Materia Socio-Medica最新文献

Background: Diabetes is becoming more prevalent in undeveloped countries, what is known about self-care practice is insignificant, like self-monitoring of blood glucose, balanced diet, Medication adherence, and exercise. For people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, exercise is usually one of the first control measures recommended. These practices are considered as the basis of diabetes management.

Objctive: The study goal is to assess the awareness of type 2 diabetic patients about the importance of exercise and diet on diabetes type 2.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational survey study that was carried out in western Province, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaires were used to ask about the background information and patients' demographics, self-monitoring of blood glucose, eating and drinking habits, exercise habits, and beliefs about the effectiveness of diet and exercise on blood glucose.

Results: A total of 568 type 2 of diabetic patients. The average age of the participants was 51.89 ± 12.82 years, 53.5% were females, 89.8% were educated, 81.2% were married, and 30.1% were from Jeddah city. 30.3 % of patients did not practice healthy habits, and 43 % did not exercise, even though 90 % believed that exercise and diet had a positive impact on glucose level in the blood.Male patients showed considerably a higher percentage of those who continued to engage in unhealthy habits such as "smoking, eating fast food, eating sugars, or drinking soft drinks.

Conclusion: A significant proportion of Saudi diabetic patients did not follow a healthy diet and exercise on a regular basis. Health policymakers should conduct effective health education sessions for diabetic patients on the importance of a healthy diet and exercise in diabetes management.

Background: The early birth of a newborn and the hospital care in the intensive care causes stress to parents.

Objective: The main objective of this study was to investigate preterm parents' level of stress and which coping strategies do they use in a Neonatal Intensive care Unit in a University Hospital of Central Greece.

Methods: This cross-sectional study used a group of 82 preterm parents in the Neonatal Intensive care unit in a University Hospital of Central Greece. They were asked to answer a questionnaire with the Parental Stressor Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PSS: NICU), Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (BRIEF/COPE), Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES). The McNemar test was used to compare fathers 'and mothers' views on psychological support. The paired t-test or the Wilcoxon-signed rank test was used to compare scores between fathers and mothers. The levels of importance are bilateral and the statistical importance was defined as 0.5. For the analysis SPSS 22.0 was used.

Results: The most common cause of admission to NICU was low birth weight. The severity of the preterm's condition was found to be independently correlated with PSS-NICU score due to "sights and sounds" and due to "Infant Appearance and behaviour" in the NICU. The severity of the child's condition and the parents' DSES score were found to be independently correlated to the stress score due to their "parent-infant relationship". Mothers 'and fathers' scores on the dimensions of the Brief-COPE Questionnaire were similar, suggesting a similar way of managing stress. Substance use, religion, humor were found to correlate with total score of PSS-NICU. More specifically PSS-NICU correlated negatively with substance use (r=-0.30 p=0.009) and humor (r=-0.28 p=0.016) while it correlated positively with religion (r=0.29 p=0.011).

Conclusion: Mothers and fathers of preterm need support. Spirituality and religion, helps then face the challenges of having their baby hospitalized in a NICU.

Background: Mental rehearsal is a form of training used by nurse educators to enhance the performance of clinical skills. The use of imagination may facilitate cognitive and affective modification and subsequently may even reduce extraneous cognitive load.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of mental rehearsal in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training of nursing students.

Methods: This is a comparative study with a random sample of 52 Nurse-Assistant students who were randomly divided into two groups. A 10-minute educational video on CPR and defibrillation was shown to both groups with the experimental group having additional time to be coached on mental rehearsal. Student performance was subsequently timed and errors/overall performance recorded. Descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney test was used for group comparisons analysis.

Results: Students in the control group needed 8.5 minutes on average as compared to 6.2 minutes for the experimental group to complete cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. This equals to a difference of 2.5 minutes faster time for the experimental group (p<0.001). For overall mistakes the mental rehearsal group had 1.3 fewer mistakes on average (p=0.003). In terms of mistakes when executing cardiopulmonary resuscitation training there were 0.9 fewer mistakes in the experimental group (p=0.021).

Conclusion: The use of mental rehearsal might be the first step in improving the teaching of nursing skills. Differences in skill acquisition in favor of mental rehearsal are important, especially when this technique is used in the teaching of life-saving skills such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the use of defibrillate.

Background: According to the current state of knowledge, addictions are often developed as a maladaptive coping response to elevated stress levels. Stress management has a beneficial effect on various mental health problems. Yet, there is no strong evidence concerning the effect of stress management on stress levels of individuals with addictive behaviors, although such an effect might benefit their addictive symptoms.

