Pub Date : 2024-10-16Epub Date: 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02159-24
Nathaniel S O'Bier, Andrew C Camire, Dhara T Patel, John S Billingsley, Kelly R Hodges, Richard T Marconi
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in North America. A vaccine for use in humans is not available. Here, we detail the development of two chimeric vaccine antigens, BAF and Chv2M. BAF elicits Abs that target proteins and protein variants produced by Borreliella species in ticks (OspB and OspA) and mammals (FtlA/B). OspB serves as the backbone structure for the BAF chimeric. Two OspA221-240 epitope-containing domain (ECD) variants (#A1 and #A15) were inserted into a loop in OspB. The N-terminal region of the FtlA protein was joined to the C-terminus of the chimeric. The second chimeric, Chv2M, consists of L5 (loop 5) and H5 (helix 5) ECDs derived from diverse OspC proteins. Borreliella species produce OspC upon exposure to the bloodmeal and during early infection in mammals. Here, we demonstrate that BAF and Chv2M are potent immunogens that elicit Abs that bind to each component protein (FtlA, FtlB, OspB, and multiple OspA and OspC variants). Anti-BAF and anti-Chv2M Abs kill Borreliella burgdorferi strains through Ab-mediated complement-dependent and complement-independent mechanisms. Eighty percent (32/40) of mice that received a three-dose vaccine regimen were protected from infection with B. burgdorferi B31. Efficacy increased to 90% (18/20) when the amount of Chv2M was increased in the third vaccine dose. Readouts for infection were flaB PCR and seroconversion to VlsE. This study establishes proof of principle for a chimeric immunogen vaccine formulation that elicits Abs to multiple targets on the B. burgdorferi cell surface produced during tick and mammalian stages of the enzootic cycle.IMPORTANCELyme disease is a growing public health threat across parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Regions that can support sustained tick populations are expanding, and the incidence of tick-borne diseases is increasing. In light of the increasing risk of Lyme disease, effective preventive strategies are needed. Most vaccine development efforts have focused on outer surface protein A, a Borreliella burgdorferi protein produced only in ticks. Herein, we describe the development of a novel vaccine formulation consisting of two multivalent chimeric proteins that are immunogenic and elicit antibodies with bactericidal activity that target several cell surface proteins produced by the Lyme disease spirochetes in feeding ticks and mammals. In a broader sense, this study advances efforts to develop custom-designed vaccinogens comprised of epitope-containing domains from multiple proteins.
{"title":"Development of novel multi-protein chimeric immunogens that protect against infection with the Lyme disease agent, <i>Borreliella burgdorferi</i>.","authors":"Nathaniel S O'Bier, Andrew C Camire, Dhara T Patel, John S Billingsley, Kelly R Hodges, Richard T Marconi","doi":"10.1128/mbio.02159-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.02159-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in North America. A vaccine for use in humans is not available. Here, we detail the development of two chimeric vaccine antigens, BAF and Chv2M. BAF elicits Abs that target proteins and protein variants produced by <i>Borreliella</i> species in ticks (OspB and OspA) and mammals (FtlA/B). OspB serves as the backbone structure for the BAF chimeric. Two OspA<sub>221-240</sub> epitope-containing domain (ECD) variants (#A1 and #A15) were inserted into a loop in OspB. The N-terminal region of the FtlA protein was joined to the C-terminus of the chimeric. The second chimeric, Chv2M, consists of L5 (loop 5) and H5 (helix 5) ECDs derived from diverse OspC proteins. <i>Borreliella</i> species produce OspC upon exposure to the bloodmeal and during early infection in mammals. Here, we demonstrate that BAF and Chv2M are potent immunogens that elicit Abs that bind to each component protein (FtlA, FtlB, OspB, and multiple OspA and OspC variants). Anti-BAF and anti-Chv2M Abs kill <i>Borreliella burgdorferi</i> strains through Ab-mediated complement-dependent and complement-independent mechanisms. Eighty percent (32/40) of mice that received a three-dose vaccine regimen were protected from infection with <i>B. burgdorferi</i> B31. Efficacy increased to 90% (18/20) when the amount of Chv2M was increased in the third vaccine dose. Readouts for infection were <i>flaB</i> PCR and seroconversion to VlsE. This study establishes proof of principle for a chimeric immunogen vaccine formulation that elicits Abs to multiple targets on the <i>B. burgdorferi</i> cell surface produced during tick and mammalian stages of the enzootic cycle.IMPORTANCELyme disease is a growing public health threat across parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Regions that can support sustained tick populations are expanding, and the incidence of tick-borne diseases is increasing. In light of the increasing risk of Lyme disease, effective preventive strategies are needed. Most vaccine development efforts have focused on outer surface protein A, a <i>Borreliella burgdorferi</i> protein produced only in ticks. Herein, we describe the development of a novel vaccine formulation consisting of two multivalent chimeric proteins that are immunogenic and elicit antibodies with bactericidal activity that target several cell surface proteins produced by the Lyme disease spirochetes in feeding ticks and mammals. In a broader sense, this study advances efforts to develop custom-designed vaccinogens comprised of epitope-containing domains from multiple proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16Epub Date: 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01336-24
Yuehong Shi, Xuan Li, Yingying Xue, Dandan Hu, Xingju Song
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasitic protozoan that poses a significant risk to the fetus carried by a pregnant woman or to immunocompromised individuals. T. gondii tachyzoites duplicate rapidly in host cells during acute infection through endodyogeny. This highly regulated division process is accompanied by complex gene regulation networks. TgAP2XII-9 is a cell cycle-regulated transcription factor, but its specific role in the parasite cell cycle is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that TgAP2XII-9 is identified as a nuclear transcription factor and is dominantly expressed during the S/M phase of the tachyzoite cell cycle. Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) results indicate that TgAP2XII-9 targets key genes for the moving junction machinery (RON2, 4, and 8) and daughter cell inner membrane complex (IMC). TgAP2XII-9 deficiency resulted in a significant downregulation of rhoptry proteins and rhoptry neck proteins, leading to a severe defect in the invasion and egress efficiency of tachyzoites. Additionally, the loss of TgAP2XII-9 correlated with a substantial downregulation of multiple IMC and apicoplast proteins, leading to disorders of daughter bud formation and apicoplast inheritance and further contributing to the inability of cell division and intracellular proliferation. Our study reveals that TgAP2XII-9 acts as a critical S/M-phase regulator that orchestrates the endodyogeny and apicoplast division in T. gondii tachyzoites. This study contributes to a broader understanding of the complexity of the parasite's cell cycle and its key regulators.
