Camila G Quinonez, Jae Jin Lee, Juhyeon Lim, Mark Odell, Christopher P Lawson, Amarachukwu Anyogu, Saki Raheem, Hyungjin Eoh
Unlike other heterotrophic bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can co-catabolize a range of carbon sources simultaneously. Evolution of Mtb within host nutrient environment allows Mtb to consume the host's fatty acids as a main carbon source during infection. The fatty acid-induced metabolic advantage greatly contributes to Mtb's pathogenicity and virulence. Thus, the identification of key enzymes involved in Mtb's fatty acid metabolism is urgently needed to aid new drug development. Two fatty acid metabolism enzymes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and isocitrate lyase (ICL) have been intensively studied as promising drug targets, but recently, Quinonez et al. (mBio, doi: 10.1128/mbio.03559-21) highlighted a link between the fatty acid-induced dormancy-like state and drug tolerance. Using metabolomics profiling of a PEPCK-deficient mutant, Quinonez et al. identified that over-accumulation of methylcitrate cycle (MCC) intermediates are phenotypically associated with enhanced drug tolerance against first- and second- line TB antibiotics. This finding was further corroborated by metabolomics and phenotypic characterization of Mtb mutants lacking either ICL or 2-methylcitrate dehydratase. Fatty acid metabolism induced drug-tolerance was also recapitulated in wildtype Mtb after treatment with authentic 2-methylisocitrate, an MCC intermediate. Together, the fatty acid-induced dormancy-like state and drug tolerance are attributed to dysregulated MCC activity.
{"title":"Fatty acid metabolism of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>: A double-edged sword.","authors":"Camila G Quinonez, Jae Jin Lee, Juhyeon Lim, Mark Odell, Christopher P Lawson, Amarachukwu Anyogu, Saki Raheem, Hyungjin Eoh","doi":"10.15698/mic2022.05.777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2022.05.777","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unlike other heterotrophic bacteria, <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) can co-catabolize a range of carbon sources simultaneously. Evolution of Mtb within host nutrient environment allows Mtb to consume the host's fatty acids as a main carbon source during infection. The fatty acid-induced metabolic advantage greatly contributes to Mtb's pathogenicity and virulence. Thus, the identification of key enzymes involved in Mtb's fatty acid metabolism is urgently needed to aid new drug development. Two fatty acid metabolism enzymes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and isocitrate lyase (ICL) have been intensively studied as promising drug targets, but recently, Quinonez <i>et al.</i> (mBio, doi: 10.1128/mbio.03559-21) highlighted a link between the fatty acid-induced dormancy-like state and drug tolerance. Using metabolomics profiling of a PEPCK-deficient mutant, Quinonez <i>et al.</i> identified that over-accumulation of methylcitrate cycle (MCC) intermediates are phenotypically associated with enhanced drug tolerance against first- and second- line TB antibiotics. This finding was further corroborated by metabolomics and phenotypic characterization of Mtb mutants lacking either ICL or 2-methylcitrate dehydratase. Fatty acid metabolism induced drug-tolerance was also recapitulated in wildtype Mtb after treatment with authentic 2-methylisocitrate, an MCC intermediate. Together, the fatty acid-induced dormancy-like state and drug tolerance are attributed to dysregulated MCC activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18397,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9113558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9627628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Carmona-Gutierrez, Katharina Kainz, A. Zimmermann, Sebastian J. Hofer, M. Bauer, C. Ruckenstuhl, G. Kroemer, F. Madeo
Viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoal biology is of cardinal importance for the evolutionary history of life, ecology, biotechnology and infectious diseases. Various microbiological model systems have fundamentally contributed to the understanding of molecular and cellular processes, including the cell cycle, cell death, mitochondrial biogenesis, vesicular fusion and autophagy, among many others. Microbial interactions within the environment have profound effects on many fields of biology, from ecological diversity to the highly complex and multifaceted impact of the microbiome on human health. Also, biotechnological innovation and corresponding industrial operations strongly depend on microbial engineering. With this wide range of impact in mind, the peer-reviewed and open access journal Microbial Cell was founded in 2014 and celebrates its 100th issue this month. Here, we briefly summarize how the vast diversity of microbiological subjects influences our personal and societal lives and shortly review the milestones achieved by Microbial Cell during the last years.
