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Development of novel multi-protein chimeric immunogens that protect against infection with the Lyme disease agent, Borreliella burgdorferi. 开发新型多蛋白嵌合免疫原,防止感染莱姆病病原体博雷利菌。
IF 5.1 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Epub Date: 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02159-24
Nathaniel S O'Bier, Andrew C Camire, Dhara T Patel, John S Billingsley, Kelly R Hodges, Richard T Marconi

Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in North America. A vaccine for use in humans is not available. Here, we detail the development of two chimeric vaccine antigens, BAF and Chv2M. BAF elicits Abs that target proteins and protein variants produced by Borreliella species in ticks (OspB and OspA) and mammals (FtlA/B). OspB serves as the backbone structure for the BAF chimeric. Two OspA221-240 epitope-containing domain (ECD) variants (#A1 and #A15) were inserted into a loop in OspB. The N-terminal region of the FtlA protein was joined to the C-terminus of the chimeric. The second chimeric, Chv2M, consists of L5 (loop 5) and H5 (helix 5) ECDs derived from diverse OspC proteins. Borreliella species produce OspC upon exposure to the bloodmeal and during early infection in mammals. Here, we demonstrate that BAF and Chv2M are potent immunogens that elicit Abs that bind to each component protein (FtlA, FtlB, OspB, and multiple OspA and OspC variants). Anti-BAF and anti-Chv2M Abs kill Borreliella burgdorferi strains through Ab-mediated complement-dependent and complement-independent mechanisms. Eighty percent (32/40) of mice that received a three-dose vaccine regimen were protected from infection with B. burgdorferi B31. Efficacy increased to 90% (18/20) when the amount of Chv2M was increased in the third vaccine dose. Readouts for infection were flaB PCR and seroconversion to VlsE. This study establishes proof of principle for a chimeric immunogen vaccine formulation that elicits Abs to multiple targets on the B. burgdorferi cell surface produced during tick and mammalian stages of the enzootic cycle.IMPORTANCELyme disease is a growing public health threat across parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Regions that can support sustained tick populations are expanding, and the incidence of tick-borne diseases is increasing. In light of the increasing risk of Lyme disease, effective preventive strategies are needed. Most vaccine development efforts have focused on outer surface protein A, a Borreliella burgdorferi protein produced only in ticks. Herein, we describe the development of a novel vaccine formulation consisting of two multivalent chimeric proteins that are immunogenic and elicit antibodies with bactericidal activity that target several cell surface proteins produced by the Lyme disease spirochetes in feeding ticks and mammals. In a broader sense, this study advances efforts to develop custom-designed vaccinogens comprised of epitope-containing domains from multiple proteins.

莱姆病是北美最常见的蜱媒疾病。目前还没有用于人类的疫苗。在此,我们详细介绍了两种嵌合疫苗抗原 BAF 和 Chv2M 的开发过程。BAF 可诱导鲍瑞里拉氏杆菌在蜱(OspB 和 OspA)和哺乳动物(FtlA/B)体内产生的蛋白质和蛋白质变体。OspB 是 BAF 嵌合体的骨架结构。两个 OspA221-240 表位含结构域(ECD)变体(#A1 和 #A15)被插入 OspB 的一个环中。FtlA 蛋白的 N 端区域与嵌合体的 C 端相连。第二种嵌合体 Chv2M 由来自不同 OspC 蛋白的 L5(环 5)和 H5(螺旋 5)ECD 组成。鲍瑞菌在暴露于血液中和早期感染哺乳动物时会产生 OspC。在这里,我们证明 BAF 和 Chv2M 是强效免疫原,可诱导出与各组成蛋白(FtlA、FtlB、OspB 以及多种 OspA 和 OspC 变体)结合的抗体。抗BAF和抗Chv2M抗体通过抗体介导的补体依赖性和补体非依赖性机制杀死勃氏鲍瑞菌菌株。80%(32/40)的小鼠在接种三剂疫苗后可免受 B. burgdorferi B31 的感染。当第三剂疫苗中的 Chv2M 含量增加时,有效率提高到 90%(18/20)。感染读数为 flaB PCR 和 VlsE 血清转换。这项研究证明了嵌合免疫原疫苗配方的原理,这种疫苗能使蜱虫和哺乳动物在流行周期的各个阶段对布氏杆菌细胞表面的多个靶点产生抗体。能够支持蜱虫持续繁殖的地区正在扩大,蜱虫传播疾病的发病率也在增加。鉴于莱姆病的风险不断增加,我们需要有效的预防策略。大多数疫苗开发工作都集中在外层表面蛋白 A 上,这是一种只在蜱虫体内产生的博氏菌蛋白。在本文中,我们介绍了一种新型疫苗制剂的开发情况,它由两种多价嵌合蛋白组成,具有免疫原性,能诱导出具有杀菌活性的抗体,针对莱姆病螺旋体在蜱虫和哺乳动物体内产生的几种细胞表面蛋白。从更广泛的意义上讲,这项研究推动了开发由多种蛋白质的含表位结构域组成的定制设计疫苗原的工作。
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引用次数: 0
Cell cycle-regulated transcription factor AP2XII-9 is a key activator for asexual division and apicoplast inheritance in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite. 细胞周期调控转录因子 AP2XII-9 是弓形虫无性分裂和无细胞器遗传的关键激活因子。
IF 5.1 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Epub Date: 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01336-24
Yuehong Shi, Xuan Li, Yingying Xue, Dandan Hu, Xingju Song