Importance: The intracellular apicoplast parasite Toxoplasma gondii poses a great threat to the public health. The acute infection of T. gondii tachyzoites relies on efficient invasion by forming a moving junction structure and also fast replication by highly regulated endodyogeny. This study shows that an ApiAP2 transcription factor, TgAP2XII-9, acts as an activator for the S/M-phase gene expression, including genes related to daughter buds and moving junction formation. Loss of TgAP2XII-9 results in significant growth defects and disorders in endodyogeny and apicoplast inheritance of the parasites. Our results provide valuable insights into the transcriptional regulation of the parasite cell cycle and invading machinery in T. gondii.
{"title":"Cell cycle-regulated transcription factor AP2XII-9 is a key activator for asexual division and apicoplast inheritance in <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> tachyzoite.","authors":"Yuehong Shi, Xuan Li, Yingying Xue, Dandan Hu, Xingju Song","doi":"10.1128/mbio.01336-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.01336-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is an intracellular parasitic protozoan that poses a significant risk to the fetus carried by a pregnant woman or to immunocompromised individuals. <i>T. gondii</i> tachyzoites duplicate rapidly in host cells during acute infection through endodyogeny. This highly regulated division process is accompanied by complex gene regulation networks. TgAP2XII-9 is a cell cycle-regulated transcription factor, but its specific role in the parasite cell cycle is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that TgAP2XII-9 is identified as a nuclear transcription factor and is dominantly expressed during the S/M phase of the tachyzoite cell cycle. Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) results indicate that TgAP2XII-9 targets key genes for the moving junction machinery (RON2, 4, and 8) and daughter cell inner membrane complex (IMC). TgAP2XII-9 deficiency resulted in a significant downregulation of rhoptry proteins and rhoptry neck proteins, leading to a severe defect in the invasion and egress efficiency of tachyzoites. Additionally, the loss of TgAP2XII-9 correlated with a substantial downregulation of multiple IMC and apicoplast proteins, leading to disorders of daughter bud formation and apicoplast inheritance and further contributing to the inability of cell division and intracellular proliferation. Our study reveals that TgAP2XII-9 acts as a critical S/M-phase regulator that orchestrates the endodyogeny and apicoplast division in <i>T. gondii</i> tachyzoites. This study contributes to a broader understanding of the complexity of the parasite's cell cycle and its key regulators.</p><p><strong>Importance: </strong>The intracellular apicoplast parasite <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> poses a great threat to the public health. The acute infection of <i>T. gondii</i> tachyzoites relies on efficient invasion by forming a moving junction structure and also fast replication by highly regulated endodyogeny. This study shows that an ApiAP2 transcription factor, TgAP2XII-9, acts as an activator for the S/M-phase gene expression, including genes related to daughter buds and moving junction formation. Loss of TgAP2XII-9 results in significant growth defects and disorders in endodyogeny and apicoplast inheritance of the parasites. Our results provide valuable insights into the transcriptional regulation of the parasite cell cycle and invading machinery in <i>T. gondii</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142109145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fungal pathogens are underappreciated causes of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In previous studies, we determined that a heat-killed, Cryptococcus neoformans fbp1-deficient strain (HK-fbp1) is a potent vaccine candidate. We determined that vaccination with HK-fbp1 confers protective immunity against lethal Cryptococcosis in an interferon γ (IFNγ)-dependent manner. In this study, we set out to uncover cellular sources and relevant targets of the protective effects of IFNγ in response to the HK-fbp1 vaccine. We found that early IFNγ production peaks at day 3 and that monocytes and neutrophils are important sources of this cytokine after vaccination. Neutralization of IFNγ at day 3 results in impaired CCR2+ monocyte recruitment and reduced differentiation into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC). In turn, depletion of CCR2+ cells prior to immunization results in impaired activation of IFNγ-producing CD4 and CD8 T cells. Thus, monocytes are important targets of innate IFNγ and help promote further IFNγ production by lymphocytes. We employed monocyte-fate mapper and conditional STAT1 knockout mice to uncover that STAT1 activation in CD11c+ cells, including alveolar macrophages, Mo-DCs, and monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-Mac) is essential for HK-fbp1 vaccine-induced protection. Altogether, our aggregate findings suggest critical roles for innate cells as orchestrators of vaccine-induced protection against Cryptococcus infection.IMPORTANCEThe number of patients susceptible to invasive fungal infections across the world continues to rise at an alarming pace yet current antifungal drugs are often inadequate. Immune-based interventions and novel antifungal vaccines hold the promise of significantly improving patient outcomes. In previous studies, we identified a Cryptococcus neoformans mutant strain (Fbp1-deficient) as a potent, heat-inactivated vaccine candidate capable of inducing homologous and heterologous antifungal protection. In this study, we used a combination of methods together with a cohort of conditional knockout mouse strains to interrogate the roles of innate cells in the orchestration of vaccine-induced antifungal protection. We uncovered novel roles for neutrophils and monocytes as coordinators of a STAT1-dependent cascade of responses that mediate vaccine-induced protection against invasive cryptococcosis. This new knowledge will help guide the future development of much-needed antifungal vaccines.
