Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/eic.2018.8481113
B. Lanz, W. Chatterton
“How do cables fail?” is a loaded question. The mechanisms by which many cables fail are presumed unknown due to the catastrophic failure site being un-diagnosable post failure. There are many myths regarding the phenomena of what causes a cable to fail. The expected life of cables is also a hotly debated topic. “Cables last 40 years” is the common mantra most asset managers live by. There are many other myths as well such as “Water trees fail cables” and “Electrical trees have very short lives”. These myths will be discussed and debunked. An understanding of what really causes cables to fail will be described allowing the asset manager to make corrective actions prior to having an unplanned failure. Key cable issue fundamentals will be presented that need to be understood to help promote a long cable life. Proper cable system partial discharge (PD) assessment is very important in helping to ensure long cable life. Statistically significant supporting data will be presented. Assess first, then act on the findings to guarantee a long cable life.
{"title":"How Cables Fail-the Myths and Fundamentals to Ensuring Long Cable Life","authors":"B. Lanz, W. Chatterton","doi":"10.1109/eic.2018.8481113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/eic.2018.8481113","url":null,"abstract":"“How do cables fail?” is a loaded question. The mechanisms by which many cables fail are presumed unknown due to the catastrophic failure site being un-diagnosable post failure. There are many myths regarding the phenomena of what causes a cable to fail. The expected life of cables is also a hotly debated topic. “Cables last 40 years” is the common mantra most asset managers live by. There are many other myths as well such as “Water trees fail cables” and “Electrical trees have very short lives”. These myths will be discussed and debunked. An understanding of what really causes cables to fail will be described allowing the asset manager to make corrective actions prior to having an unplanned failure. Key cable issue fundamentals will be presented that need to be understood to help promote a long cable life. Proper cable system partial discharge (PD) assessment is very important in helping to ensure long cable life. Statistically significant supporting data will be presented. Assess first, then act on the findings to guarantee a long cable life.","PeriodicalId":184139,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134436575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.2018.8481043
Peng Wang, Changjiang Zheng, Ying Li, Yong Lei, A. Cavallini
Partial discharge (PD) and endurance test under repetitive impulsive voltages are necessary for insulation systems of inverter-fed motors to guarantee its reliability. When performing partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) and endurance test using impulsive voltages, the repetitive impulsive voltage parameters such as rise time, fall time, frequency and duty cycle could influence test result significantly according to our previous studies under repetitive square wave voltages with 50% duty cycles. However, there is little study on the influence of repetitive impulsive voltage with very short time duration, which is the real voltage stressed on insulation in stators, on PD and endurance. Therefore, this work focuses on the investigation of the effects of short unipolar repetitive impulsive voltages with 200 ns voltage duration on PD statistics and insulation lifetime of enameled wires. A great number of PD and endurance tests under impulsive voltages is performed on twisted wires used for inverter-fed motor insulation. Both ultra-high frequency (UHF) and ultraviolet sensors were used to suppress disturbance produced by power electronic devices and thus, receive PD signals with high signal to noise ratio. Experimental results show that PD magnitude under unipolar short impulsive voltages with different rise times increase significantly with the decreasing rise times, which is similar to the results obtained at bipolar repetitive square wave voltages with 50% duty cycles. Moreover, endurance test under two voltage conditions indicate that, even with same peak-to-peak value and frequency, short pulse voltages will give rise to longer endurance than square pulse voltages.