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasitic protozoan that poses a significant risk to the fetus carried by a pregnant woman or to immunocompromised individuals. T. gondii tachyzoites duplicate rapidly in host cells during acute infection through endodyogeny. This highly regulated division process is accompanied by complex gene regulation networks. TgAP2XII-9 is a cell cycle-regulated transcription factor, but its specific role in the parasite cell cycle is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that TgAP2XII-9 is identified as a nuclear transcription factor and is dominantly expressed during the S/M phase of the tachyzoite cell cycle. Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) results indicate that TgAP2XII-9 targets key genes for the moving junction machinery (RON2, 4, and 8) and daughter cell inner membrane complex (IMC). TgAP2XII-9 deficiency resulted in a significant downregulation of rhoptry proteins and rhoptry neck proteins, leading to a severe defect in the invasion and egress efficiency of tachyzoites. Additionally, the loss of TgAP2XII-9 correlated with a substantial downregulation of multiple IMC and apicoplast proteins, leading to disorders of daughter bud formation and apicoplast inheritance and further contributing to the inability of cell division and intracellular proliferation. Our study reveals that TgAP2XII-9 acts as a critical S/M-phase regulator that orchestrates the endodyogeny and apicoplast division in T. gondii tachyzoites. This study contributes to a broader understanding of the complexity of the parasite's cell cycle and its key regulators.

Importance: The intracellular apicoplast parasite Toxoplasma gondii poses a great threat to the public health. The acute infection of T. gondii tachyzoites relies on efficient invasion by forming a moving junction structure and also fast replication by highly regulated endodyogeny. This study shows that an ApiAP2 transcription factor, TgAP2XII-9, acts as an activator for the S/M-phase gene expression, including genes related to daughter buds and moving junction formation. Loss of TgAP2XII-9 results in significant growth defects and disorders in endodyogeny and apicoplast inheritance of the parasites. Our results provide valuable insights into the transcriptional regulation of the parasite cell cycle and invading machinery in T. gondii.

弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii)是一种细胞内寄生的原生动物,对孕妇所怀的胎儿或免疫力低下的人有很大风险。在急性感染期间,弓形虫速殖体通过内生作用在宿主细胞中迅速复制。这种高度调控的分裂过程伴随着复杂的基因调控网络。TgAP2XII-9 是一种细胞周期调控转录因子,但它在寄生虫细胞周期中的具体作用尚未完全清楚。在这项研究中,我们证明 TgAP2XII-9 被确定为一种核转录因子,并在立虫细胞周期的 S/M 阶段优势表达。靶标下裂解和标记(CUT&Tag)结果表明,TgAP2XII-9 以移动连接机制(RON2、4 和 8)和子细胞内膜复合物(IMC)的关键基因为靶标。TgAP2XII-9缺失会导致跳虫蛋白和跳虫颈蛋白的显著下调,从而导致速虫的侵袭和排出效率出现严重缺陷。此外,TgAP2XII-9 的缺失还与多种 IMC 和 apicoplast 蛋白的大量下调有关,导致子芽形成和 apicoplast 遗传障碍,进一步导致细胞无法分裂和细胞内增殖。我们的研究揭示了TgAP2XII-9是一个关键的S/M期调节因子,它协调了淋病双球菌的内生和有顶体分裂。这项研究有助于人们更广泛地了解寄生虫细胞周期及其关键调节因子的复杂性:细胞内的弓形虫寄生体对公众健康构成了巨大威胁。弓形虫速殖体的急性感染依赖于通过形成移动接合结构进行高效入侵,以及通过高度调控的内生方式进行快速复制。这项研究表明,ApiAP2 转录因子 TgAP2XII-9 是 S/M 期基因表达的激活因子,包括与子芽和移动接合点形成相关的基因。TgAP2XII-9 的缺失会导致寄生虫出现明显的生长缺陷以及内生和顶体遗传障碍。我们的研究结果为深入了解淋球菌寄生虫细胞周期和入侵机制的转录调控提供了宝贵的信息。
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引用次数: 0
Innate cells and STAT1-dependent signals orchestrate vaccine-induced protection against invasive Cryptococcus infection. 先天性细胞和 STAT1 依赖性信号可协调疫苗诱导的对侵袭性隐球菌感染的保护。
IF 5.1 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Epub Date: 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01944-24
Keyi Wang, Vanessa Espinosa, Yina Wang, Alexander Lemenze, Yosuke Kumamoto, Chaoyang Xue, Amariliz Rivera