{"title":"Innate cells and STAT1-dependent signals orchestrate vaccine-induced protection against invasive <i>Cryptococcus</i> infection.","authors":"Keyi Wang, Vanessa Espinosa, Yina Wang, Alexander Lemenze, Yosuke Kumamoto, Chaoyang Xue, Amariliz Rivera","doi":"10.1128/mbio.01944-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.01944-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungal pathogens are underappreciated causes of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In previous studies, we determined that a heat-killed, <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> fbp1-deficient strain (HK-fbp1) is a potent vaccine candidate. We determined that vaccination with HK-fbp1 confers protective immunity against lethal Cryptococcosis in an interferon γ (IFNγ)-dependent manner. In this study, we set out to uncover cellular sources and relevant targets of the protective effects of IFNγ in response to the HK-fbp1 vaccine. We found that early IFNγ production peaks at day 3 and that monocytes and neutrophils are important sources of this cytokine after vaccination. Neutralization of IFNγ at day 3 results in impaired CCR2<sup>+</sup> monocyte recruitment and reduced differentiation into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC). In turn, depletion of CCR2<sup>+</sup> cells prior to immunization results in impaired activation of IFNγ-producing CD4 and CD8 T cells. Thus, monocytes are important targets of innate IFNγ and help promote further IFNγ production by lymphocytes. We employed monocyte-fate mapper and conditional STAT1 knockout mice to uncover that STAT1 activation in CD11c<sup>+</sup> cells, including alveolar macrophages, Mo-DCs, and monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-Mac) is essential for HK-fbp1 vaccine-induced protection. Altogether, our aggregate findings suggest critical roles for innate cells as orchestrators of vaccine-induced protection against <i>Cryptococcus</i> infection.IMPORTANCEThe number of patients susceptible to invasive fungal infections across the world continues to rise at an alarming pace yet current antifungal drugs are often inadequate. Immune-based interventions and novel antifungal vaccines hold the promise of significantly improving patient outcomes. In previous studies, we identified a <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> mutant strain (Fbp1-deficient) as a potent, heat-inactivated vaccine candidate capable of inducing homologous and heterologous antifungal protection. In this study, we used a combination of methods together with a cohort of conditional knockout mouse strains to interrogate the roles of innate cells in the orchestration of vaccine-induced antifungal protection. We uncovered novel roles for neutrophils and monocytes as coordinators of a STAT1-dependent cascade of responses that mediate vaccine-induced protection against invasive cryptococcosis. This new knowledge will help guide the future development of much-needed antifungal vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16Epub Date: 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01650-24
Frances K Shepherd, Shanley N Roach, Autumn E Sanders, Yanan Liu, Dira S Putri, Rong Li, Nathan Merrill, Mark J Pierson, Sergei V Kotenko, Zhongde Wang, Ryan A Langlois
When a virus crosses from one host species to another, the consequences can be devastating. However, animal models to empirically evaluate cross-species transmission can fail to recapitulate natural transmission routes, physiologically relevant doses of pathogens, and population structures of naturally circulating viruses. Here, we present a new model of cross-species transmission where deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are exposed to the natural virome of pet store mice (Mus musculus). Using RNA sequencing, we tracked viral transmission via fecal-oral routes and found the evidence of transmission of murine astroviruses, coronaviruses, and picornaviruses. Deep sequencing of murine kobuvirus revealed tight bottlenecks during transmission and purifying selection that leaves limited diversity present after transmission from Mus to Peromyscus. This work provides a structure for studying viral bottlenecks across species while keeping natural variation of viral populations intact and a high resolution look at within-host dynamics that occur during the initial stages of cross-species viral transmission.IMPORTANCEViral spillover events can have devastating public health consequences. Tracking cross-species transmission in real-time and evaluating viral evolution during the initial spillover event are useful for understanding how viruses adapt to new hosts. Using our new animal model and next generation sequencing, we develop a framework for understanding intrahost viral evolution and bottleneck events, which are very difficult to study in natural transmission settings.
{"title":"Experimental viral spillover across 25 million year gap in Rodentia reveals limited viral transmission and purifying selection of a picornavirus.","authors":"Frances K Shepherd, Shanley N Roach, Autumn E Sanders, Yanan Liu, Dira S Putri, Rong Li, Nathan Merrill, Mark J Pierson, Sergei V Kotenko, Zhongde Wang, Ryan A Langlois","doi":"10.1128/mbio.01650-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.01650-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When a virus crosses from one host species to another, the consequences can be devastating. However, animal models to empirically evaluate cross-species transmission can fail to recapitulate natural transmission routes, physiologically relevant doses of pathogens, and population structures of naturally circulating viruses. Here, we present a new model of cross-species transmission where deer mice (<i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i>) are exposed to the natural virome of pet store mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>). Using RNA sequencing, we tracked viral transmission via fecal-oral routes and found the evidence of transmission of murine astroviruses, coronaviruses, and picornaviruses. Deep sequencing of murine kobuvirus revealed tight bottlenecks during transmission and purifying selection that leaves limited diversity present after transmission from <i>Mus</i> to <i>Peromyscus</i>. This work provides a structure for studying viral bottlenecks across species while keeping natural variation of viral populations intact and a high resolution look at within-host dynamics that occur during the initial stages of cross-species viral transmission.IMPORTANCEViral spillover events can have devastating public health consequences. Tracking cross-species transmission in real-time and evaluating viral evolution during the initial spillover event are useful for understanding how viruses adapt to new hosts. Using our new animal model and next generation sequencing, we develop a framework for understanding intrahost viral evolution and bottleneck events, which are very difficult to study in natural transmission settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16Epub Date: 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02111-24
Thijs Kuiken
The ongoing outbreak of the Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) H5 lineage of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has caused higher mortality than all other HPAI outbreaks taken together. It is unique in its spillover and adaptation to wild waterfowl, which has facilitated its spread worldwide to many other species. However, avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance, which historically aims to protect the poultry sector, is inadequate to document the spread and impact of Gs/Gd H5 virus in wild birds and other wildlife in most countries. A positive exception is Canada's AIV surveillance in wild birds, applied in a recent study (J. A. Giacinti, A. V. Signore, M. E. B. Jones, L. Bourque, et al., mBio 15:e03203-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03203-23), which aims to protect wildlife, domestic animals, and human health according to the One Health approach. It is recommended to follow this approach in other countries to fill knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of Gs/Gd H5 virus in wild birds and other wildlife and to help control and, above all, prevent future HPAI outbreaks.
