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Modified Cox Models: A Simulation Study on Different Survival Distributions, Censoring Rates, and Sample Sizes 修正的 Cox 模型:不同生存分布、删减率和样本量的模拟研究
IF 2.4 3区 数学 Q1 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/math12182903
Iketle Aretha Maharela, Lizelle Fletcher, Ding-Geng Chen
The classical Cox model is the most popular procedure for studying right-censored data in survival analysis. However, it is based on the fundamental assumption of proportional hazards (PH). Modified Cox models, stratified and extended, have been widely employed as solutions when the PH assumption is violated. Nevertheless, prior comparisons of the modified Cox models did not employ comprehensive Monte-Carlo simulations to carry out a comparative analysis between the two models. In this paper, we conducted extensive Monte-Carlo simulation to compare the performance of the stratified and extended Cox models under varying censoring rates, sample sizes, and survival distributions. Our results suggest that the models’ performance at varying censoring rates and sample sizes is robust to the distribution of survival times. Thus, their performance under Weibull survival times was comparable to that of exponential survival times. Furthermore, we found that the extended Cox model outperformed other models under every combination of censoring, sample size and survival distribution.
经典 Cox 模型是生存分析中研究右删失数据最常用的方法。然而,它是基于比例危险(PH)的基本假设。当违反 PH 假设时,分层和扩展的修正 Cox 模型被广泛用作解决方案。然而,以前对修正 Cox 模型的比较并没有采用全面的蒙特卡洛模拟来对两种模型进行比较分析。在本文中,我们进行了广泛的蒙特卡洛模拟,比较了分层模型和扩展 Cox 模型在不同删失率、样本量和生存分布下的表现。我们的结果表明,模型在不同剔除率和样本量下的表现对生存时间的分布具有稳健性。因此,它们在 Weibull 生存时间下的表现与指数生存时间下的表现相当。此外,我们还发现,扩展 Cox 模型在各种删失率、样本量和生存时间分布组合下的表现都优于其他模型。
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引用次数: 0
On the Solutions of Linear Systems over Additively Idempotent Semirings 论线性系统在可加可幂半环上的解
IF 2.4 3区 数学 Q1 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/math12182904
Álvaro Otero Sánchez, Daniel Camazón Portela, Juan Antonio López-Ramos
The aim of this article is to solve the system XA=Y, where A=(ai,j)∈Mn×m(S), Y∈Sm and X is an unknown vector of a size n, with S being an additively idempotent semiring. If the system has solutions, then we completely characterize its maximal one, and in the particular case where S is a generalized tropical semiring, a complete characterization of its solutions is provided as well as an explicit bound of the computational cost associated with its computation. Finally, we show how to apply this method to cryptanalyze two different key exchange protocols defined for a finite case and the tropical semiring, respectively.
本文的目的是求解系统 XA=Y,其中 A=(ai,j)∈Mn×m(S),Y∈Sm,X 是一个大小为 n 的未知向量,S 是一个可加可幂半iring。如果系统有解,那么我们就能完全描述其最大解,而在 S 是广义热带配线的特殊情况下,我们就能提供其解的完整描述,以及与其计算相关的计算成本的明确约束。最后,我们展示了如何应用这种方法对分别为有限情况和热带配子定义的两种不同密钥交换协议进行加密分析。
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引用次数: 0
Evolutionary Game and Simulation Analysis of New-Energy Vehicle Promotion in China Based on Reward and Punishment Mechanisms 基于奖惩机制的中国新能源汽车推广的演化博弈与仿真分析
IF 2.4 3区 数学 Q1 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/math12182900
Rongjiang Cai, Tao Zhang, Xi Wang, Qiaoran Jia, Shufang Zhao, Nana Liu, Xiaoguang Wang
In China, new-energy vehicles are viewed as the ultimate goal for the automobile industry, given the current focus on the “dual-carbon” target. Therefore, it is important to promote the sustainable development of this new-energy market and ensure a smooth transition from fuel-driven vehicles to new-energy vehicles. This study constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model involving vehicle enterprises, consumers, and the government. It improves the tripartite evolutionary game through the mechanisms of dynamic and static rewards and punishments, respectively, using real-world data. The results show the following. (1) A fluctuation is present in the sales of new-energy vehicles by enterprises and the active promotional behavior of the government. This fluctuation leads to instability, and the behavior is difficult to accurately predict, which is not conducive new-energy vehicles’ promotion and sales. (2) A static reward and punishment mechanism can change the fluctuation threshold or peak value. Nevertheless, the stability of the system’s strategy is not the main reason that the government has been actively promoting it for a long time. However, enterprises are still wavering between new-energy and fuel vehicles. (3) The linear dynamic reward and punishment mechanism also has its defects. Although they are considered the stability control strategy of the system, they are still not conducive to stability. (4) The nonlinear dynamic reward and punishment mechanism can help the system to achieve the ideal stabilization strategy.
