joint milk distribution campaign with the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization, the first of its kind in colonial Africa. Placing this campaign in the context of mounting international and inter-imperial concern about kwashiorkor and other nutritional problems in Africa and across the globe, this article explores its rationales, mechanisms and consequences, and in particular, how the campaign was shaped and publicised by FORÉAMI, one of the main health providers on the ground. It not only contributes to the history of European colonial medicine and nutritional policies, but also opens new perspectives on international health collaboration during late colonialism. It argues that Belgian authorities were wary of international interference in colonial policies, but that especially FORÉAMI also viewed and used the campaign as an opportunity to display its ‘mastery’ in rural and infant healthcare and control the narrative on Belgium’s colonial medicine.
{"title":"Between colonial medicine and global health: protein malnutrition and UNICEF milk in the Belgian Congo","authors":"Samuël Coghe","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.28","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the last decades of colonial rule, Belgian colonial authorities, health agencies and researchers intensely engaged with kwashiorkor, a severe syndrome that was deemed widespread among young children in some parts of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi and chiefly attributed to protein malnutrition. To fight kwashiorkor, the Belgian government, in the early 1950s, set up a joint milk distribution campaign with the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization, the first of its kind in colonial Africa. Placing this campaign in the context of mounting international and inter-imperial concern about kwashiorkor and other nutritional problems in Africa and across the globe, this article explores its rationales, mechanisms and consequences, and in particular, how the campaign was shaped and publicised by FORÉAMI, one of the main health providers on the ground. It not only contributes to the history of European colonial medicine and nutritional policies, but also opens new perspectives on international health collaboration during late colonialism. It argues that Belgian authorities were wary of international interference in colonial policies, but that especially FORÉAMI also viewed and used the campaign as an opportunity to display its ‘mastery’ in rural and infant healthcare and control the narrative on Belgium’s colonial medicine.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"95 1","pages":"384 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78533686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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