目前正在爆发的鹅/广东/1/1996(Gs/Gd)H5系高致病性禽流感(HPAI)病毒造成的死亡率高于所有其他高致病性禽流感爆发的总和。它的独特之处在于对野生水禽的外溢性和适应性,这促进了它在全球范围内对许多其他物种的传播。然而,禽流感病毒(AIV)监测历来以保护家禽业为目的,但在大多数国家,它不足以记录 Gs/Gd H5 病毒在野生鸟类和其他野生动物中的传播和影响。一个积极的例外是加拿大在最近的一项研究(J. A. Giacinti, A. V. Signore, M. E. B. Jones, L. Bourque, et al., mBio 15:e03203-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03203-23)中应用的野鸟 AIV 监测,其目的是根据 "统一健康 "方法保护野生动物、家畜和人类健康。建议其他国家也采用这种方法,以填补野生鸟类和其他野生动物中 Gs/Gd H5 病毒流行病学方面的知识空白,并帮助控制,尤其是预防未来高致病性禽流感的爆发。
{"title":"Broadening the aims of avian influenza surveillance according to the One Health approach.","authors":"Thijs Kuiken","doi":"10.1128/mbio.02111-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.02111-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ongoing outbreak of the Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) H5 lineage of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has caused higher mortality than all other HPAI outbreaks taken together. It is unique in its spillover and adaptation to wild waterfowl, which has facilitated its spread worldwide to many other species. However, avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance, which historically aims to protect the poultry sector, is inadequate to document the spread and impact of Gs/Gd H5 virus in wild birds and other wildlife in most countries. A positive exception is Canada's AIV surveillance in wild birds, applied in a recent study (J. A. Giacinti, A. V. Signore, M. E. B. Jones, L. Bourque, et al., mBio 15:e03203-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03203-23), which aims to protect wildlife, domestic animals, and human health according to the One Health approach. It is recommended to follow this approach in other countries to fill knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of Gs/Gd H5 virus in wild birds and other wildlife and to help control and, above all, prevent future HPAI outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16Epub Date: 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01569-24
Víctor Fernández-Juárez, David J Riedinger, Joao Bosco Gusmao, Luis Fernando Delgado-Zambrano, Guillem Coll-García, Vasiliki Papazachariou, Daniel P R Herlemann, Christian Pansch, Anders F Andersson, Matthias Labrenz, Lasse Riemann
The number of Vibrio-related infections in humans, e.g., by Vibrio vulnificus, has increased along the coasts of the Baltic Sea. Due to climate change, vibriosis risk is expected to increase. It is, therefore, pertinent to design a strategy for mitigation of the vibriosis threat in the Baltic Sea area, but a prerequisite is to identify the environmental conditions promoting the occurrence of pathogenic Vibrio spp., like V. vulnificus. To address this, we sampled three coastal Baltic sites in Finland, Germany, and Denmark with salinities between 6 and 21 from May to October 2022. The absolute and relative abundances of Vibrio spp. and V. vulnificus in water were compared to environmental conditions, including the presence of the eelgrass Zostera marina, which has been suggested to reduce pathogenic Vibrio species abundance. In the water column, V. vulnificus only occurred at the German station between July and August at salinity 8.1-11.2. Temperature and phosphate (PO43-) were identified as the most influencing factors for Vibrio spp. and V. vulnificus. The accumulation of Vibrio spp. in the sediment and the co-occurrence with sediment bacteria in the water column indicate that sediment resuspension contributed to V. vulnificus abundance. Interestingly, V. vulnificus co-occurred with specific cyanobacteria taxa, as well as specific bacteria associated with cyanobacteria. Although we found no reduction in Vibrio spp. or V. vulnificus associated with eelgrass beds, our study underscores the importance of extended heatwaves and sediment resuspension, which may elevate the availability of PO43-, for Vibrio species levels at intermediate salinities in the Baltic Sea.
Importance: Elevated sea surface temperatures are increasing the prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio at higher latitudes. The recent increase in Vibrio-related wound infections and deaths along the Baltic coasts is, therefore, of serious health concern. We used culture-independent data generated from three Baltic coastal sites in Denmark, Germany, and Finland from May to October (2022), with a special focus on Vibrio vulnificus, and combined it with environmental data. Our temporal model shows that temperature, combined with sediment resuspension, drives the prevalence of V. vulnificus at intermediate salinities in the coastal Baltic Sea.