在中国,新能源汽车被视为汽车行业的终极目标,因为当前的重点是 "双碳 "目标。因此,促进新能源汽车市场的可持续发展,确保燃油汽车向新能源汽车的平稳过渡至关重要。本研究构建了一个涉及整车企业、消费者和政府的三方演化博弈模型。利用实际数据,分别通过动态和静态奖惩机制对三方进化博弈进行了改进。结果表明(1) 企业的新能源汽车销售和政府的积极推广行为存在波动。这种波动导致了行为的不稳定性,行为难以准确预测,不利于新能源汽车的推广和销售。(2)静态奖惩机制可以改变波动阈值或峰值。尽管如此,制度策略的稳定性并不是政府长期以来积极推广的主要原因。但企业仍在新能源汽车和燃油汽车之间摇摆不定。(3)线性动态奖惩机制也有缺陷。虽然它们被认为是系统的稳定控制策略,但仍然不利于系统的稳定。(4) 非线性动态奖惩机制可以帮助系统实现理想的稳定策略。
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引用次数: 0
A Privacy-Preserving Electromagnetic-Spectrum-Sharing Trading Scheme Based on ABE and Blockchain 基于 ABE 和区块链的保护隐私的电磁频谱共享交易方案
IF 2.4 3区 数学 Q1 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/math12182908
Xing Pu, Ruixian Wang, Xin Lu
The electromagnetic spectrum is a limited resource. With the widespread application of the electromagnetic spectrum in various fields, the contradiction between the demand for the electromagnetic spectrum and electromagnetic spectrum resources has become increasingly prominent. Spectrum sharing is an effective way to improve the utilization of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, there are many challenges in existing distributed electromagnetic spectrum trading based on blockchain technology. Since a blockchain does not provide privacy protection, the risk of privacy leakage during the trading process makes electromagnetic spectrum owners unwilling to share. In addition, a blockchain only guarantees integrity, and the imperfect trading dispute resolution mechanism causes electromagnetic spectrum owners to be afraid to share. Therefore, we propose a privacy-preserving electromagnetic-spectrum-sharing trading scheme based on blockchain and ABE. The scheme not only designs an ABE fine-grained access control model in ciphertext form but also constructs a re-encryption algorithm that supports trading arbitration to achieve privacy protection for electromagnetic spectrum trading. Finally, we experimentally evaluated the efficiency of the proposed electromagnetic spectrum trading scheme. The experimental results show that the electromagnetic spectrum trading scheme we propose was highly efficient.
电磁频谱是一种有限的资源。随着电磁频谱在各个领域的广泛应用,电磁频谱需求与电磁频谱资源之间的矛盾日益突出。频谱共享是提高电磁频谱利用率的有效途径。然而,现有的基于区块链技术的分布式电磁频谱交易存在诸多挑战。由于区块链不提供隐私保护,交易过程中隐私泄露的风险使得电磁频谱所有者不愿意共享。此外,区块链只能保证完整性,不完善的交易争议解决机制也导致电磁频谱所有者不敢共享。因此,我们提出了一种基于区块链和 ABE 的保护隐私的电磁频谱共享交易方案。该方案不仅设计了密文形式的ABE细粒度访问控制模型,还构建了支持交易仲裁的重加密算法,实现了电磁频谱交易的隐私保护。最后,我们对所提出的电磁频谱交易方案的效率进行了实验评估。实验结果表明,我们提出的电磁频谱交易方案效率很高。
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引用次数: 0
Incorporating Digital Footprints into Credit-Scoring Models through Model Averaging 通过模型平均法将数字足迹纳入信用评分模型
IF 2.4 3区 数学 Q1 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/math12182907
Linhui Wang, Jianping Zhu, Chenlu Zheng, Zhiyuan Zhang
Digital footprints provide crucial insights into individuals’ behaviors and preferences. Their role in credit scoring is becoming increasingly significant. Therefore, it is crucial to combine digital footprint data with traditional data for personal credit scoring. This paper proposes a novel credit-scoring model. First, lasso-logistic regression is used to select key variables that significantly impact the prediction results. Then, digital footprint variables are categorized based on business understanding, and candidate models are constructed from various combinations of these groups. Finally, the optimal weight is selected by minimizing the Kullback–Leibler loss. Subsequently, the final prediction model is constructed. Empirical analysis validates the advantages and feasibility of the proposed method in variable selection, coefficient estimation, and predictive accuracy. Furthermore, the model-averaging method provides the weights for each candidate model, providing managerial implications to identify beneficial variable combinations for credit scoring.