Fungal pathogens are underappreciated causes of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In previous studies, we determined that a heat-killed, Cryptococcus neoformans fbp1-deficient strain (HK-fbp1) is a potent vaccine candidate. We determined that vaccination with HK-fbp1 confers protective immunity against lethal Cryptococcosis in an interferon γ (IFNγ)-dependent manner. In this study, we set out to uncover cellular sources and relevant targets of the protective effects of IFNγ in response to the HK-fbp1 vaccine. We found that early IFNγ production peaks at day 3 and that monocytes and neutrophils are important sources of this cytokine after vaccination. Neutralization of IFNγ at day 3 results in impaired CCR2+ monocyte recruitment and reduced differentiation into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC). In turn, depletion of CCR2+ cells prior to immunization results in impaired activation of IFNγ-producing CD4 and CD8 T cells. Thus, monocytes are important targets of innate IFNγ and help promote further IFNγ production by lymphocytes. We employed monocyte-fate mapper and conditional STAT1 knockout mice to uncover that STAT1 activation in CD11c+ cells, including alveolar macrophages, Mo-DCs, and monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-Mac) is essential for HK-fbp1 vaccine-induced protection. Altogether, our aggregate findings suggest critical roles for innate cells as orchestrators of vaccine-induced protection against Cryptococcus infection.IMPORTANCEThe number of patients susceptible to invasive fungal infections across the world continues to rise at an alarming pace yet current antifungal drugs are often inadequate. Immune-based interventions and novel antifungal vaccines hold the promise of significantly improving patient outcomes. In previous studies, we identified a Cryptococcus neoformans mutant strain (Fbp1-deficient) as a potent, heat-inactivated vaccine candidate capable of inducing homologous and heterologous antifungal protection. In this study, we used a combination of methods together with a cohort of conditional knockout mouse strains to interrogate the roles of innate cells in the orchestration of vaccine-induced antifungal protection. We uncovered novel roles for neutrophils and monocytes as coordinators of a STAT1-dependent cascade of responses that mediate vaccine-induced protection against invasive cryptococcosis. This new knowledge will help guide the future development of much-needed antifungal vaccines.

真菌病原体是全球发病率和死亡率较高的原因之一,但人们对其认识不足。在之前的研究中,我们发现一种热杀死的新型隐球菌 fbp1 缺失株(HK-fbp1)是一种有效的候选疫苗。我们发现,接种 HK-fbp1 疫苗能以干扰素 γ(IFNγ)依赖的方式产生针对致死性隐球菌病的保护性免疫力。在本研究中,我们试图揭示 IFNγ 对 HK-fbp1 疫苗产生保护作用的细胞来源和相关靶点。我们发现,早期 IFNγ 的产生在第 3 天达到高峰,单核细胞和中性粒细胞是接种疫苗后这种细胞因子的重要来源。在第 3 天中和 IFNγ 会导致 CCR2+ 单核细胞招募受损,并减少向单核细胞衍生树突状细胞(Mo-DC)的分化。反过来,在免疫前消耗 CCR2+ 细胞会导致产生 IFNγ 的 CD4 和 CD8 T 细胞的活化受损。因此,单核细胞是先天性 IFNγ 的重要靶点,有助于促进淋巴细胞进一步产生 IFNγ。我们利用单核细胞命运图谱和条件性 STAT1 基因敲除小鼠,发现 CD11c+ 细胞(包括肺泡巨噬细胞、Mo-DCs 和单核细胞衍生巨噬细胞(Mo-Mac))中的 STAT1 激活对 HK-fbp1 疫苗诱导的保护至关重要。总之,我们的综合研究结果表明,先天性细胞在疫苗诱导的隐球菌感染保护过程中发挥着关键作用。基于免疫的干预措施和新型抗真菌疫苗有望显著改善患者的治疗效果。在之前的研究中,我们发现一种新型隐球菌突变株(Fbp1缺陷型)是一种有效的热灭活疫苗候选株,能够诱导同源和异源抗真菌保护。在这项研究中,我们综合使用了多种方法和一系列条件性基因敲除小鼠品系,以研究先天性细胞在疫苗诱导抗真菌保护过程中的作用。我们发现了中性粒细胞和单核细胞的新作用,它们是 STAT1 依赖性级联反应的协调者,这种级联反应介导疫苗诱导的对侵袭性隐球菌病的保护。这些新知识将有助于指导未来急需的抗真菌疫苗的开发。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental viral spillover across 25 million year gap in Rodentia reveals limited viral transmission and purifying selection of a picornavirus. 实验性病毒溢出跨越啮齿动物 2,500 万年的差距,揭示了有限的病毒传播和皮卡病毒的纯化选择。
IF 5.1 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Epub Date: 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01650-24
Frances K Shepherd, Shanley N Roach, Autumn E Sanders, Yanan Liu, Dira S Putri, Rong Li, Nathan Merrill, Mark J Pierson, Sergei V Kotenko, Zhongde Wang, Ryan A Langlois

When a virus crosses from one host species to another, the consequences can be devastating. However, animal models to empirically evaluate cross-species transmission can fail to recapitulate natural transmission routes, physiologically relevant doses of pathogens, and population structures of naturally circulating viruses. Here, we present a new model of cross-species transmission where deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are exposed to the natural virome of pet store mice (Mus musculus). Using RNA sequencing, we tracked viral transmission via fecal-oral routes and found the evidence of transmission of murine astroviruses, coronaviruses, and picornaviruses. Deep sequencing of murine kobuvirus revealed tight bottlenecks during transmission and purifying selection that leaves limited diversity present after transmission from Mus to Peromyscus. This work provides a structure for studying viral bottlenecks across species while keeping natural variation of viral populations intact and a high resolution look at within-host dynamics that occur during the initial stages of cross-species viral transmission.IMPORTANCEViral spillover events can have devastating public health consequences. Tracking cross-species transmission in real-time and evaluating viral evolution during the initial spillover event are useful for understanding how viruses adapt to new hosts. Using our new animal model and next generation sequencing, we develop a framework for understanding intrahost viral evolution and bottleneck events, which are very difficult to study in natural transmission settings.

