B. Baylac-Paouly, Maria V Caballero, María-Isabel Porras
Abstract Poliomyelitis is a disease whose incidence steadily increased during the second half of the twentieth century on both sides of the Atlantic. If in the United States the epidemics which afflicted young children each summer became a major public health issue, in France, polio was considered less pressing than other diseases. This article, based on original archives from the Pasteur and Mérieux institutes, analyses the polio control strategies and policies implemented by France from the mid-1950s to the end of the 1960s. The article examines the role of two key actors and institutions that mobilised the French health authorities against the disease: Pierre Lépine and the Institut Pasteur as well as Charles Mérieux and the Institut Mérieux. Lépine developed an effective injected polio vaccine which was first used before being supplemented with the oral polio vaccine. If the two main protagonists and their institutions worked together, they each implemented different actions and manoeuvres, at different times with the aim to raise awareness of the fight against the disease. The national and international relations of the key French actors were decisive in the development and production of the polio vaccines and their application. This work contributes to understanding processes of polio vaccines choice at the level of national institutions and analyses the political and scientific networks built in support of polio vaccination, to finally move towards compulsory vaccination. Ultimately, this study describes the historical processes by which this disease became conflated with a biotechnology of collective protection in France.
{"title":"Mobilising through vaccination: the case of polio in France (1950–60s)","authors":"B. Baylac-Paouly, Maria V Caballero, María-Isabel Porras","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2022.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2022.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Poliomyelitis is a disease whose incidence steadily increased during the second half of the twentieth century on both sides of the Atlantic. If in the United States the epidemics which afflicted young children each summer became a major public health issue, in France, polio was considered less pressing than other diseases. This article, based on original archives from the Pasteur and Mérieux institutes, analyses the polio control strategies and policies implemented by France from the mid-1950s to the end of the 1960s. The article examines the role of two key actors and institutions that mobilised the French health authorities against the disease: Pierre Lépine and the Institut Pasteur as well as Charles Mérieux and the Institut Mérieux. Lépine developed an effective injected polio vaccine which was first used before being supplemented with the oral polio vaccine. If the two main protagonists and their institutions worked together, they each implemented different actions and manoeuvres, at different times with the aim to raise awareness of the fight against the disease. The national and international relations of the key French actors were decisive in the development and production of the polio vaccines and their application. This work contributes to understanding processes of polio vaccines choice at the level of national institutions and analyses the political and scientific networks built in support of polio vaccination, to finally move towards compulsory vaccination. Ultimately, this study describes the historical processes by which this disease became conflated with a biotechnology of collective protection in France.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"23 1","pages":"135 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84898914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medtech. The Formation and Growth of a Global Industry, 1960–2020, by Pierre-Yves Donzé, is an ambitious new book from one of the best experts in the world on the business history of health of the twenty-first century. Once again, after a series of recent books and articles about the dynamics of the industry of medical equipment in Japan, Switzerland and Germany, Donzé opens the box for a new analysis, with new data, about the dynamics of such an industry in other regions of the world like the United States, France and China. Donzé acknowledges his intellectual debts: to authors who have recently appealed for the need to go beyond national approaches, and to efforts to establish international comparisons as was done in the recent book The Emergence of Modern Hospital Management and Organisation in theWorld.1 Donzé is a great specialist inmedical equipment, andwe knew fromhis work about the expansion of German equipment in the world in the last century. But now, Donzé goes beyond his expertise on X-rays and includes an identification of the main industrial players in the world over the last six decades, and the supply and demand factors that explain their success. The book starts with three general chapters about the dynamics of the global medtech industry, the dominance by big multinationals, the coexistence with clusters of smalland mid-sized enterprises and spin-off chains, as well as with themore personal networks of doctors and firms. He covers regulation by the state, the identity of the largest medtech players, the global trade of products of a very diversified industry and the wave of mergers and acquisitions that created a huge concentration of big players. All of this is important, not just to understand the endogenous features of the industry in a dynamic long-term perspective, but also to understand the directions of