{"title":"Temperature, sediment resuspension, and salinity drive the prevalence of <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> in the coastal Baltic Sea.","authors":"Víctor Fernández-Juárez, David J Riedinger, Joao Bosco Gusmao, Luis Fernando Delgado-Zambrano, Guillem Coll-García, Vasiliki Papazachariou, Daniel P R Herlemann, Christian Pansch, Anders F Andersson, Matthias Labrenz, Lasse Riemann","doi":"10.1128/mbio.01569-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.01569-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The number of <i>Vibrio</i>-related infections in humans, e.g., by <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>, has increased along the coasts of the Baltic Sea. Due to climate change, vibriosis risk is expected to increase. It is, therefore, pertinent to design a strategy for mitigation of the vibriosis threat in the Baltic Sea area, but a prerequisite is to identify the environmental conditions promoting the occurrence of pathogenic <i>Vibrio</i> spp., like <i>V. vulnificus</i>. To address this, we sampled three coastal Baltic sites in Finland, Germany, and Denmark with salinities between 6 and 21 from May to October 2022. The absolute and relative abundances of <i>Vibrio</i> spp. and <i>V. vulnificus</i> in water were compared to environmental conditions, including the presence of the eelgrass <i>Zostera marina</i>, which has been suggested to reduce pathogenic <i>Vibrio</i> species abundance. In the water column, <i>V. vulnificus</i> only occurred at the German station between July and August at salinity 8.1-11.2. Temperature and phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>) were identified as the most influencing factors for <i>Vibrio</i> spp. and <i>V. vulnificus</i>. The accumulation of <i>Vibrio</i> spp. in the sediment and the co-occurrence with sediment bacteria in the water column indicate that sediment resuspension contributed to <i>V. vulnificus</i> abundance. Interestingly, <i>V. vulnificus</i> co-occurred with specific cyanobacteria taxa, as well as specific bacteria associated with cyanobacteria. Although we found no reduction in <i>Vibrio</i> spp. or <i>V. vulnificus</i> associated with eelgrass beds, our study underscores the importance of extended heatwaves and sediment resuspension, which may elevate the availability of PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>, for <i>Vibrio</i> species levels at intermediate salinities in the Baltic Sea.</p><p><strong>Importance: </strong>Elevated sea surface temperatures are increasing the prevalence of pathogenic <i>Vibrio</i> at higher latitudes. The recent increase in <i>Vibrio</i>-related wound infections and deaths along the Baltic coasts is, therefore, of serious health concern. We used culture-independent data generated from three Baltic coastal sites in Denmark, Germany, and Finland from May to October (2022), with a special focus on <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>, and combined it with environmental data. Our temporal model shows that temperature, combined with sediment resuspension, drives the prevalence of <i>V. vulnificus</i> at intermediate salinities in the coastal Baltic Sea.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16Epub Date: 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02120-24
Adrian A Valli, María Luisa Domingo-Calap, Alfonso González de Prádena, Juan Antonio García, Hongguang Cui, Cécile Desbiez, Juan José López-Moya
RNA viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to exploit the limited encoded information within their typically compact genomes. One of them, named transcriptional slippage (TS), is characterized by the appearance of indels in nascent viral RNAs, leading to changes in the open reading frame (ORF). Although members of unrelated viral families express key proteins via TS, the available information about this phenomenon is still limited. In potyvirids (members of the Potyviridae family), TS has been defined by the insertion of an additional A at An motifs (n ≥ 6) in newly synthesized transcripts at a low frequency, modulated by nucleotides flanking the A-rich motif. Here, by using diverse experimental approaches and a collection of plant/virus combinations, we discover cases not following this definition. In summary, we observe (i) a high rate of single-nucleotide deletions at slippage motifs, (ii) overlapping ORFs acceded by slippage at an U8 stretch, and (iii) changes in slippage rates induced by factors not related to cognate viruses. Moreover, a survey of whole-genome sequences from potyvirids shows a widespread occurrence of species-specific An/Un (n ≥ 6) motifs. Even though many of them, but not all, lead to the production of truncated proteins rather than access to overlapping ORFs, these results suggest that slippage motifs appear more frequently than expected and play relevant roles during virus evolution. Considering the potential of this phenomenon to expand the viral proteome by acceding to overlapping ORFs and/or producing truncated proteins, a re-evaluation of TS significance during infections of RNA viruses is required.IMPORTANCETranscriptional slippage (TS) is used by RNA viruses as another strategy to maximize the coding information in their genomes. This phenomenon is based on a peculiar feature of viral replicases: they may produce indels in a small fraction of newly synthesized viral RNAs when transcribing certain motifs and then produce alternative proteins due to a change of the reading frame or truncated products by premature termination. Here, using plant-infecting RNA viruses as models, we discover cases expanding on previously established features of plant virus TS, prompting us to reconsider and redefine this expression strategy. An interesting conclusion from our study is that TS might be more relevant during RNA virus evolution and infection processes than previously assumed.