当病毒从一个宿主物种跨入另一个宿主物种时,后果可能是毁灭性的。然而,对跨物种传播进行经验评估的动物模型无法再现自然传播途径、病原体的生理相关剂量以及自然循环病毒的种群结构。在这里,我们提出了一种新的跨物种传播模型,即鹿小鼠(Peromyscus maniculatus)暴露于宠物店小鼠(Mus musculus)的自然病毒组。利用 RNA 测序,我们追踪了病毒通过粪-口途径传播的情况,发现了小鼠星状病毒、冠状病毒和皮卡病毒传播的证据。小鼠科布韦病毒的深度测序揭示了传播过程中的严密瓶颈和纯化选择,这使得病毒从麝传播到啮齿类动物后的多样性非常有限。这项工作为研究跨物种病毒瓶颈提供了一个结构,同时保持了病毒种群的自然变异,并高分辨率地观察了跨物种病毒传播初期的宿主内动态变化。 重要意义病毒溢出事件会对公共卫生造成破坏性后果。实时跟踪跨物种传播并评估病毒在最初溢出事件中的进化,有助于了解病毒如何适应新宿主。利用新的动物模型和新一代测序技术,我们建立了一个了解宿主内病毒进化和瓶颈事件的框架。
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引用次数: 0
Broadening the aims of avian influenza surveillance according to the One Health approach. 根据 "一个健康 "方针扩大禽流感监测的目标。
IF 5.1 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Epub Date: 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02111-24
Thijs Kuiken

The ongoing outbreak of the Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) H5 lineage of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has caused higher mortality than all other HPAI outbreaks taken together. It is unique in its spillover and adaptation to wild waterfowl, which has facilitated its spread worldwide to many other species. However, avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance, which historically aims to protect the poultry sector, is inadequate to document the spread and impact of Gs/Gd H5 virus in wild birds and other wildlife in most countries. A positive exception is Canada's AIV surveillance in wild birds, applied in a recent study (J. A. Giacinti, A. V. Signore, M. E. B. Jones, L. Bourque, et al., mBio 15:e03203-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03203-23), which aims to protect wildlife, domestic animals, and human health according to the One Health approach. It is recommended to follow this approach in other countries to fill knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of Gs/Gd H5 virus in wild birds and other wildlife and to help control and, above all, prevent future HPAI outbreaks.

目前正在爆发的鹅/广东/1/1996(Gs/Gd)H5系高致病性禽流感(HPAI)病毒造成的死亡率高于所有其他高致病性禽流感爆发的总和。它的独特之处在于对野生水禽的外溢性和适应性,这促进了它在全球范围内对许多其他物种的传播。然而,禽流感病毒(AIV)监测历来以保护家禽业为目的,但在大多数国家,它不足以记录 Gs/Gd H5 病毒在野生鸟类和其他野生动物中的传播和影响。一个积极的例外是加拿大在最近的一项研究(J. A. Giacinti, A. V. Signore, M. E. B. Jones, L. Bourque, et al., mBio 15:e03203-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.03203-23)中应用的野鸟 AIV 监测,其目的是根据 "统一健康 "方法保护野生动物、家畜和人类健康。建议其他国家也采用这种方法,以填补野生鸟类和其他野生动物中 Gs/Gd H5 病毒流行病学方面的知识空白,并帮助控制,尤其是预防未来高致病性禽流感的爆发。
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引用次数: 0
Temperature, sediment resuspension, and salinity drive the prevalence of Vibrio vulnificus in the coastal Baltic Sea. 温度、沉积物再悬浮和盐度是波罗的海沿岸弧菌流行的驱动因素。
IF 5.1 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Epub Date: 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01569-24
Víctor Fernández-Juárez, David J Riedinger, Joao Bosco Gusmao, Luis Fernando Delgado-Zambrano, Guillem Coll-García, Vasiliki Papazachariou, Daniel P R Herlemann, Christian Pansch, Anders F Andersson, Matthias Labrenz, Lasse Riemann

The number of Vibrio-related infections in humans, e.g., by Vibrio vulnificus, has increased along the coasts of the Baltic Sea. Due to climate change, vibriosis risk is expected to increase. It is, therefore, pertinent to design a strategy for mitigation of the vibriosis threat in the Baltic Sea area, but a prerequisite is to identify the environmental conditions promoting the occurrence of pathogenic Vibrio spp., like V. vulnificus. To address this, we sampled three coastal Baltic sites in Finland, Germany, and Denmark with salinities between 6 and 21 from May to October 2022. The absolute and relative abundances of Vibrio spp. and V. vulnificus in water were compared to environmental conditions, including the presence of the eelgrass Zostera marina, which has been suggested to reduce pathogenic Vibrio species abundance. In the water column, V. vulnificus only occurred at the German station between July and August at salinity 8.1-11.2. Temperature and phosphate (PO43-) were identified as the most influencing factors for Vibrio spp. and V. vulnificus. The accumulation of Vibrio spp. in the sediment and the co-occurrence with sediment bacteria in the water column indicate that sediment resuspension contributed to V. vulnificus abundance. Interestingly, V. vulnificus co-occurred with specific cyanobacteria taxa, as well as specific bacteria associated with cyanobacteria. Although we found no reduction in Vibrio spp. or V. vulnificus associated with eelgrass beds, our study underscores the importance of extended heatwaves and sediment resuspension, which may elevate the availability of PO43-, for Vibrio species levels at intermediate salinities in the Baltic Sea.