{"title":"A hundred spotlights on microbiology: how microorganisms shape our lives","authors":"D. Carmona-Gutierrez, Katharina Kainz, A. Zimmermann, Sebastian J. Hofer, M. Bauer, C. Ruckenstuhl, G. Kroemer, F. Madeo","doi":"10.15698/mic2022.04.773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2022.04.773","url":null,"abstract":"Viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoal biology is of cardinal importance for the evolutionary history of life, ecology, biotechnology and infectious diseases. Various microbiological model systems have fundamentally contributed to the understanding of molecular and cellular processes, including the cell cycle, cell death, mitochondrial biogenesis, vesicular fusion and autophagy, among many others. Microbial interactions within the environment have profound effects on many fields of biology, from ecological diversity to the highly complex and multifaceted impact of the microbiome on human health. Also, biotechnological innovation and corresponding industrial operations strongly depend on microbial engineering. With this wide range of impact in mind, the peer-reviewed and open access journal Microbial Cell was founded in 2014 and celebrates its 100th issue this month. Here, we briefly summarize how the vast diversity of microbiological subjects influences our personal and societal lives and shortly review the milestones achieved by Microbial Cell during the last years.","PeriodicalId":18397,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42366326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brandon Ho, Raphaël Loll-Krippleber, Grant W. Brown
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has long been an outstanding platform for understanding the biology of eukaryotic cells. Robust genetics, cell biology, molecular biology, and biochemistry complement deep and detailed genome annotation, a multitude of genome-scale strain collections for functional genomics, and substantial gene conservation with Metazoa to comprise a powerful model for modern biological research. Recently, the yeast model has demonstrated its utility in a perhaps unexpected area, that of eukaryotic virology. Here we discuss three innovative applications of the yeast model system to reveal functions and investigate variants of proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
{"title":"Yeast goes viral: probing SARS-CoV-2 biology using S. cerevisiae","authors":"Brandon Ho, Raphaël Loll-Krippleber, Grant W. Brown","doi":"10.15698/mic2022.04.774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2022.04.774","url":null,"abstract":"The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has long been an outstanding platform for understanding the biology of eukaryotic cells. Robust genetics, cell biology, molecular biology, and biochemistry complement deep and detailed genome annotation, a multitude of genome-scale strain collections for functional genomics, and substantial gene conservation with Metazoa to comprise a powerful model for modern biological research. Recently, the yeast model has demonstrated its utility in a perhaps unexpected area, that of eukaryotic virology. Here we discuss three innovative applications of the yeast model system to reveal functions and investigate variants of proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.","PeriodicalId":18397,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48757712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within intensive care units, multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreaks are a frequent cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia. During the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, patients who receive ventilator support experience a 2-fold increased risk of mortality when they contract a secondary A. baumannii pulmonary infection. In our recent paper (De Oliveira et al. (2022), Mbio, doi: 10.1128/mbio.03517-21), we demonstrate that the 8-hydroxquinoline ionophore, PBT2 breaks the resistance of A. baumannii to tetracycline class antibiotics. In vitro, the combination of PBT2 and zinc with either tetracycline, doxycycline, or tigecycline was shown to be bactericidal against multi-drug-resistant A. baumannii, and any resistance that did arise imposed a fitness cost. Using a murine model of pulmonary infection, treatment with PBT2 in combination with tetracycline or tigecycline proved efficacious against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. These findings suggest that PBT2 may find utility as a resistance breaker to rescue the efficacy of tetracycline-class antibiotics commonly employed to treat multi-drug resistant A. baumannii infections.