数字足迹为了解个人行为和偏好提供了重要依据。它们在信用评分中的作用正变得越来越重要。因此,将数字足迹数据与传统数据相结合进行个人信用评分至关重要。本文提出了一种新颖的信用评分模型。首先,采用套索-逻辑回归法选出对预测结果有重大影响的关键变量。然后,根据对业务的理解对数字足迹变量进行分类,并根据这些分组的不同组合构建候选模型。最后,通过最小化 Kullback-Leibler 损失来选择最佳权重。随后,构建最终预测模型。实证分析验证了所提方法在变量选择、系数估计和预测准确性方面的优势和可行性。此外,模型平均法还提供了每个候选模型的权重,为识别信用评分的有利变量组合提供了管理意义。
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引用次数: 0
LMKCDEY Revisited: Speeding Up Blind Rotation with Signed Evaluation Keys 重温 LMKCDEY:使用签名评估密钥加速盲旋转
IF 2.4 3区 数学 Q1 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/math12182909
Yongwoo Lee
Recently, Lee et al. introduced a novel blind rotation technique utilizing ring automorphisms also known as LMKCDEY. Among known prominent blind rotation methods, LMKCDEY stands out because of its minimal key size and efficient runtime for arbitrary secret keys, although Chillotti et al.’s approach, commonly referred to as CGGI, offers faster runtime when using binary or ternary secrets. In this paper, we propose an enhancement to LMKCDEY’s runtime by incorporating auxiliary keys that encrypt the negated values of secret key elements. Our method not only achieves faster execution than LMKCDEY but also maintains a smaller key size compared to the ternary version of CGGI. Moreover, the proposed technique is compatible with LMKCDEY with only minimal adjustments. Experimental results with OpenFHE demonstrate that our approach can improve bootstrapping runtime by 5–28%, depending on the chosen parameters.
最近,Lee 等人提出了一种利用环自动态的新型盲旋转技术,也称为 LMKCDEY。尽管 Chillotti 等人的方法(通常称为 CGGI)在使用二元或三元密钥时运行时间更快,但在已知的著名盲旋转方法中,LMKCDEY 因其最小的密钥大小和对任意密钥的高效运行时间而脱颖而出。在本文中,我们提出了一种增强 LMKCDEY 运行时间的方法,即加入辅助密钥,对密钥元素的否定值进行加密。与三元版 CGGI 相比,我们的方法不仅比 LMKCDEY 运行速度更快,而且保持了更小的密钥大小。此外,我们提出的技术与 LMKCDEY 兼容,只需做很小的调整。OpenFHE 的实验结果表明,根据所选参数的不同,我们的方法可以将引导运行时间缩短 5-28%。
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引用次数: 0
A New Instance Segmentation Model for High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based on Edge Processing 基于边缘处理的高分辨率遥感图像新实例分割模型
IF 2.4 3区 数学 Q1 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/math12182905
Xiaoying Zhang, Jie Shen, Huaijin Hu, Houqun Yang
With the goal of addressing the challenges of small, densely packed targets in remote sensing images, we propose a high-resolution instance segmentation model named QuadTransPointRend Net (QTPR-Net). This model significantly enhances instance segmentation performance in remote sensing images. The model consists of two main modules: preliminary edge feature extraction (PEFE) and edge point feature refinement (EPFR). We also created a specific approach and strategy named TransQTA for edge uncertainty point selection and feature processing in high-resolution remote sensing images. Multi-scale feature fusion and transformer technologies are used in QTPR-Net to refine rough masks and fine-grained features for selected edge uncertainty points while balancing model size and accuracy. Based on experiments performed on three public datasets: NWPU VHR-10, SSDD, and iSAID, we demonstrate the superiority of QTPR-Net over existing approaches.
为了应对遥感图像中小型密集目标的挑战,我们提出了一种名为 QuadTransPointRend Net(QTPR-Net)的高分辨率实例分割模型。该模型大大提高了遥感图像中的实例分割性能。该模型由两个主要模块组成:初步边缘特征提取(PEFE)和边缘点特征提纯(EPFR)。我们还创建了一种名为 TransQTA 的特定方法和策略,用于高分辨率遥感图像中边缘不确定点的选择和特征处理。QTPR-Net 中采用了多尺度特征融合和变换器技术,在平衡模型大小和精度的同时,为选定的边缘不确定点细化粗糙掩膜和细粒度特征。基于在三个公共数据集上进行的实验:基于在三个公共数据集 NWPU VHR-10、SSDD 和 iSAID 上进行的实验,我们证明了 QTPR-Net 优于现有方法。
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引用次数: 0
Quantitative Portfolio Management: Review and Outlook 量化投资组合管理:回顾与展望
IF 2.4 3区 数学 Q1 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/math12182897
Michael Senescall, Rand Kwong Yew Low
This survey aims to provide insightful and objective perspectives on the research history of quantitative portfolio management strategies with suggestions for the future of research. The relevant literature can be clustered into four broad themes: portfolio optimization, risk-parity, style integration, and machine learning. Portfolio optimization attempts to find the optimal trade-off of future returns per unit of risk. Risk-parity attempts to match the exposure of various asset classes such that no single asset class dominates portfolio risk. Style integration combines risk factors on a security level such that rebalancing differences cancel out. Finally, machine learning utilizes large arrays of tunable parameters to predict future asset behavior and solve non-convex optimization problems. We conclude that machine learning will likely be the focus of future research.