Importance: Elevated sea surface temperatures are increasing the prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio at higher latitudes. The recent increase in Vibrio-related wound infections and deaths along the Baltic coasts is, therefore, of serious health concern. We used culture-independent data generated from three Baltic coastal sites in Denmark, Germany, and Finland from May to October (2022), with a special focus on Vibrio vulnificus, and combined it with environmental data. Our temporal model shows that temperature, combined with sediment resuspension, drives the prevalence of V. vulnificus at intermediate salinities in the coastal Baltic Sea.

波罗的海沿岸与弧菌相关的人类感染(如弧菌感染)数量有所增加。由于气候变化,弧菌病的风险预计会增加。因此,在波罗的海地区设计一种减轻弧菌病威胁的战略是非常重要的,但前提条件是确定促进致病性弧菌属(如弧菌)发生的环境条件。为此,我们于 2022 年 5 月至 10 月在芬兰、德国和丹麦盐度介于 6 至 21 之间的三个波罗的海沿岸地点进行了采样。我们将水中弧菌属和弧菌的绝对和相对丰度与环境条件(包括鳗草 Zostera marina 的存在)进行了比较。在德国站的水体中,弧菌仅出现在 7 月至 8 月盐度为 8.1-11.2 的水体中。温度和磷酸盐(PO43-)被认为是影响弧菌属和弧菌的最大因素。弧菌在沉积物中的积累以及与沉积物细菌在水体中的共存表明,沉积物的再悬浮促进了弧菌的丰度。有趣的是,弧菌与特定的蓝藻类群以及与蓝藻相关的特定细菌共生。尽管我们没有发现与鳗草海床相关的弧菌属或弧菌荚膜杆菌减少,但我们的研究强调了持续热浪和沉积物再悬浮对波罗的海中等盐度弧菌物种水平的重要性,这可能会提高 PO43- 的可用性:海面温度升高使致病弧菌在高纬度地区的流行率上升。因此,最近波罗的海沿岸与弧菌相关的伤口感染和死亡人数的增加引起了严重的健康问题。我们使用了丹麦、德国和芬兰波罗的海沿岸三个地点从 5 月到 10 月(2022 年)生成的独立于培养的数据,重点关注弧菌,并将其与环境数据相结合。我们的时间模型显示,温度与沉积物再悬浮相结合,推动了波罗的海沿岸中等盐度地区的弧菌流行。
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引用次数: 0
Reconceptualizing transcriptional slippage in plant RNA viruses. 重新认识植物 RNA 病毒中的转录滑动。
IF 5.1 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Epub Date: 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02120-24
Adrian A Valli, María Luisa Domingo-Calap, Alfonso González de Prádena, Juan Antonio García, Hongguang Cui, Cécile Desbiez, Juan José López-Moya

RNA viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to exploit the limited encoded information within their typically compact genomes. One of them, named transcriptional slippage (TS), is characterized by the appearance of indels in nascent viral RNAs, leading to changes in the open reading frame (ORF). Although members of unrelated viral families express key proteins via TS, the available information about this phenomenon is still limited. In potyvirids (members of the Potyviridae family), TS has been defined by the insertion of an additional A at An motifs (n ≥ 6) in newly synthesized transcripts at a low frequency, modulated by nucleotides flanking the A-rich motif. Here, by using diverse experimental approaches and a collection of plant/virus combinations, we discover cases not following this definition. In summary, we observe (i) a high rate of single-nucleotide deletions at slippage motifs, (ii) overlapping ORFs acceded by slippage at an U8 stretch, and (iii) changes in slippage rates induced by factors not related to cognate viruses. Moreover, a survey of whole-genome sequences from potyvirids shows a widespread occurrence of species-specific An/Un (n ≥ 6) motifs. Even though many of them, but not all, lead to the production of truncated proteins rather than access to overlapping ORFs, these results suggest that slippage motifs appear more frequently than expected and play relevant roles during virus evolution. Considering the potential of this phenomenon to expand the viral proteome by acceding to overlapping ORFs and/or producing truncated proteins, a re-evaluation of TS significance during infections of RNA viruses is required.IMPORTANCETranscriptional slippage (TS) is used by RNA viruses as another strategy to maximize the coding information in their genomes. This phenomenon is based on a peculiar feature of viral replicases: they may produce indels in a small fraction of newly synthesized viral RNAs when transcribing certain motifs and then produce alternative proteins due to a change of the reading frame or truncated products by premature termination. Here, using plant-infecting RNA viruses as models, we discover cases expanding on previously established features of plant virus TS, prompting us to reconsider and redefine this expression strategy. An interesting conclusion from our study is that TS might be more relevant during RNA virus evolution and infection processes than previously assumed.