{"title":"Reconceptualizing transcriptional slippage in plant RNA viruses.","authors":"Adrian A Valli, María Luisa Domingo-Calap, Alfonso González de Prádena, Juan Antonio García, Hongguang Cui, Cécile Desbiez, Juan José López-Moya","doi":"10.1128/mbio.02120-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.02120-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to exploit the limited encoded information within their typically compact genomes. One of them, named transcriptional slippage (TS), is characterized by the appearance of indels in nascent viral RNAs, leading to changes in the open reading frame (ORF). Although members of unrelated viral families express key proteins via TS, the available information about this phenomenon is still limited. In potyvirids (members of the <i>Potyviridae</i> family), TS has been defined by the insertion of an additional A at A<sub>n</sub> motifs (<i>n</i> ≥ 6) in newly synthesized transcripts at a low frequency, modulated by nucleotides flanking the A-rich motif. Here, by using diverse experimental approaches and a collection of plant/virus combinations, we discover cases not following this definition. In summary, we observe (i) a high rate of single-nucleotide deletions at slippage motifs, (ii) overlapping ORFs acceded by slippage at an U<sub>8</sub> stretch, and (iii) changes in slippage rates induced by factors not related to cognate viruses. Moreover, a survey of whole-genome sequences from potyvirids shows a widespread occurrence of species-specific A<sub>n</sub>/U<sub>n</sub> (<i>n</i> ≥ 6) motifs. Even though many of them, but not all, lead to the production of truncated proteins rather than access to overlapping ORFs, these results suggest that slippage motifs appear more frequently than expected and play relevant roles during virus evolution. Considering the potential of this phenomenon to expand the viral proteome by acceding to overlapping ORFs and/or producing truncated proteins, a re-evaluation of TS significance during infections of RNA viruses is required.IMPORTANCETranscriptional slippage (TS) is used by RNA viruses as another strategy to maximize the coding information in their genomes. This phenomenon is based on a peculiar feature of viral replicases: they may produce indels in a small fraction of newly synthesized viral RNAs when transcribing certain motifs and then produce alternative proteins due to a change of the reading frame or truncated products by premature termination. Here, using plant-infecting RNA viruses as models, we discover cases expanding on previously established features of plant virus TS, prompting us to reconsider and redefine this expression strategy. An interesting conclusion from our study is that TS might be more relevant during RNA virus evolution and infection processes than previously assumed.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16Epub Date: 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02107-24
Waldan K Kwong, Kasie Raymann
Microbiota-mediated impacts on host physiology and behavior have been widely reported in honey bees (Apis mellifera). However, most of these studies are conducted in artificial lab settings and fail to take into account, or make incorrect assumptions about, the complex physical and social structures inherent to natural hive conditions. A new study by Liberti et al. (J. Liberti, E. T. Frank, T. Kay, L. Kesner, et al., mBio 15:e01034-24, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01034-24) identifies one such overlooked aspect-the behavioral maturation from nurses to foragers-that can be a serious confounding factor in bee microbiota experiments. Using cuticular hydrocarbon profiling to discern between the two maturation states, they find that multiple physiological and behavioral differences between age-matched lab bees could potentially be explained by their maturation state instead of the intended treatment conditions, such as microbial inoculation. This study serves as a stark wake-up call on the necessity of careful replication and cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer (e.g., between animal specialists and microbiologists) in order to truly understand complex host-microbe systems.
在蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)中,微生物群介导的对宿主生理和行为的影响已被广泛报道。然而,这些研究大多是在人工实验室环境中进行的,没有考虑到自然蜂巢条件下固有的复杂物理和社会结构,或对其做出了不正确的假设。Liberti 等人的一项新研究(J. Liberti, E. T. Frank, T. Kay, L. Kesner, et al., mBio 15:e01034-24, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01034-24)发现了这样一个被忽视的方面--从哺乳动物到觅食动物的行为成熟--它可能是蜜蜂微生物群实验中的一个严重干扰因素。他们利用角质层碳氢化合物分析来区分两种成熟状态,发现年龄匹配的实验蜜蜂之间的多种生理和行为差异可能是由它们的成熟状态而不是预期的处理条件(如微生物接种)造成的。这项研究为我们敲响了警钟,要想真正了解复杂的宿主-微生物系统,就必须进行仔细的复制和跨学科知识转移(如动物专家和微生物学家之间的知识转移)。
{"title":"Is it me or is it you? Physiological effects of the honey bee microbiota may instead be due to host maturation.","authors":"Waldan K Kwong, Kasie Raymann","doi":"10.1128/mbio.02107-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.02107-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbiota-mediated impacts on host physiology and behavior have been widely reported in honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>). However, most of these studies are conducted in artificial lab settings and fail to take into account, or make incorrect assumptions about, the complex physical and social structures inherent to natural hive conditions. A new study by Liberti et al. (J. Liberti, E. T. Frank, T. Kay, L. Kesner, et al., mBio 15:e01034-24, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01034-24) identifies one such overlooked aspect-the behavioral maturation from nurses to foragers-that can be a serious confounding factor in bee microbiota experiments. Using cuticular hydrocarbon profiling to discern between the two maturation states, they find that multiple physiological and behavioral differences between age-matched lab bees could potentially be explained by their maturation state instead of the intended treatment conditions, such as microbial inoculation. This study serves as a stark wake-up call on the necessity of careful replication and cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer (e.g., between animal specialists and microbiologists) in order to truly understand complex host-microbe systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16Epub Date: 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01522-24
V Protto, M T Miteva, F Iannuzzi, M E Marcocci, D D Li Puma, R Piacentini, M Belli, L Sansone, A Pietrantoni, C Grassi, A T Palamara, G De Chiara
Extracellular vesicles (EV), key players in cell-to-cell communication, may contribute to disease propagation in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), by favoring the dissemination of neurotoxic proteins within the brain. Interestingly, growing evidence supports the role of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we investigated whether HSV-1 infection could promote the spread of phosphorylated tau (ptau) among neurons via EV. We analyzed the ptau species that were secreted via EV following HSV-1 infection in neuroblastoma cells and primary neurons, focusing particularly on T205, T181, and T217, the phosphorylation sites mainly associated with AD. Moreover, by overexpressing human tau tagged with GFP (htauGFP), we found that recipient tau knockout (KO) neurons uptook EV that are loaded with HSV-1-induced phtauGFP. Finally, we exploited an in vivo model of acute infection and assessed that cerebral HSV-1 infection promotes the release of ptau via EV in the brain of infected mice. Overall, our data suggest that, following HSV-1 infection, EV play a role in tau spreading within the brain, thus contributing to neurodegeneration.IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection that reaches the brain has been repeatedly linked with the appearance of the pathognomonic markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including accumulation of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and cognitive deficits. AD is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease representing the most common form of dementia in the elderly, and no cure is currently available, thus prompting additional investigation on potential risk factors and pathological mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that the virus exploits the extracellular vesicles (EV) to disseminate phosphorylated tau (ptau) among brain cells. Importantly, we provide evidence that the HSV-1-induced EV-bearing ptau can be undertaken by recipient neurons, thus likely contributing to misfolding and aggregation of native tau, as reported for other AD models. Hence, our data highlight a novel mechanism exploited by HSV-1 to propagate tau-related damage in the brain.