在重症监护病房,多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌暴发是呼吸机相关性肺炎的常见原因。在持续的COVID-19大流行期间,接受呼吸机支持的患者在感染继发性鲍曼不动杆菌肺部感染时死亡风险增加了两倍。在我们最近的论文(De Oliveira et al. (2022), Mbio, doi: 10.1128/ Mbio .03517-21)中,我们证明了8-羟基喹啉离子载体PBT2可以打破鲍曼不动杆菌对四环素类抗生素的耐药性。在体外实验中,PBT2和锌与四环素、多西环素或替加环素的组合被证明对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌具有杀菌作用,并且任何耐药性的产生都施加了适应度成本。通过小鼠肺部感染模型,PBT2联合四环素或替加环素治疗对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌有效。这些发现表明,PBT2可以作为一种耐药性破环剂,挽救通常用于治疗多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染的四环素类抗生素的疗效。
{"title":"An ionophore breaks the multi-drug-resistance of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>.","authors":"David M P De Oliveira, Mark J Walker","doi":"10.15698/mic2022.03.772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2022.03.772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Within intensive care units, multi-drug resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> outbreaks are a frequent cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia. During the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, patients who receive ventilator support experience a 2-fold increased risk of mortality when they contract a secondary <i>A. baumannii</i> pulmonary infection. In our recent paper (De Oliveira <i>et al.</i> (2022), Mbio, doi: 10.1128/mbio.03517-21), we demonstrate that the 8-hydroxquinoline ionophore, PBT2 breaks the resistance of <i>A. baumannii</i> to tetracycline class antibiotics. <i>In vitro</i>, the combination of PBT2 and zinc with either tetracycline, doxycycline, or tigecycline was shown to be bactericidal against multi-drug-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i>, and any resistance that did arise imposed a fitness cost. Using a murine model of pulmonary infection, treatment with PBT2 in combination with tetracycline or tigecycline proved efficacious against multidrug-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i>. These findings suggest that PBT2 may find utility as a resistance breaker to rescue the efficacy of tetracycline-class antibiotics commonly employed to treat multi-drug resistant <i>A. baumannii</i> infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":18397,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8890622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9102235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Not all treasure is silver and gold; for pathogenic bacteria, iron is the most precious and the most pillaged of metallic elements. Iron is essential for the survival and growth of all life; however free iron is scarce for bacteria inside human hosts. As a mechanism of defence, humans have evolved ways to store iron so as to render it inaccessible for invading pathogens, such as keeping the metal bound to iron-carrying proteins. For bacteria to survive within humans, they must therefore evolve counters to this defence to compete with these proteins for iron binding, or directly steal iron from them. The most populous form of iron in humans is haem: a functionally significant coordination complex that is central to oxygen transport and predominantly bound by haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is therefore the largest source of iron in humans and, as a result, bacterial pathogens in critical need of iron have evolved complex and creative ways to acquire haem from haemoglobin. Bacteria of all cell wall types have the ability to bind haemoglobin at their cell surface, to accept the haem from it and transport this to the cytoplasm for downstream uses. This review describes the systems employed by various pathogenic bacteria to utilise haemoglobin as an iron source within human hosts and discusses their contribution to virulence.
{"title":"Pirates of the haemoglobin","authors":"Daniel Akinbosede, Robert Chizea, S. Hare","doi":"10.15698/mic2022.04.775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2022.04.775","url":null,"abstract":"Not all treasure is silver and gold; for pathogenic bacteria, iron is the most precious and the most pillaged of metallic elements. Iron is essential for the survival and growth of all life; however free iron is scarce for bacteria inside human hosts. As a mechanism of defence, humans have evolved ways to store iron so as to render it inaccessible for invading pathogens, such as keeping the metal bound to iron-carrying proteins. For bacteria to survive within humans, they must therefore evolve counters to this defence to compete with these proteins for iron binding, or directly steal iron from them. The most populous form of iron in humans is haem: a functionally significant coordination complex that is central to oxygen transport and predominantly bound by haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is therefore the largest source of iron in humans and, as a result, bacterial pathogens in critical need of iron have evolved complex and creative ways to acquire haem from haemoglobin. Bacteria of all cell wall types have the ability to bind haemoglobin at their cell surface, to accept the haem from it and transport this to the cytoplasm for downstream uses. This review describes the systems employed by various pathogenic bacteria to utilise haemoglobin as an iron source within human hosts and discusses their contribution to virulence.","PeriodicalId":18397,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44308874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandra Berroyer, A. Bacolla, J. Tainer, Nayun Kim
Topoisomerase 1 (Top1) removes transcription-associated helical stress to suppress G4-formation and its induced recombination at genomic loci containing guanine-run containing sequences. Interestingly, Top1 binds tightly to G4 structures, and its inhibition or depletion can cause elevated instability at these genomic loci. Top1 is targeted by the widely used anti-cancer chemotherapeutic camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives, which stabilize Top1 covalently attached on a DNA nick and prevent the re-ligation step. Here we investigated how CPT-resistance conferring Top1 mutants, which emerge in cancer patients and cells treated with CPT, affect G4-induced genomic instability in S. cerevisiae. We found that Top1 mutants form stable complexes with G4 DNA and that expression of Top1 cleavage-defective mutants but not a DNA-binding-defective mutant lead to significantly elevated instability at a G4-forming genomic locus. Elevated recombination rates were partly suppressed by their proteolytic removal by SPRTN homolog Wss1 SUMO-dependent metalloprotease in vivo. Furthermore, interaction between G4-DNA binding protein Nsr1, a homolog to clinically-relevant human nucleolin, and Top1 mutants lead to a synergistic increase in G4-associated recombination. These results in the yeast system are strengthened by our cancer genome data analyses showing that functionally detrimental mutations in Top1 correlate with an enrichment of mutations at G4 motifs. Our collective experimental and computational findings point to cooperative binding of Top1 cleavage-defective mutants and Nsr1 as promoting DNA replication blockage and exacerbating genomic instability at G4-motifs, thus complicating patient treatment.