Objective: To investigate the effect of stress management on stress levels of persons with addictive behaviors.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out on Biomed Central, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science searching for relevant trials investigating the effect of stress management techniques, specifically of Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR), Autogenic Training (AT) and Guided Imagery (GI), on stress levels of individuals with addictive behaviors. In order to be included, the studies had to be randomized trials using an intervention and a non-intervention or a placebo control group, to apply PMR, GI or AT, to include a sample with addictive behaviors, to be published in English, to involve a baseline and at least one subsequent measurement, to be published in peer-review journals and to measure stress through instruments or biochemical assessments. The trials' quality was assessed by the use of the Jadad Scale.

Results: A total of four studies met the inclusion criteria and were further analyzed. The findings indicated that PMR might lead to a reduction of stress levels, while no such evidence is found concerning GI and AT. The quality of all trials was low.

Conclusion: Progressive Muscle Relaxation and GI might have a divergent effect on persons with addictive behaviors. Yet, the low number of the studies and their poor quality debars drawing reliable conclusions for potential beneficial effects.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide and its highest prevalence is observed in adolescents and young adults. This review examined studies that explore awareness about HPV among adolescents and young adults, as well as their attitudes and willingness towards the HPV vaccine. Besides, the impact of health professionals and health education interventions on HPV awareness and attitudes towards HPV vaccine is identified.

Objective: The aim of this review is, firstly, to systematically identify the studies that explore awareness about HPV among adolescents and young adults, as well as their attitudes and willingness towards the HPV vaccine. Secondly, the aim is to identify the impact of health professionals and health education interventions on HPV awareness and attitudes towards HPV vaccine among the same group.

Methods: The systematic review was conducted in the international databases PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, between 2016-2019.

Results: The review revealed low to moderate levels of awareness and knowledge regarding HPV (10 studies), while a more favorable attitude towards the HPV vaccine (3 studies). The role of health professionals was ineffective (4 studies), while studies focused on the impact of health education interventions showed a positive impact on knowledge and awareness of HPV (4 studies).

Conclusion: Continuous training of health personnel is necessary and new studies are needed to identify barriers to adolescents not being vaccinated.

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning rate has stayed the same around the globe over the last quarter of a decade. However, the number of people who die compared to the number of people who get poisoned, and the mortality rate has declined dramatically.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the severity of the CO poisoning problem in Jordan and compare it to other countries and to search for any related factors that could affect the death rate.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the Forensic Medicine Teaching Centre, Irbid, Jordan for a 10-years period (2009 -2018). 5,725 autopsy reports were assessed, and only 71 CO-related death cases were selected and analyzed based on the following risk factors: age, gender, year and month of death, nationality, address, the settings that the cases occurred in, carboxyhemoglobin saturation (COHb%) and the presence of alcohol and drugs in blood.

Results: The rate of deaths due to CO poisoning showed a general decline over the reviewed years. Most victims were males (70.4%). And although the death rate showed an increase with age, the age group between 20-year-old and 39-year-old accounted for 38% of all cases. Most cases happened in the winter months, December, January, and February. 87.1% of the cases occurred at home settings. The average COHb% was 68%±13% and ranged from 12%-83%.

Conclusion: Although the incidence is decreasing with time, CO is still a threat that must be dealt with. As all cases in our study were accidental cases and good preventive measures, such as good CO detectors and good air flow in the places that hold devices that could generate CO, and proper education to the public, especially in the colder regions of the country, could prove useful in decreasing the incidence of CO deaths further.

Background: Compassion constitutes a central element of all health and social care professions. The Professional Quality of Life Questionnaire is the most widely used instrument to measure compassion fatigue worldwide.

Objective: The aim of this study was to provide evidence for the reliability and the validity of ProQOL-V for Greece.

Methods: A total of 261 nurses selected by convenience sampling and required to complete the ProQOL and Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS). The reliability and validity of the scale was evaluated by correlation analysis, t-test, and confirmatory factor analysis.

Results: The overall Cronbach's a for Compassion Satisfaction was 0.87 ranging from 0.86 to 0.87 with individual items deleted, for Burn-out was 0.73 ranging from 0.71 to 0.79 with individual items deleted and for Secondary Traumatic Stress was 0.83 ranging from 0.81 to 0.84 with individual items deleted. Additionally, the Pearson correlation r for Compassion Satisfaction, Burn-out and Secondary Traumatic Stress showed strong correlations between test-retest measurements (p<0.001). Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burn-out were positively correlated to STSS as expected (r=0.69 for Secondary Traumatic Stress and r=0.57 for Burn-out) implying sufficient convergent validity. In contrast, Compassion Satisfaction was negatively correlated to STSS as expected (r=-0.25) implying sufficient divergent validity. Goodness-of-fit indices included TLI=0.856, CFI=0.895, and RMSEA=0.063 supporting the construct validity of the three-dimensional instrument.