细胞外囊泡(EV)是细胞间通信的关键角色,它可能会通过促进神经毒性蛋白在大脑内的传播而导致包括阿尔茨海默病(AD)在内的多种神经退行性疾病的传播。有趣的是,越来越多的证据支持单纯疱疹病毒 1 型(HSV-1)感染在阿尔茨海默病发病机制中的作用。在此,我们研究了 HSV-1 感染是否会通过 EV 促进磷酸化 tau(ptau)在神经元间的传播。我们分析了神经母细胞瘤细胞和原代神经元感染 HSV-1 后通过 EV 分泌的 ptau 种类,尤其关注与 AD 主要相关的磷酸化位点 T205、T181 和 T217。此外,通过过表达人tau标记的GFP(htauGFP),我们发现受体tau基因敲除(KO)神经元吸收了含有HSV-1诱导的phtauGFP的EV。最后,我们利用体内急性感染模型,评估了脑HSV-1感染会通过受感染小鼠脑内的EV促进ptau的释放。重要意义单纯疱疹病毒 1 型(HSV-1)感染大脑后,阿尔茨海默病(AD)的病理标志物(包括淀粉样 beta 和高磷酸化 tau 蛋白的积累)和认知障碍的出现反复出现。阿尔茨海默病是一种多因素神经退行性疾病,是最常见的老年痴呆症,目前尚无根治方法,因此需要对潜在的风险因素和病理机制进行更多的研究。在这里,我们证明了病毒利用细胞外囊泡(EV)在脑细胞中传播磷酸化 tau(ptau)。重要的是,我们提供的证据表明,HSV-1诱导的EV携带的ptau可被受体神经元吸收,从而可能导致原生tau的错误折叠和聚集,正如其他AD模型所报道的那样。因此,我们的数据强调了 HSV-1 在大脑中传播 tau 相关损伤的一种新机制。
{"title":"HSV-1 infection induces phosphorylated tau propagation among neurons via extracellular vesicles.","authors":"V Protto, M T Miteva, F Iannuzzi, M E Marcocci, D D Li Puma, R Piacentini, M Belli, L Sansone, A Pietrantoni, C Grassi, A T Palamara, G De Chiara","doi":"10.1128/mbio.01522-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.01522-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EV), key players in cell-to-cell communication, may contribute to disease propagation in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), by favoring the dissemination of neurotoxic proteins within the brain. Interestingly, growing evidence supports the role of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we investigated whether HSV-1 infection could promote the spread of phosphorylated tau (ptau) among neurons via EV. We analyzed the ptau species that were secreted via EV following HSV-1 infection in neuroblastoma cells and primary neurons, focusing particularly on T205, T181, and T217, the phosphorylation sites mainly associated with AD. Moreover, by overexpressing human tau tagged with GFP (htau<sup>GFP</sup>), we found that recipient tau knockout (KO) neurons uptook EV that are loaded with HSV-1-induced phtau<sup>GFP</sup>. Finally, we exploited an <i>in vivo</i> model of acute infection and assessed that cerebral HSV-1 infection promotes the release of ptau via EV in the brain of infected mice. Overall, our data suggest that, following HSV-1 infection, EV play a role in tau spreading within the brain, thus contributing to neurodegeneration.IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection that reaches the brain has been repeatedly linked with the appearance of the pathognomonic markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including accumulation of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and cognitive deficits. AD is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease representing the most common form of dementia in the elderly, and no cure is currently available, thus prompting additional investigation on potential risk factors and pathological mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that the virus exploits the extracellular vesicles (EV) to disseminate phosphorylated tau (ptau) among brain cells. Importantly, we provide evidence that the HSV-1-induced EV-bearing ptau can be undertaken by recipient neurons, thus likely contributing to misfolding and aggregation of native tau, as reported for other AD models. Hence, our data highlight a novel mechanism exploited by HSV-1 to propagate tau-related damage in the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481531/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142073243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16Epub Date: 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01303-24
Urban Hellman, Ebba Rosendal, Joakim Lehrstrand, Johan Henriksson, Tove Björsell, Alfred Wennemo, Max Hahn, Björn Österberg, Luiza Dorofte, Emma Nilsson, Mattias N E Forsell, Anna Smed-Sörensen, Anna Lange, Mats G Karlsson, Clas Ahlm, Anders Blomberg, Sara Cajander, Ulf Ahlgren, Alicia Lind, Johan Normark, Anna K Överby, Annasara Lenman
We previously demonstrated that the lungs of deceased COVID-19 patients were filled with a clear hydrogel consisting of hyaluronan (HA). In this translational study, we investigated the role of HA at all stages of COVID-19 disease to map the consequences of elevated HA on morbidity and identify the mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced HA production. A reduced alveolar surface area was observed in the lungs of deceased COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls, as visualized by a 3D rendering of lung morphology using light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. We confirmed the presence of HA in lung biopsies and found large quantities of proinflammatory fragmented HA. The association of systemic HA in blood plasma and disease severity was assessed in patients with mild (WHO Clinical Progression Scale, WHO-CPS, 1-5) and severe COVID-19 (WHO-CPS, 6-9) during the acute and convalescent phases and related to lung function. We found that systemic levels of HA were high during acute COVID-19 disease, remained elevated during convalescence, and were associated with a reduced diffusion capacity. In vitro 3D-lung models, differentiated from primary human bronchial epithelial cells, were used to study the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HA metabolism, and transcriptomic analyses revealed a dysregulation of HA synthases and hyaluronidases, both contributing to increased HA in apical secretions. Furthermore, corticosteroid treatment reduced the inflammation and downregulated HA synthases. Our findings demonstrate that HA plays a role in COVID-19 morbidity and that sustained elevated HA concentrations may contribute to long-term respiratory impairment.IMPORTANCEThis study provides insights into the role of hyaluronan (HA) in the severity and long-term impact of COVID-19 on lung function. Through extensive morphological examination of lung tissues and a multicenter study, we identified that HA levels are significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients, correlating with a reduced lung diffusion capacity during convalescence. Using a 3D-lung model, we further uncovered how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a dysregulated HA metabolism, leading to increased HA production. Our findings provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that targeting HA metabolism could offer new therapeutic avenues for managing COVID-19, particularly to prevent long-term lung impairment. Additionally, HA holds potential as a biomarker for predicting disease severity, which could guide personalized treatment strategies.