RNA 病毒进化出了复杂的策略,以利用其典型的紧凑基因组中有限的编码信息。其中一种策略被命名为转录滑动(TS),其特点是在新生病毒 RNA 中出现嵌段,导致开放阅读框(ORF)发生变化。尽管不相关的病毒家族成员通过 TS 表达关键蛋白,但有关这一现象的现有信息仍然有限。在壶形病毒(Potyviridae 家族成员)中,TS 的定义是在新合成的转录本中低频率地在 An 基序(n ≥ 6)处插入一个额外的 A,并受 A-富集基序侧翼核苷酸的调节。在这里,我们通过使用不同的实验方法和一系列植物/病毒组合,发现了不符合这一定义的情况。总之,我们观察到:(i) 在滑移图案处的单核苷酸缺失率很高;(ii) 在 U8 片段上通过滑移增加的重叠 ORF;(iii) 与同源病毒无关的因素引起的滑移率变化。此外,对壶形病毒全基因组序列的调查显示,物种特异性 An/Un(n ≥ 6)基序广泛存在。尽管其中许多(但并非全部)会导致产生截短蛋白,而不是进入重叠的 ORF,但这些结果表明,滑动基序的出现比预期的要频繁,并在病毒进化过程中发挥着相关作用。考虑到这种现象有可能通过进入重叠的 ORF 和/或产生截短蛋白来扩展病毒蛋白质组,因此需要重新评估 TS 在 RNA 病毒感染过程中的意义。重要意义转录滑动(TS)被 RNA 病毒用作另一种策略,以最大限度地增加其基因组中的编码信息。这种现象是基于病毒复制酶的一个特殊特征:当转录某些图案时,它们可能会在一小部分新合成的病毒 RNA 中产生嵌段,然后由于阅读框的改变或过早终止而产生截短产物,从而产生替代蛋白质。在这里,我们以植物感染的 RNA 病毒为模型,发现了一些扩展了以前确定的植物病毒 TS 特征的案例,促使我们重新考虑和定义这种表达策略。我们的研究得出了一个有趣的结论,即在 RNA 病毒进化和感染过程中,TS 的相关性可能比以前假设的更大。
{"title":"Reconceptualizing transcriptional slippage in plant RNA viruses.","authors":"Adrian A Valli, María Luisa Domingo-Calap, Alfonso González de Prádena, Juan Antonio García, Hongguang Cui, Cécile Desbiez, Juan José López-Moya","doi":"10.1128/mbio.02120-24","DOIUrl":"10.1128/mbio.02120-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to exploit the limited encoded information within their typically compact genomes. One of them, named transcriptional slippage (TS), is characterized by the appearance of indels in nascent viral RNAs, leading to changes in the open reading frame (ORF). Although members of unrelated viral families express key proteins via TS, the available information about this phenomenon is still limited. In potyvirids (members of the <i>Potyviridae</i> family), TS has been defined by the insertion of an additional A at A<sub>n</sub> motifs (<i>n</i> ≥ 6) in newly synthesized transcripts at a low frequency, modulated by nucleotides flanking the A-rich motif. Here, by using diverse experimental approaches and a collection of plant/virus combinations, we discover cases not following this definition. In summary, we observe (i) a high rate of single-nucleotide deletions at slippage motifs, (ii) overlapping ORFs acceded by slippage at an U<sub>8</sub> stretch, and (iii) changes in slippage rates induced by factors not related to cognate viruses. Moreover, a survey of whole-genome sequences from potyvirids shows a widespread occurrence of species-specific A<sub>n</sub>/U<sub>n</sub> (<i>n</i> ≥ 6) motifs. Even though many of them, but not all, lead to the production of truncated proteins rather than access to overlapping ORFs, these results suggest that slippage motifs appear more frequently than expected and play relevant roles during virus evolution. Considering the potential of this phenomenon to expand the viral proteome by acceding to overlapping ORFs and/or producing truncated proteins, a re-evaluation of TS significance during infections of RNA viruses is required.IMPORTANCETranscriptional slippage (TS) is used by RNA viruses as another strategy to maximize the coding information in their genomes. This phenomenon is based on a peculiar feature of viral replicases: they may produce indels in a small fraction of newly synthesized viral RNAs when transcribing certain motifs and then produce alternative proteins due to a change of the reading frame or truncated products by premature termination. Here, using plant-infecting RNA viruses as models, we discover cases expanding on previously established features of plant virus TS, prompting us to reconsider and redefine this expression strategy. An interesting conclusion from our study is that TS might be more relevant during RNA virus evolution and infection processes than previously assumed.</p>","PeriodicalId":18315,"journal":{"name":"mBio","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11481541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142290775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is it me or is it you? Physiological effects of the honey bee microbiota may instead be due to host maturation. 是我还是你?蜜蜂微生物群的生理效应可能是宿主成熟的结果。
IF 5.1 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Epub Date: 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02107-24
Waldan K Kwong, Kasie Raymann

Microbiota-mediated impacts on host physiology and behavior have been widely reported in honey bees (Apis mellifera). However, most of these studies are conducted in artificial lab settings and fail to take into account, or make incorrect assumptions about, the complex physical and social structures inherent to natural hive conditions. A new study by Liberti et al. (J. Liberti, E. T. Frank, T. Kay, L. Kesner, et al., mBio 15:e01034-24, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01034-24) identifies one such overlooked aspect-the behavioral maturation from nurses to foragers-that can be a serious confounding factor in bee microbiota experiments. Using cuticular hydrocarbon profiling to discern between the two maturation states, they find that multiple physiological and behavioral differences between age-matched lab bees could potentially be explained by their maturation state instead of the intended treatment conditions, such as microbial inoculation. This study serves as a stark wake-up call on the necessity of careful replication and cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer (e.g., between animal specialists and microbiologists) in order to truly understand complex host-microbe systems.

在蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)中,微生物群介导的对宿主生理和行为的影响已被广泛报道。然而,这些研究大多是在人工实验室环境中进行的,没有考虑到自然蜂巢条件下固有的复杂物理和社会结构,或对其做出了不正确的假设。Liberti 等人的一项新研究(J. Liberti, E. T. Frank, T. Kay, L. Kesner, et al., mBio 15:e01034-24, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01034-24)发现了这样一个被忽视的方面--从哺乳动物到觅食动物的行为成熟--它可能是蜜蜂微生物群实验中的一个严重干扰因素。他们利用角质层碳氢化合物分析来区分两种成熟状态,发现年龄匹配的实验蜜蜂之间的多种生理和行为差异可能是由它们的成熟状态而不是预期的处理条件(如微生物接种)造成的。这项研究为我们敲响了警钟,要想真正了解复杂的宿主-微生物系统,就必须进行仔细的复制和跨学科知识转移(如动物专家和微生物学家之间的知识转移)。
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引用次数: 0
HSV-1 infection induces phosphorylated tau propagation among neurons via extracellular vesicles. HSV-1 感染可诱导磷酸化 tau 通过细胞外囊泡在神经元间传播。
IF 5.1 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Epub Date: 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01522-24
V Protto, M T Miteva, F Iannuzzi, M E Marcocci, D D Li Puma, R Piacentini, M Belli, L Sansone, A Pietrantoni, C Grassi, A T Palamara, G De Chiara

Extracellular vesicles (EV), key players in cell-to-cell communication, may contribute to disease propagation in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), by favoring the dissemination of neurotoxic proteins within the brain. Interestingly, growing evidence supports the role of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we investigated whether HSV-1 infection could promote the spread of phosphorylated tau (ptau) among neurons via EV. We analyzed the ptau species that were secreted via EV following HSV-1 infection in neuroblastoma cells and primary neurons, focusing particularly on T205, T181, and T217, the phosphorylation sites mainly associated with AD. Moreover, by overexpressing human tau tagged with GFP (htauGFP), we found that recipient tau knockout (KO) neurons uptook EV that are loaded with HSV-1-induced phtauGFP. Finally, we exploited an in vivo model of acute infection and assessed that cerebral HSV-1 infection promotes the release of ptau via EV in the brain of infected mice. Overall, our data suggest that, following HSV-1 infection, EV play a role in tau spreading within the brain, thus contributing to neurodegeneration.IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection that reaches the brain has been repeatedly linked with the appearance of the pathognomonic markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including accumulation of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and cognitive deficits. AD is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease representing the most common form of dementia in the elderly, and no cure is currently available, thus prompting additional investigation on potential risk factors and pathological mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that the virus exploits the extracellular vesicles (EV) to disseminate phosphorylated tau (ptau) among brain cells. Importantly, we provide evidence that the HSV-1-induced EV-bearing ptau can be undertaken by recipient neurons, thus likely contributing to misfolding and aggregation of native tau, as reported for other AD models. Hence, our data highlight a novel mechanism exploited by HSV-1 to propagate tau-related damage in the brain.

细胞外囊泡(EV)是细胞间通信的关键角色,它可能会通过促进神经毒性蛋白在大脑内的传播而导致包括阿尔茨海默病(AD)在内的多种神经退行性疾病的传播。有趣的是,越来越多的证据支持单纯疱疹病毒 1 型(HSV-1)感染在阿尔茨海默病发病机制中的作用。在此,我们研究了 HSV-1 感染是否会通过 EV 促进磷酸化 tau(ptau)在神经元间的传播。我们分析了神经母细胞瘤细胞和原代神经元感染 HSV-1 后通过 EV 分泌的 ptau 种类,尤其关注与 AD 主要相关的磷酸化位点 T205、T181 和 T217。此外,通过过表达人tau标记的GFP(htauGFP),我们发现受体tau基因敲除(KO)神经元吸收了含有HSV-1诱导的phtauGFP的EV。最后,我们利用体内急性感染模型,评估了脑HSV-1感染会通过受感染小鼠脑内的EV促进ptau的释放。重要意义单纯疱疹病毒 1 型(HSV-1)感染大脑后,阿尔茨海默病(AD)的病理标志物(包括淀粉样 beta 和高磷酸化 tau 蛋白的积累)和认知障碍的出现反复出现。阿尔茨海默病是一种多因素神经退行性疾病,是最常见的老年痴呆症,目前尚无根治方法,因此需要对潜在的风险因素和病理机制进行更多的研究。在这里,我们证明了病毒利用细胞外囊泡(EV)在脑细胞中传播磷酸化 tau(ptau)。重要的是,我们提供的证据表明,HSV-1诱导的EV携带的ptau可被受体神经元吸收,从而可能导致原生tau的错误折叠和聚集,正如其他AD模型所报道的那样。因此,我们的数据强调了 HSV-1 在大脑中传播 tau 相关损伤的一种新机制。
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引用次数: 0
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces hyaluronan production in vitro and hyaluronan levels in COVID-19 patients relate to morbidity and long-term lung impairment: a prospective cohort study. SARS-CoV-2感染在体外诱导透明质酸的产生,COVID-19患者的透明质酸水平与发病率和长期肺功能损害有关:一项前瞻性队列研究。
IF 5.1 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 Epub Date: 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01303-24
Urban Hellman, Ebba Rosendal, Joakim Lehrstrand, Johan Henriksson, Tove Björsell, Alfred Wennemo, Max Hahn, Björn Österberg, Luiza Dorofte, Emma Nilsson, Mattias N E Forsell, Anna Smed-Sörensen, Anna Lange, Mats G Karlsson, Clas Ahlm, Anders Blomberg, Sara Cajander, Ulf Ahlgren, Alicia Lind, Johan Normark, Anna K Överby, Annasara Lenman

