Materials Science for Energy Technologies最新文献

Due to their broad range of uses in thermo-electric devices, aerospace, and other industries, thermoelectric materials have garnered much attention. To expand the scope of their applications, thermoelectric materials’ thermoelectric characteristics must be effectively improved. Improved thermoelectrical properties with advancement is one of the critical strategies. Even though it is challenging to do small-scale measurements, it is crucial to precisely gauge the thermoelectric characteristics of varying materials (organic/inorganic/MXenes). Two-dimensional materials have drawn much interest for technological applications because of their unique properties. MXenes are a class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides that have garnered significant attention for their promising properties by showing high electrical conductivity, controllable thermal conductivity, and high Seebeck coefficient value making suitable candidates for thermoelectric energy conversion. Thermal and electrical parameters are currently measured using a variety of techniques. However, the advanced thermoelectric properties with advanced thermoelectric materials, such as thermopower, thermal conductance, and electrical conductivity, are compiled in this review. Also outlined are measurement techniques for thermoelectric properties of selected advanced and 2D materials. Lastly, the challenges of integrated measurement methods are suggested, and a few integrated measurement solutions that work well with many inorganic/organic composites and two-dimensional materials MXenes are most proposed.

In this research has been conducted on manufacturing ceramic materials based on Belanda Teak wood powder and bentonite using Solid State Reaction method. The composition variation of Belanda Teak wood powder with bentonite is 4:5, 5:5 and 6:5, then activated at 1000°C. Then, mixed using ball milling at 500 rpm for 30 min. Density analysis was conducted to determine the density. The density analysis obtained was 2.20 gr/cm³, 2.32 gr/cm³, and 2.33 gr/cm³ for samples 4:5, 5:5, and 6:5. The characterization analysis was SEM-EDX, XRD, and DTA. The results of XRD analysis obtained a hexagonal crystal structure. The size of the crystal diameter will increase as the teak wood powder mass ratio decreases in each sample. SEM-EDX results obtained morphology in the 4:5 composition is better than the 5:5 and 6:5 samples, and the optimum composition spectrum is 6:5, which has a maximum weight and atomic percentage and there are no other elements mixed beside the main elements. The DTA results stated that the sample phase start from 95.05°C, and there is an endothermic peak at a temperature of 427.54 °C with a mass loss of 9.14 mg and there is an increase in temperature to 534.29 °C with a mass loss of 4.34 mg due to recrystallization. Based on the results of this research, these materials can be recommended to become making ceramics materials.

Biomass waste candlenut shells, such as adsorbent carbon, can be utilized. Fe₃O₄ has great electrical conductivity, and ZIF-67 has diverse pores. Activated carbon, Fe₃O₄, and ZIF-67 were prepared to obtain a combination of these materials using the co-precipitation method. FTIR spectra show a peak at 1341 cm⁻¹, which depicts the Fe-O bending vibration. At peak 1558 cm⁻¹ shows C = N streching. The top of 1412 cm⁻¹ and 991 cm⁻¹ extend the full ring. The sp² aromatic peak may be seen at 1150 cm^-1C-H bond. The surface area is 17.76 m²/g, and the pore size is 14.99 nm. Coercivity is 119.63 Oe, which shows a strong magnet. The highlight of the study was activated carbon from biomass waste candlenut shells (Aleurites moluccana) doped ZIF-67 supported Fe₃O₄ with specific capacitance shows high. The diffusion percentage shows fewer electrolyte ions entering the active material, and resistance also showed low results. It can increase the percentage of capacitive ions, thus improving the electrode. Electrochemical results show 1335F/g of high specific capacity at 1 A/g current density. It indicates a suitable candidate material for supercapacitor electrodes.

Environmental sustainability concerns have led to exploring alternative fuels like biodiesel in transportation. However, biodiesel engines emit pollutants like NOx, CO, and PM, posing health and environmental risks. This review explores the use of Aluminium Oxide (Al₂O₃), Ruthenium Oxide (RuO₂), Titanium Oxide (TiO₂), Cerium Oxide (CeO₂), Graphene Oxide, Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and other nanoparticles, in biodiesel engine. It focuses on their unique properties, characterization, emission control, environmental impact, and engine performance. The study emphasizes the significance of different biodiesel blends, compositions, and nanoparticle additions in determining engine performance and emissions. Results vary based on nanoparticle type, size, concentration, and blend composition. The review examines the impact of nanoparticles on various aspects of biodiesel blends, including density, viscosity, cetane number, calorific value, and flash points. It found that nanoparticle additives significantly influence Brake Thermal Efficiency and combustion efficiency. The study also found that nanoparticle-enhanced biodiesel blends have improved ignition properties, faster evaporation, higher oxygen content, and elevated cetane numbers, leading to cleaner combustion and more environmentally friendly engine operation. The research supports the beneficial effects of nanoparticles on biodiesel characteristics and emissions reduction. The review suggests that nanoparticles in biodiesel engines can improve fuel characteristics, engine performance, and emissions reduction but cautions against potential environmental and health risks. The findings suggest further research and optimization for sustainable and efficient engine performance in pursuing greener transportation fuels, highlighting the potential of nanoparticles in biodiesel blends.

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic technology that is eco-friendly, has affordable costs, an easy fabrication process, and high power conversion efficiency. The application of solid electrolytes in DSSC is a promising option compared to using liquid electrolytes because liquid electrolytes easily cause corrosion on the photoanode and counter electrode. The role of the counter electrode in DSSC is crucial to speed up the electron transfer process to enhance the performance of DSSC devices. Much research on DSSC still uses a lot of platinum and graphene which are relatively expensive and supplies are limited. Therefore, this research will develop a low-cost and easy to fabricate counter electrode made of ZnO/PEDOT:PSS composite. Adding ZnO in PEDOT:PSS polymer can obtain higher catalytic activity, that can accelerate oxidation–reduction reactions to improve the performance of DSSC solar cells. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the addition of ZnO mass to the ZnO/PEDOT: PSS composite can increase lattice parameters, crystal size, porosity values, and light absorbance. Based on the I-V testing, it shows that the addition of ZnO mass to the ZnO/PEDOT:PSS composite results in the highest efficiency of 3.29%.