我们曾证实,COVID-19死亡患者的肺部充满了透明质酸(HA)组成的透明水凝胶。在这项转化研究中,我们调查了HA在COVID-19疾病各个阶段的作用,以了解HA升高对发病率的影响,并确定严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)诱导HA产生的机制。与健康对照组相比,COVID-19病故者肺部的肺泡表面积减少了,这可以通过光片荧光显微镜对肺部形态进行三维渲染来观察。我们证实了肺活检组织中存在 HA,并发现了大量促炎性的片段化 HA。我们评估了轻度(WHO 临床进展量表,WHO-CPS,1-5 级)和重度 COVID-19 患者(WHO-CPS,6-9 级)在急性期和恢复期血浆中全身 HA 与疾病严重程度的关系,并将其与肺功能联系起来。我们发现,在 COVID-19 急性期,HA 的全身水平较高,在康复期仍保持较高水平,并且与扩散能力降低有关。体外三维肺模型由原发性人类支气管上皮细胞分化而成,用于研究 SARS-CoV-2 感染对 HA 代谢的影响,转录组分析表明 HA 合成酶和透明质酸酶失调,这两种酶都会导致顶端分泌物中的 HA 增加。此外,皮质类固醇治疗可减轻炎症并下调 HA 合成酶。我们的研究结果表明,HA 在 COVID-19 的发病率中扮演着重要角色,HA 浓度的持续升高可能会导致长期呼吸功能障碍。这项研究深入探讨了透明质酸(HA)在 COVID-19 的严重程度和对肺功能的长期影响中的作用。通过广泛的肺组织形态学检查和多中心研究,我们发现 COVID-19 患者的 HA 水平显著升高,这与康复期肺弥散能力下降有关。利用三维肺模型,我们进一步揭示了严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)感染如何导致 HA 代谢失调,从而导致 HA 生成增加。我们的研究结果为了解 SARS-CoV-2 的发病机理提供了有价值的见解,并表明针对 HA 的新陈代谢可为控制 COVID-19 提供新的治疗途径,尤其是预防长期肺功能损害。此外,HA还有可能成为预测疾病严重程度的生物标志物,从而为个性化治疗策略提供指导。
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection induces hyaluronan production <i>in vitro</i> and hyaluronan levels in COVID-19 patients relate to morbidity and long-term lung impairment: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Urban Hellman, Ebba Rosendal, Joakim Lehrstrand, Johan Henriksson, Tove Björsell, Alfred Wennemo, Max Hahn, Björn Österberg, Luiza Dorofte, Emma Nilsson, Mattias N E Forsell, Anna Smed-Sörensen, Anna Lange, Mats G Karlsson, Clas Ahlm, Anders Blomberg, Sara Cajander, Ulf Ahlgren, Alicia Lind, Johan Normark, Anna K Överby, Annasara Lenman","doi":"10.1128/mbio.01303-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.01303-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We previously demonstrated that the lungs of deceased COVID-19 patients were filled with a clear hydrogel consisting of hyaluronan (HA). In this translational study, we investigated the role of HA at all stages of COVID-19 disease to map the consequences of elevated HA on morbidity and identify the mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced HA production. A reduced alveolar surface area was observed in the lungs of deceased COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls, as visualized by a 3D rendering of lung morphology using light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. We confirmed the presence of HA in lung biopsies and found large quantities of proinflammatory fragmented HA. The association of systemic HA in blood plasma and disease severity was assessed in patients with mild (WHO Clinical Progression Scale, WHO-CPS, 1-5) and severe COVID-19 (WHO-CPS, 6-9) during the acute and convalescent phases and related to lung function. We found that systemic levels of HA were high during acute COVID-19 disease, remained elevated during convalescence, and were associated with a reduced diffusion capacity. <i>In vitro</i> 3D-lung models, differentiated from primary human bronchial epithelial cells, were used to study the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HA metabolism, and transcriptomic analyses revealed a dysregulation of HA synthases and hyaluronidases, both contributing to increased HA in apical secretions. Furthermore, corticosteroid treatment reduced the inflammation and downregulated HA synthases. Our findings demonstrate that HA plays a role in COVID-19 morbidity and that sustained elevated HA concentrations may contribute to long-term respiratory impairment.IMPORTANCEThis study provides insights into the role of hyaluronan (HA) in the severity and long-term impact of COVID-19 on lung function. Through extensive morphological examination of lung tissues and a multicenter study, we identified that HA levels are significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients, correlating with a reduced lung diffusion capacity during convalescence. Using a 3D-lung model, we further uncovered how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a dysregulated HA metabolism, leading to increased HA production. Our findings provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that targeting HA metabolism could offer new therapeutic avenues for managing COVID-19, particularly to prevent long-term lung impairment. Additionally, HA holds potential as a biomarker for predicting disease severity, which could guide personalized treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11492986/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}