Conclusion: ProQOL-V has good reliability and validity among nurses in Greece. The implications of relevant future research are important in relation to the health care management and the support and continuous education of front-line health and social care workers.

Background: Chronic pain (CP) is a debilitating condition in which pain persists for months or years beyond the expected duration seen in normal healing processes. Because of the social and economic burden of CP in military personnel, it is important to ascertain pain-related physical, mental and psychological conditions to improve pain management.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the physical therapy in active military personnel (AMP) with CP through self-reported questionnaires.

Methods: Sixty male AMP outpatients suffering from CP were included and divided into two groups according to their exercise levels in daily life (30 patients exercised regularly, while the remaining 30 had a sedentary lifestyle). All participants completed the following forms and questionnaires: Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, Neck Disability Index (NDI), Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire (NBQ), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Hospital Anxiety-Depression Index (HADS), 36-item Short Form Survey (SF-36), Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ), and Pain Belief Questionnaire (PBQ). Patients were given 10 sessions of a standardized physical therapy program, including hot pack applications, TENS, ultrasound therapy and also home-based physical exercise.

Results: The median age of patients was 22 (min-max: 20-42) years. The HADS and PBQ-psychological scores were high and ATQ scores were low in both groups. After the treatment, ODI and VAS scores decreased in both groups; however, the group comprised of patients that exercised regularly at baseline also demonstrated a significant decrease in NBQ and NDI values.

Conclusion: We showed that three components of pain (physical, cognitive and emotional) are indeed effective on pain intensity and levels of disability. Our study showed that scales related with pain could improve by physical therapy in AMP, and that patients who normally exercised benefitted from physical therapy at a relatively higher degree. Chronic pain needs to be managed in the context of the patient's biological, psychological, social and also occupational characteristics; thus, individualized, patient-specific and multi-factorial treatments should be considered whenever possible.

Background: Sentiment analysis, which is also referred to as 'opinion mining' or 'emotion AI', processes natural language, analyzes text and employs computational linguistics, and biometrics to identify and analyze emotions and subjective information. Sentiment analysis is mostly applied in domains such as marketing and customer service but also in clinical medicine. Clinical medicine- related sentiment analysis has advanced recently, as more and more researchers are performing studies with the help of this valuable technique, having noticed its ability to contribute in the field.

Objective: The aim of this review was to present important facts about sentimental analysis described in deposited articles in on-line databases and the relevant articles critically appraised and a narrative synthesis conducted.

Methods: A systematic search of four electronic databases (PubMed, APA PsycINFO, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect) was performed. This review considered only quantitative, primary studies in English language, without geographical limitations, published from 2006-2021 and relevant to the objective. Searching terms were 'Sentiment analysis' AND 'Obstetrics' OR 'pregnancy', OR 'COVID' OR 'Perinatal distress' OR 'postpartum period' OR 'fetal' OR 'breast feeding' OR 'cervical'.

Results and discussion: Relevant articles were critically appraised and a narrative synthesis was conducted. As a large number of studies, illustrates the use of sentiment analysis in the domain of clinical medicine, it is proved to be extremely helpful, assisting in the investigation of some highly important and even previously unexplored issues.

Conclusion: Since pregnant women express their thoughts and feelings more openly than ever before, sentiment analysis is becoming an essential tool to monitor and understand that sentiment. Given the vast knowledge sentiment analysis has already offered, further studies employing this technique are expected in the future.

Background: Exercise seems to protect from breast cancer (BC) and this protection is likely mediated through weight control during menopause. Considering that night work is associated with higher risk for BC.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the possible relation of BC risk to daytime or nighttime hours of exercise.

Methods: The material was taken from primary elements of a doctoral thesis at the Department of Midwifery, University of West Attica that examines the impact of the characteristics of exercising on BC. The data were obtained from relevant questionnaires filled in at a big private hospital, following a relevant permit of the scientific committee, and adjusted Google Forms, ensuring anonymity.

Results: Almost 3 times more women without a history of BC were exclusively exercising during the daytime compared to the ones with a history of BC who were exclusively exercising during the nighttime (40 vs 15). On the contrary, a smaller number of women without a history of BC were exclusively exercising during the nighttime compared to the ones with a history of BC who were exclusively exercising during the nighttime (17 vs 20) (odds ratio >3 with a confidence interval >1 to >7.5 and p<0.05).

Conclusion: It seems that the protective impact of exercising on BC is mitigated when the exercise is performed exclusively during night hours.