Methylene blue dye is still widely used as a clothing dye in the textile industry. Therefore, it is necessary to process this dye waste before it enters water bodies so that it does not damage the environment. The aim of this research was to optimize the function of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) extracted from iron sand combined with TiO₂ for degrading methylene blue dye. The iron sand was extracted using a bar magnet, sieved, washed, milled, and dried. Iron sand (20 g) was converted into magnetite using the co-precipitation method with a stirring speed of 800 rpm at a temperature of 80 °C for 30 min. Magnetite was mixed with TiO₂ with 30 % ethanol using a mechanical stirring method. The characteristics of Fe₃O₄-TiO₂ photocatalyst were tested using XRD, SEM-EDX and VSM. According to the XRD data, the crystal size of the Fe₃O₄-TiO₂ photocatalyst was below 40 nm. The presence of Fe and Ti in the photocatalyst material and their even distribution were determined by SEM-EDX testing. Through VSM, it was confirmed that soft magnetic properties were present in this material. The performance of the Fe₃O₄-TiO₂ photocatalyst in the degradation of methylene blue dye was analyzed using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The test results showed that the performance of the photocatalyst improved as the contact time increased and was marked by a decrease in the optical absorption intensity; the best performance of the Fe₃O₄-TiO₂ photocatalyst reached 93 %. Therefore, it can be concluded that iron sand as part of the photocatalyst material, play a role in the photodegradation of methylene blue dye.

The present study deals with developing biochar from the waste biomass using slow pyrolysis at dynamic temperatures (400, 600, and 800 °C) and holding times (30, 45, and 60 min). The produced biochars were characterized by their thermal, physical, and chemical properties. The biomass characterization confirmed its candidacy for being used as a biochar feedstock. An XRF study of ash content confirmed that biomass has a lower possibility of slagging and fouling issues. A kinetic study of biomass confirmed that activation energy increased substantially (34.37–90.34 and 22.74–63.92 kJ mol⁻¹ for MWS and CNW, respectively) by varying the reaction order. The outcomes of the pyrolysis process revealed that elevating the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800 °C resulted in a decrease in the yield of biochar, accompanied by an increase in its carbon content. XRD study of biochar established that rising pyrolysis temperature caused a change in the mineral content of biochar. HHV and bulk density of biochar were found to be increased by increasing pyrolysis temperature from 400–800 °C. Moreover, it was observed that BET surface area and Zeta potential increased as the pyrolysis temperature rose from 400–800 °C. FE-SEM study of biochar, established by increasing temperature from 400–800 °C, accelerated the volatilization activity and caused a considerable surface modification in the resulting biochar. Overall, biochar displayed various mineralogical compositions, surface alteration, high thermal stability, carbon content, and pH, making them appropriate for strengthening the procedures of different industrial applications.

This paper deals with the synthesis and properties of new ternary mixed Cd1-xBexTe (cadmium beryllium telluride) crystal-based electrodes for photovoltaic cells which is a modified version of dye- sensitized solar cells. We determined the thermal stability and photovoltaic performance of the obtained devices. Cd1-xBexTe crystals are grown using the Bridgman technique at high temperatures and pressure for different compositions. Using the modified doctor blade method, we fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) using Cd1-xBexTe-based film as working electrodes. The mixed crystals with the highest beryllium content (10 %) and the lowest (1 %) are used. At the same time, the counter electrode and polymer electrolytes are common. Comparative studies with standard DSSC are also undertaken to compare the stability and charge mechanism. As prepared, DSSC using ternary Cd1-xBexTe showed efficiency as high as 3.11 % at 1 sun condition. The life span measurement indicated promising results, and DSSC is stable up to 720 h with a reasonable decrease in fill factor from 84 to 55.

This research aims to provide an efficient and cost-effective renewable energy supply. It assesses the potential for photovoltaic (PV) and hydro energy in Pirthala, Haryana, India, using HOMER Pro® v3.14.2. A Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) can continuously power 855 homes. The optimal HRES configuration comprises well-optimized PV modules, hydro turbines, converters, and batteries. The top four configurations were selected based on criteria such as net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy production (COE). The most effective HRES configuration involves a 3461-kW solar array, a 98.1 kW hydro turbine, 304 lithium-ion batteries of 100 kWh, and a 2785-kW converter, achieving a 100 % integration of renewable energy. This ideal HRES was thoroughly assessed regarding economic, technical, and renewable energy considerations. The results and the optimized HRES configuration can serve as a valuable reference for similar initiatives in rural areas, contributing to adopting renewable energy sources and enhancing energy access and reliability.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles are commonly used as photoanode materials in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The structure of TiO₂ can be modified by doping to enhance its optical and electrical performance. The modification carried out in this research was by providing Ag doping on TiO₂. Silver (Ag) added to TiO₂ is convinced to reduce the recombination and increase the energy level of the photo-excited electrons from the TiO₂ conduction band. Ag-doped TiO₂ was carried out by a simple mixing method. The microstructure of Ag-doped TiO₂ was successfully characterized by XRD and SEM. The absorbance of the Ag-doped TiO₂ thin films was measured by UV–Vis spectroscopy, confirming the optimum energy gap of 3.09 eV and resulting in the best PCE of 6.31 %.