本调查旨在对量化投资组合管理策略的研究历史提供有见地的客观观点,并对未来的研究提出建议。相关文献可归纳为四大主题:投资组合优化、风险平价、风格整合和机器学习。投资组合优化试图找到单位风险未来收益的最佳权衡。风险均等试图匹配各类资产的风险敞口,从而避免单一资产类别主导投资组合风险。风格整合在证券层面上结合风险因素,从而消除再平衡差异。最后,机器学习利用大量可调参数阵列来预测未来资产行为,并解决非凸优化问题。我们的结论是,机器学习很可能是未来研究的重点。
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引用次数: 0
Case-Based Deduction for Entailment Tree Generation 基于案例演绎的纠缠树生成
IF 2.4 3区 数学 Q1 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/math12182893
Jihao Shi, Xiao Ding, Ting Liu
Maintaining logical consistency in structured explanations is critical for understanding and troubleshooting the reasoning behind a system’s decisions. However, existing methods for entailment tree generation often struggle with logical consistency, resulting in erroneous intermediate conclusions and reducing the overall accuracy of the explanations. To address this issue, we propose case-based deduction (CBD), a novel approach that retrieves cases with similar logical structures from a case base and uses them as demonstrations for logical deduction. This method guides the model toward logically sound conclusions without the need for manually constructing logical rule bases. By leveraging a prototypical network for case retrieval and reranking them using information entropy, CBD introduces diversity to improve in-context learning. Our experimental results on the EntailmentBank dataset show that CBD significantly improves entailment tree generation, achieving performance improvements of 1.7% in Task 1, 0.6% in Task 2, and 0.8% in Task 3 under the strictest Overall AllCorrect metric. These findings confirm that CBD enhances the logical consistency and overall accuracy of AI systems in structured explanation tasks.
保持结构化解释的逻辑一致性对于理解系统决策背后的推理并排除故障至关重要。然而,现有的蕴涵树生成方法往往在逻辑一致性方面存在问题,导致中间结论错误,降低了解释的整体准确性。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了基于案例的演绎法(CBD),这是一种从案例库中检索具有相似逻辑结构的案例并将其作为逻辑演绎示范的新方法。这种方法可引导模型得出逻辑上合理的结论,而无需手动构建逻辑规则库。CBD 利用原型网络进行案例检索,并使用信息熵对它们进行重新排序,从而引入了多样性以改进上下文学习。我们在 EntailmentBank 数据集上的实验结果表明,CBD 显著改善了 "entailment tree "的生成,在最严格的 "Overall AllCorrect "指标下,任务 1 的性能提高了 1.7%,任务 2 的性能提高了 0.6%,任务 3 的性能提高了 0.8%。这些研究结果证实,CBD 提高了人工智能系统在结构化解释任务中的逻辑一致性和整体准确性。
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引用次数: 0
On the Univariate Vector-Valued Rational Interpolation and Recovery Problems 论单变量矢量有理插值和恢复问题
IF 2.4 3区 数学 Q1 MATHEMATICS Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/math12182896
Lixia Xiao, Peng Xia, Shugong Zhang
In this paper, we consider a novel vector-valued rational interpolation algorithm and its application. Compared to the classic vector-valued rational interpolation algorithm, the proposed algorithm relaxes the constraint that the denominators of components of the interpolation function must be identical. Furthermore, this algorithm can be applied to construct the vector-valued interpolation function component-wise, with the help of the common divisors among the denominators of components. Through experimental comparisons with the classic vector-valued rational interpolation algorithm, it is found that the proposed algorithm exhibits low construction cost, low degree of the interpolation function, and high approximation accuracy.
在本文中,我们考虑了一种新颖的矢量有理插值算法及其应用。与经典的矢量有理插值算法相比,本文提出的算法放宽了插值函数各分量分母必须相同的限制。此外,该算法还可以借助各分量分母之间的公共除数,按分量构建矢量有理插值函数。通过与经典的矢量有理插值算法进行实验比较,发现所提出的算法具有构造成本低、插值函数度数低和逼近精度高等特点。
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引用次数: 0
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Mathematics
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