research and production in the industry. These are not always correlated with the directions that public health needs have had in history and today, reflected in the difficulties that states (and therefore, we) have had in regulating prices and access to the products of this industry. Anyone who needs to understand the rigidities faced by patients and consumers who need to access life-saving products and devices may find some clear answers and facts in these three chapters. A second group of six chapters approach from a national perspective the relationship between leading medtech corporations (exploring strategies of innovation and strategies of growth) and the market (mainly through foreign trade statistics). Onemisses somewhat in these chapters the role of the state and how public policies have allowed the creation of giants with an impressive capacity to impose: 1) research into certain illnesses, 2) production of some drugs and equipment over others, 3) prices and 4) investment in employment at the local level (or its financial outsourcing abroad unbalancing potential taxes they could pay at home with their outward di
{"title":"Pierre-Yves Donzé, Medtech. The Formation and Growth of a Global Industry, 1960–2020 (Singapore: Palgrave MacMillan, 2022), pp. 230, £99.99, hardback, ISBN: 9789811671739.","authors":"P. F. Pérez","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2022.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2022.7","url":null,"abstract":"Medtech. The Formation and Growth of a Global Industry, 1960–2020, by Pierre-Yves Donzé, is an ambitious new book from one of the best experts in the world on the business history of health of the twenty-first century. Once again, after a series of recent books and articles about the dynamics of the industry of medical equipment in Japan, Switzerland and Germany, Donzé opens the box for a new analysis, with new data, about the dynamics of such an industry in other regions of the world like the United States, France and China. Donzé acknowledges his intellectual debts: to authors who have recently appealed for the need to go beyond national approaches, and to efforts to establish international comparisons as was done in the recent book The Emergence of Modern Hospital Management and Organisation in theWorld.1 Donzé is a great specialist inmedical equipment, andwe knew fromhis work about the expansion of German equipment in the world in the last century. But now, Donzé goes beyond his expertise on X-rays and includes an identification of the main industrial players in the world over the last six decades, and the supply and demand factors that explain their success. The book starts with three general chapters about the dynamics of the global medtech industry, the dominance by big multinationals, the coexistence with clusters of smalland mid-sized enterprises and spin-off chains, as well as with themore personal networks of doctors and firms. He covers regulation by the state, the identity of the largest medtech players, the global trade of products of a very diversified industry and the wave of mergers and acquisitions that created a huge concentration of big players. All of this is important, not just to understand the endogenous features of the industry in a dynamic long-term perspective, but also to understand the directions of research and production in the industry. These are not always correlated with the directions that public health needs have had in history and today, reflected in the difficulties that states (and therefore, we) have had in regulating prices and access to the products of this industry. Anyone who needs to understand the rigidities faced by patients and consumers who need to access life-saving products and devices may find some clear answers and facts in these three chapters. A second group of six chapters approach from a national perspective the relationship between leading medtech corporations (exploring strategies of innovation and strategies of growth) and the market (mainly through foreign trade statistics). Onemisses somewhat in these chapters the role of the state and how public policies have allowed the creation of giants with an impressive capacity to impose: 1) research into certain illnesses, 2) production of some drugs and equipment over others, 3) prices and 4) investment in employment at the local level (or its financial outsourcing abroad unbalancing potential taxes they could pay at home with their outward di","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"11 1","pages":"177 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74749480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In Japan, schistosomiasis was endemic in Yamanashi Prefecture and a few other hotspot areas where the Miya’iri snail lived. The parasite’s lifecycle relied on the intermediary Miya’iri snail as well as the human host. Parasite eggs passed into the agrarian environment through untreated night soil used as fertiliser or through the culture of open defecation in rural Japan. Manmade rice fields and irrigation ditches, night soil covered paddies and highly refined growing seasons put people in flooded rice paddies to intensively work the land in the spring and summer. The disease was equally dependent on human intervention in the natural world as it was on the natural world intervening in the human body. It is important to stress the role of both the environment and culture in disease causation. This study posits that we view the pre- and post-war national mobilisation to remake the environmental and reform the culture of the rural sector to align with public health mandates and notions of hygienic modernity as a case of total prevention.