{"title":"Cleavage-defective Topoisomerase I mutants sharply increase G-quadruplex-associated genomic instability","authors":"Alexandra Berroyer, A. Bacolla, J. Tainer, Nayun Kim","doi":"10.15698/mic2022.03.771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2022.03.771","url":null,"abstract":"Topoisomerase 1 (Top1) removes transcription-associated helical stress to suppress G4-formation and its induced recombination at genomic loci containing guanine-run containing sequences. Interestingly, Top1 binds tightly to G4 structures, and its inhibition or depletion can cause elevated instability at these genomic loci. Top1 is targeted by the widely used anti-cancer chemotherapeutic camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives, which stabilize Top1 covalently attached on a DNA nick and prevent the re-ligation step. Here we investigated how CPT-resistance conferring Top1 mutants, which emerge in cancer patients and cells treated with CPT, affect G4-induced genomic instability in S. cerevisiae. We found that Top1 mutants form stable complexes with G4 DNA and that expression of Top1 cleavage-defective mutants but not a DNA-binding-defective mutant lead to significantly elevated instability at a G4-forming genomic locus. Elevated recombination rates were partly suppressed by their proteolytic removal by SPRTN homolog Wss1 SUMO-dependent metalloprotease in vivo. Furthermore, interaction between G4-DNA binding protein Nsr1, a homolog to clinically-relevant human nucleolin, and Top1 mutants lead to a synergistic increase in G4-associated recombination. These results in the yeast system are strengthened by our cancer genome data analyses showing that functionally detrimental mutations in Top1 correlate with an enrichment of mutations at G4 motifs. Our collective experimental and computational findings point to cooperative binding of Top1 cleavage-defective mutants and Nsr1 as promoting DNA replication blockage and exacerbating genomic instability at G4-motifs, thus complicating patient treatment.","PeriodicalId":18397,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44154065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27eCollection Date: 2022-01-03DOI: 10.15698/mic2022.01.768
Gabriela Leite, Mark Pimentel, Gillian M Barlow, Ruchi Mathur
Gut microbiome changes have been associated with human ageing and implicated in age-related diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, studies to date have used stool samples, which do not represent the entire gut. Although more challenging to access, the small intestine plays critical roles in host metabolism and immune function. In this paper (Leite et al. (2021), Cell Reports, doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109765), we demonstrate significant differences in the small intestinal microbiome in older subjects, using duodenal aspirates from 251 subjects aged 18-80 years. Differences included significantly decreased microbial diversity in older subjects, driven by increased relative abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, particularly family Enterobacteriaceae and coliform genera Escherichia and Klebsiella. Moreover, while this decreased diversity was associated with the 'ageing process' (comprising chronologic age, number of medications, and number of concomitant diseases), changes in certain taxa were found to be associated with number of medications alone (Klebsiella), number of diseases alone (Clostridium, Bilophila), or chronologic age alone (Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus). Lastly, many taxa associated with increasing chronologic age were anaerobes. These changes may contribute to changes in human health that occur during the ageing process.