We previously demonstrated that the lungs of deceased COVID-19 patients were filled with a clear hydrogel consisting of hyaluronan (HA). In this translational study, we investigated the role of HA at all stages of COVID-19 disease to map the consequences of elevated HA on morbidity and identify the mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced HA production. A reduced alveolar surface area was observed in the lungs of deceased COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls, as visualized by a 3D rendering of lung morphology using light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. We confirmed the presence of HA in lung biopsies and found large quantities of proinflammatory fragmented HA. The association of systemic HA in blood plasma and disease severity was assessed in patients with mild (WHO Clinical Progression Scale, WHO-CPS, 1-5) and severe COVID-19 (WHO-CPS, 6-9) during the acute and convalescent phases and related to lung function. We found that systemic levels of HA were high during acute COVID-19 disease, remained elevated during convalescence, and were associated with a reduced diffusion capacity. In vitro 3D-lung models, differentiated from primary human bronchial epithelial cells, were used to study the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HA metabolism, and transcriptomic analyses revealed a dysregulation of HA synthases and hyaluronidases, both contributing to increased HA in apical secretions. Furthermore, corticosteroid treatment reduced the inflammation and downregulated HA synthases. Our findings demonstrate that HA plays a role in COVID-19 morbidity and that sustained elevated HA concentrations may contribute to long-term respiratory impairment.IMPORTANCEThis study provides insights into the role of hyaluronan (HA) in the severity and long-term impact of COVID-19 on lung function. Through extensive morphological examination of lung tissues and a multicenter study, we identified that HA levels are significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients, correlating with a reduced lung diffusion capacity during convalescence. Using a 3D-lung model, we further uncovered how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a dysregulated HA metabolism, leading to increased HA production. Our findings provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that targeting HA metabolism could offer new therapeutic avenues for managing COVID-19, particularly to prevent long-term lung impairment. Additionally, HA holds potential as a biomarker for predicting disease severity, which could guide personalized treatment strategies.

我们曾证实,COVID-19死亡患者的肺部充满了透明质酸(HA)组成的透明水凝胶。在这项转化研究中,我们调查了HA在COVID-19疾病各个阶段的作用,以了解HA升高对发病率的影响,并确定严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)诱导HA产生的机制。与健康对照组相比,COVID-19病故者肺部的肺泡表面积减少了,这可以通过光片荧光显微镜对肺部形态进行三维渲染来观察。我们证实了肺活检组织中存在 HA,并发现了大量促炎性的片段化 HA。我们评估了轻度(WHO 临床进展量表,WHO-CPS,1-5 级)和重度 COVID-19 患者(WHO-CPS,6-9 级)在急性期和恢复期血浆中全身 HA 与疾病严重程度的关系,并将其与肺功能联系起来。我们发现,在 COVID-19 急性期,HA 的全身水平较高,在康复期仍保持较高水平,并且与扩散能力降低有关。体外三维肺模型由原发性人类支气管上皮细胞分化而成,用于研究 SARS-CoV-2 感染对 HA 代谢的影响,转录组分析表明 HA 合成酶和透明质酸酶失调,这两种酶都会导致顶端分泌物中的 HA 增加。此外,皮质类固醇治疗可减轻炎症并下调 HA 合成酶。我们的研究结果表明,HA 在 COVID-19 的发病率中扮演着重要角色,HA 浓度的持续升高可能会导致长期呼吸功能障碍。这项研究深入探讨了透明质酸(HA)在 COVID-19 的严重程度和对肺功能的长期影响中的作用。通过广泛的肺组织形态学检查和多中心研究,我们发现 COVID-19 患者的 HA 水平显著升高,这与康复期肺弥散能力下降有关。利用三维肺模型,我们进一步揭示了严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)感染如何导致 HA 代谢失调,从而导致 HA 生成增加。我们的研究结果为了解 SARS-CoV-2 的发病机理提供了有价值的见解,并表明针对 HA 的新陈代谢可为控制 COVID-19 提供新的治疗途径,尤其是预防长期肺功能损害。此外,HA还有可能成为预测疾病严重程度的生物标志物,从而为个性化治疗策略提供指导。
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