{"title":"Total prevention: a history of schistosomiasis in Japan","authors":"A. Bay","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2022.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2022.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Japan, schistosomiasis was endemic in Yamanashi Prefecture and a few other hotspot areas where the Miya’iri snail lived. The parasite’s lifecycle relied on the intermediary Miya’iri snail as well as the human host. Parasite eggs passed into the agrarian environment through untreated night soil used as fertiliser or through the culture of open defecation in rural Japan. Manmade rice fields and irrigation ditches, night soil covered paddies and highly refined growing seasons put people in flooded rice paddies to intensively work the land in the spring and summer. The disease was equally dependent on human intervention in the natural world as it was on the natural world intervening in the human body. It is important to stress the role of both the environment and culture in disease causation. This study posits that we view the pre- and post-war national mobilisation to remake the environmental and reform the culture of the rural sector to align with public health mandates and notions of hygienic modernity as a case of total prevention.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"66 1","pages":"95 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81692142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neeraja Sankaran, A Tale of Two Viruses, Parallels in the Research Trajectories of Tumor and Bacterial Viruses (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021), pp. 296, $55, hardcover, ISBN: 9780822946304.","authors":"P. Abir-Am","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2022.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2022.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74584183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Books Also Received","authors":"D. Armus, Pablo F. Gómez, K. Hussey","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.47","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"1 1","pages":"94 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79945888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
struggling to assess historical materials from the PRC. In the conclusion, Fang clarifies the core concept of the ‘emergency disciplinary state’ and discusses similarities to how the PRC has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fang’s core argument is that the PRC’s emergency disciplinary state was established in reaction to the El Tor cholera pandemic. However, the book can also be read as an account of the resistance, confrontations, and negotiations that occurred between various strands of power in moving towards that style of governance, whichwas not without its blind spots: public health staff encountered difficulties and even violence when attempting to check inoculation certificates of officers in the People’s Liberation Army (Chapter 4); overseas Chinese were exempted from vaccination certificate checks because the PRC needed their remittances and skills (Chapter 4); and the Zhejiang government adapted its 1963 vaccination campaign to avoid peak farming season due to the passive participation of local cadres and farmworkers the previous year (Chapter 6). There was therefore some flexibility in the PRC’s seemingly strict approach to epidemic control. It is unfortunate that Fang does not analyse the sources cited in the text more often, as the rare occasions where he weighs in on conflicting information encountered in the archives (pp. 41–3) are enlightening. Chapter 2 also includes some passages in which the causal relationship between environmental and social factors and the public health situation are not clearly established by historical sources or by the author himself (pp. 74–5, 100). Fang’s account of this much-overlooked public health crisis draws on abundant historical materials. The book is a must-read for historians and students interested in the PRC’s health policies, as well as for those curious about crisis governance in the PRC at the national, provincial, and county levels during transitional years between the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
{"title":"Sethina Watson, On Hospitals: Welfare, Law and Christianity in Western Europe, 400–1320 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2020). 376 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-884753-3.","authors":"Herwig Weigl","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.52","url":null,"abstract":"struggling to assess historical materials from the PRC. In the conclusion, Fang clarifies the core concept of the ‘emergency disciplinary state’ and discusses similarities to how the PRC has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fang’s core argument is that the PRC’s emergency disciplinary state was established in reaction to the El Tor cholera pandemic. However, the book can also be read as an account of the resistance, confrontations, and negotiations that occurred between various strands of power in moving towards that style of governance, whichwas not without its blind spots: public health staff encountered difficulties and even violence when attempting to check inoculation certificates of officers in the People’s Liberation Army (Chapter 4); overseas Chinese were exempted from vaccination certificate checks because the PRC needed their remittances and skills (Chapter 4); and the Zhejiang government adapted its 1963 vaccination campaign to avoid peak farming season due to the passive participation of local cadres and farmworkers the previous year (Chapter 6). There was therefore some flexibility in the PRC’s seemingly strict approach to epidemic control. It is unfortunate that Fang does not analyse the sources cited in the text more often, as the rare occasions where he weighs in on conflicting information encountered in the archives (pp. 41–3) are enlightening. Chapter 2 also includes some passages in which the causal relationship between environmental and social factors and the public health situation are not clearly established by historical sources or by the author himself (pp. 74–5, 100). Fang’s account of this much-overlooked public health crisis draws on abundant historical materials. The book is a must-read for historians and students interested in the PRC’s health policies, as well as for those curious about crisis governance in the PRC at the national, provincial, and county levels during transitional years between the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"18 1","pages":"91 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86293326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sasha Mullally and David Wright, Foreign Practices: Immigrant Doctors and the History of Canadian Medicare (Montreal, Kingston, London & Chicago: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2020), pp. 360, $39.95, paperback, ISBN: 9780228003717.","authors":"P. Larsson","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.48","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"42 1","pages":"85 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86120222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Medical acculturation forms a crucial part of the process of migration, and equally, the influx of migrants can shape how medical structures develop in receiving societies – nowhere is that more evident than in the American metropolis. In the late nineteenth century, few ethnic groups caused such sustained bio-hazard concerns as the Irish in America. Poverty and the sheer numbers migrating in the post-Famine (1852-) era, caused the immigrant Irish body to be pathologised, or described in medical terms, to a much greater degree and for longer than their Anglo-Saxon or German counterparts. With a particular focus on Irishwomen’s use of maternity services in New York and Boston, this article aims to elucidate the potential of medical records to flesh out the understandings of how immigrants navigated healthcare. By adopting a case study approach to hospital records in tandem with other data sources, it shows what is being lost through restrictive data protection legislation. It discusses how Irishness was politicised in the contexts of immigration, the social history of medicine and medicalisation.