肠道微生物组的变化与人类衰老有关,并与老年痴呆症和帕金森病等与年龄有关的疾病有关。然而,迄今为止的研究使用的是粪便样本,这并不代表整个肠道。小肠在宿主代谢和免疫功能中起着至关重要的作用,尽管进入小肠更具挑战性。在本文(Leite et al. (2021), Cell Reports, doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109765)中,我们使用251名年龄在18-80岁的受试者的十二指肠抽吸液,证明老年受试者的小肠微生物组存在显著差异。差异包括老年受试者的微生物多样性显著降低,这是由于变形菌门,特别是肠杆菌科和大肠杆菌属埃希氏菌和克雷伯氏菌的相对丰度增加所致。此外,虽然这种减少的多样性与“衰老过程”(包括年龄、药物数量和伴随疾病的数量)有关,但发现某些分类群的变化仅与药物数量(克雷伯氏菌)、疾病数量(梭状芽孢杆菌、嗜杆菌)或年龄(埃希氏菌、乳杆菌、肠球菌)有关。最后,许多与年龄增长相关的分类群是厌氧菌。这些变化可能导致在衰老过程中发生的人类健康变化。
{"title":"The small bowel microbiome changes significantly with age and aspects of the ageing process.","authors":"Gabriela Leite, Mark Pimentel, Gillian M Barlow, Ruchi Mathur","doi":"10.15698/mic2022.01.768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2022.01.768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gut microbiome changes have been associated with human ageing and implicated in age-related diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, studies to date have used stool samples, which do not represent the entire gut. Although more challenging to access, the small intestine plays critical roles in host metabolism and immune function. In this paper (Leite <i>et al.</i> (2021), Cell Reports, doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109765), we demonstrate significant differences in the small intestinal microbiome in older subjects, using duodenal aspirates from 251 subjects aged 18-80 years. Differences included significantly decreased microbial diversity in older subjects, driven by increased relative abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, particularly family Enterobacteriaceae and coliform genera <i>Escherichia</i> and <i>Klebsiella.</i> Moreover, while this decreased diversity was associated with the 'ageing process' (comprising chronologic age, number of medications, and number of concomitant diseases), changes in certain taxa were found to be associated with number of medications alone (<i>Klebsiella</i>), number of diseases alone (<i>Clostridium, Bilophila</i>), or chronologic age alone (<i>Escherichia</i>, <i>Lactobacillus, Enterococcus</i>). Lastly, many taxa associated with increasing chronologic age were anaerobes. These changes may contribute to changes in human health that occur during the ageing process.</p>","PeriodicalId":18397,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8717087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39963974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27eCollection Date: 2022-02-07DOI: 10.15698/mic2022.02.769
Ziyan Fang, Stéphane Méresse
Salmonellae are bacteria that cause moderate to severe infections in humans, depending on the strain and the immune status of the infected host. These pathogens have the particularity of residing in the cells of the infected host. They are usually found in a vacuolar compartment that the bacteria shape with the help of effector proteins. Following invasion of a eukaryotic cell, the bacterial vacuole undergoes maturation characterized by changes in localization, composition and morphology. In particular, membrane tubules stretching over the microtubule cytoskeleton are formed from the bacterial vacuole. Although these tubules do not occur in all infected cells, they are functionally important and promote intracellular replication. This review focuses on the role and significance of membrane compartment remodeling observed in infected cells and the bacterial and host cell pathways involved.
{"title":"Endomembrane remodeling and dynamics in <i>Salmonella</i> infection.","authors":"Ziyan Fang, Stéphane Méresse","doi":"10.15698/mic2022.02.769","DOIUrl":"10.15698/mic2022.02.769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella</i>e are bacteria that cause moderate to severe infections in humans, depending on the strain and the immune status of the infected host. These pathogens have the particularity of residing in the cells of the infected host. They are usually found in a vacuolar compartment that the bacteria shape with the help of effector proteins. Following invasion of a eukaryotic cell, the bacterial vacuole undergoes maturation characterized by changes in localization, composition and morphology. In particular, membrane tubules stretching over the microtubule cytoskeleton are formed from the bacterial vacuole. Although these tubules do not occur in all infected cells, they are functionally important and promote intracellular replication. This review focuses on the role and significance of membrane compartment remodeling observed in infected cells and the bacterial and host cell pathways involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":18397,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8796136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39757468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria A Bauer, Katharina Kainz, Christoph Ruckenstuhl, Frank Madeo, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez
Our cultural heritage consists of manifold cultural expressions and represents a defining feature of our societies that needs to be further inherited to future generations. Even though humankind always fought a daily struggle for survival, at the same time, it seemed to have a spiritual need that went far beyond mere materialistic satisfaction and nowadays manifests in sometimes very ancient, yet brilliant artistic works. This fundamental legacy is endangered by several instances, including biodeterioration. Indeed, microorganisms play a significant role in the decline of all forms of tangible cultural heritage, including movable, immovable and underwater cultural heritage. Microbial colonization, biofilm formation and damaging metabolite production eventually result in critical decay. Thus, efforts to mitigate the negative impact of damaging microorganisms have been pursued with diverse physical, chemical and biological approaches. Intriguingly, recent advances have unveiled that specific microorganisms and microbial-based technologies also have the potential for cultural heritage preservation and present unique advantages. This short piece provides a quick overview on the duality of microorganisms in the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage.
{"title":"Murals meet microbes: at the crossroads of microbiology and cultural heritage.","authors":"Maria A Bauer, Katharina Kainz, Christoph Ruckenstuhl, Frank Madeo, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez","doi":"10.15698/mic2021.12.765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2021.12.765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our cultural heritage consists of manifold cultural expressions and represents a defining feature of our societies that needs to be further inherited to future generations. Even though humankind always fought a daily struggle for survival, at the same time, it seemed to have a spiritual need that went far beyond mere materialistic satisfaction and nowadays manifests in sometimes very ancient, yet brilliant artistic works. This fundamental legacy is endangered by several instances, including biodeterioration. Indeed, microorganisms play a significant role in the decline of all forms of tangible cultural heritage, including movable, immovable and underwater cultural heritage. Microbial colonization, biofilm formation and damaging metabolite production eventually result in critical decay. Thus, efforts to mitigate the negative impact of damaging microorganisms have been pursued with diverse physical, chemical and biological approaches. Intriguingly, recent advances have unveiled that specific microorganisms and microbial-based technologies also have the potential for cultural heritage preservation and present unique advantages. This short piece provides a quick overview on the duality of microorganisms in the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage.</p>","PeriodicalId":18397,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8642884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39727518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-26eCollection Date: 2022-02-07DOI: 10.15698/mic2022.02.770
Zhaojie Zhang, Gracie R Zhang
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is capable of surviving extreme water loss for a long time. However, less is known about the mechanism of its desiccation tolerance. In this study, we revealed that in an exponential culture, all desiccation tolerant yeast cells were in G1 phase and had condensed chromosomes. These cells share certain features of stationary G0 cells, such as low metabolic level. They were also replicatively young, compared to the desiccation sensitive G1 cells. A similar percentage of chromosome-condensed cells were observed in stationary phase but the condensation level was much higher than that of the log-phase cells. These chromosome-condensed stationary cells were also tolerant to desiccation. However, the majority of the desiccation tolerant cells in stationary phase do not have condensed chromosomes. We speculate that the log-phase cells with condensed chromosome might be a unique feature developed through evolution to survive unpredicted sudden changes of the environment.
{"title":"Chromosome-condensed G1 phase yeast cells are tolerant to desiccation stress.","authors":"Zhaojie Zhang, Gracie R Zhang","doi":"10.15698/mic2022.02.770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2022.02.770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The budding yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> is capable of surviving extreme water loss for a long time. However, less is known about the mechanism of its desiccation tolerance. In this study, we revealed that in an exponential culture, all desiccation tolerant yeast cells were in G1 phase and had condensed chromosomes. These cells share certain features of stationary G0 cells, such as low metabolic level. They were also replicatively young, compared to the desiccation sensitive G1 cells. A similar percentage of chromosome-condensed cells were observed in stationary phase but the condensation level was much higher than that of the log-phase cells. These chromosome-condensed stationary cells were also tolerant to desiccation. However, the majority of the desiccation tolerant cells in stationary phase do not have condensed chromosomes. We speculate that the log-phase cells with condensed chromosome might be a unique feature developed through evolution to survive unpredicted sudden changes of the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":18397,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Cell","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8796137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39757467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}