{"title":"Immigrant Irishwomen and maternity services in New York and Boston, 1860–1911","authors":"C. Breathnach","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.41","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Medical acculturation forms a crucial part of the process of migration, and equally, the influx of migrants can shape how medical structures develop in receiving societies – nowhere is that more evident than in the American metropolis. In the late nineteenth century, few ethnic groups caused such sustained bio-hazard concerns as the Irish in America. Poverty and the sheer numbers migrating in the post-Famine (1852-) era, caused the immigrant Irish body to be pathologised, or described in medical terms, to a much greater degree and for longer than their Anglo-Saxon or German counterparts. With a particular focus on Irishwomen’s use of maternity services in New York and Boston, this article aims to elucidate the potential of medical records to flesh out the understandings of how immigrants navigated healthcare. By adopting a case study approach to hospital records in tandem with other data sources, it shows what is being lost through restrictive data protection legislation. It discusses how Irishness was politicised in the contexts of immigration, the social history of medicine and medicalisation.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"63 1","pages":"3 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74090623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article aims to demonstrate how researchers from different South American countries took part in the process of globalisation of the tropical medicine paradigm, through research on leishmaniasis found in this region. The main objective of the present article is to highlight the role of these researchers, as well as of their scientific institutions, in a global history of tropical medicine which surpassed European borders and its imperialistic practices. At the same time, it will be identified the renewal of the tropical medicine paradigm in the South American context. During the beginning of the twentieth century, leishmaniasis became an important health issue in tropical areas, whereas the mere usage of the repertoire of the medical knowledge, produced in Europe up until that time, revealed itself as an insufficient instrument to help solve the problem. Hereupon, this matter was, above all, an open discussion, which required great skills and refined techniques of tropical medicine for its study. For this reason, it enabled the members of the regional medical communities to establish vigorous communication channels with medical centres, located in other continents, that had already been giving much deserved importance to leishmaniasis as an exciting scientific theme.
{"title":"The South American medical communities in the genesis of the tropical medicine: construction and circulation of knowledge on American leishmaniasis in the beginning of the twentieth century","authors":"Denis Guedes Jogas","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.42","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article aims to demonstrate how researchers from different South American countries took part in the process of globalisation of the tropical medicine paradigm, through research on leishmaniasis found in this region. The main objective of the present article is to highlight the role of these researchers, as well as of their scientific institutions, in a global history of tropical medicine which surpassed European borders and its imperialistic practices. At the same time, it will be identified the renewal of the tropical medicine paradigm in the South American context. During the beginning of the twentieth century, leishmaniasis became an important health issue in tropical areas, whereas the mere usage of the repertoire of the medical knowledge, produced in Europe up until that time, revealed itself as an insufficient instrument to help solve the problem. Hereupon, this matter was, above all, an open discussion, which required great skills and refined techniques of tropical medicine for its study. For this reason, it enabled the members of the regional medical communities to establish vigorous communication channels with medical centres, located in other continents, that had already been giving much deserved importance to leishmaniasis as an exciting scientific theme.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"39 1","pages":"64 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90111939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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