{"title":"The PD and Endurance Features of Enameled Wires at Short Repetitive Impulsive Voltages","authors":"Peng Wang, Changjiang Zheng, Ying Li, Yong Lei, A. Cavallini","doi":"10.1109/EIC.2018.8481043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2018.8481043","url":null,"abstract":"Partial discharge (PD) and endurance test under repetitive impulsive voltages are necessary for insulation systems of inverter-fed motors to guarantee its reliability. When performing partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) and endurance test using impulsive voltages, the repetitive impulsive voltage parameters such as rise time, fall time, frequency and duty cycle could influence test result significantly according to our previous studies under repetitive square wave voltages with 50% duty cycles. However, there is little study on the influence of repetitive impulsive voltage with very short time duration, which is the real voltage stressed on insulation in stators, on PD and endurance. Therefore, this work focuses on the investigation of the effects of short unipolar repetitive impulsive voltages with 200 ns voltage duration on PD statistics and insulation lifetime of enameled wires. A great number of PD and endurance tests under impulsive voltages is performed on twisted wires used for inverter-fed motor insulation. Both ultra-high frequency (UHF) and ultraviolet sensors were used to suppress disturbance produced by power electronic devices and thus, receive PD signals with high signal to noise ratio. Experimental results show that PD magnitude under unipolar short impulsive voltages with different rise times increase significantly with the decreasing rise times, which is similar to the results obtained at bipolar repetitive square wave voltages with 50% duty cycles. Moreover, endurance test under two voltage conditions indicate that, even with same peak-to-peak value and frequency, short pulse voltages will give rise to longer endurance than square pulse voltages.","PeriodicalId":184139,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131289365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.2018.8481119
Peng Zhang, B. Qi, Zhihai Rong, Chengrong Li, Chao Gu, Demeng Bai
Gas insulated switchgear (GIS)'s property and operation state has a directly influence on the grid safety. Thus state assessment of GIS is badly needed. Most existing GIS state evaluation is based on fault diagnosis, and lack of research on GIS state evaluation methods. In order to develop a more reasonable maintenance strategy, this paper presents a method based on fuzzy membership degree for evaluating the GIS state. Based on all possible failure modes of each structure on GIS, this paper selected the state variables of each fault mode to provide the evaluation index for each structure failure modes. Firstly, for each state variable, its evaluation index fuzzy membership degree of “normal”, “attention”, “abnormal” and “serious” is calculated. Secondly, the weights are assigned to each state based on the analytic hierarchy process. Finally, based on the theory of evidence, all kinds of failure modes are evaluated respectively, and then the state of GIS is evaluated. The method is used to evaluate the state of GIS equipment in operation. Considering the state variables, the different structure of GIS was scored and the membership function was established to correct the weight of each index. It is proved that this method can be used to evaluate the state of GIS in operation. In this paper, a GIS condition assessment method based on fuzzy membership degree is established. The method can be used to evaluate the GIS state comprehensively and effectively.
{"title":"GIS Condition Assessment Method Based on Fuzzy Mathematics Theory","authors":"Peng Zhang, B. Qi, Zhihai Rong, Chengrong Li, Chao Gu, Demeng Bai","doi":"10.1109/EIC.2018.8481119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2018.8481119","url":null,"abstract":"Gas insulated switchgear (GIS)'s property and operation state has a directly influence on the grid safety. Thus state assessment of GIS is badly needed. Most existing GIS state evaluation is based on fault diagnosis, and lack of research on GIS state evaluation methods. In order to develop a more reasonable maintenance strategy, this paper presents a method based on fuzzy membership degree for evaluating the GIS state. Based on all possible failure modes of each structure on GIS, this paper selected the state variables of each fault mode to provide the evaluation index for each structure failure modes. Firstly, for each state variable, its evaluation index fuzzy membership degree of “normal”, “attention”, “abnormal” and “serious” is calculated. Secondly, the weights are assigned to each state based on the analytic hierarchy process. Finally, based on the theory of evidence, all kinds of failure modes are evaluated respectively, and then the state of GIS is evaluated. The method is used to evaluate the state of GIS equipment in operation. Considering the state variables, the different structure of GIS was scored and the membership function was established to correct the weight of each index. It is proved that this method can be used to evaluate the state of GIS in operation. In this paper, a GIS condition assessment method based on fuzzy membership degree is established. The method can be used to evaluate the GIS state comprehensively and effectively.","PeriodicalId":184139,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127431361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.2018.8481037
Collin Philippe, M. David, L. Yvan
In this communication, we describe a methodologic tool (software) that give instruction to design the coil winding of low voltage machines fed by inverters. The aim of this tool is to bring useful information to the coil manufacturer who has, first, to respect the size of the slots, the total copper section (slot occupancy) and the coil voltage that are imposed by the motor designer. Then, to increase the PDIV between turns and between turns and ground to the highest value. For that purpose, by using a numerical simulation that takes into account the Paschen's law, the developed software will provide how to choose and arrange the enameled wires in the slots: random or form-wound coils, wires shape (round or rectangular), number of wires in parallel by turn, insulation thickness (grade), turns arrangement,… up to find the best solution that allow to respect both motor designer and PDIV constraints. Some practical examples will be given to prove the efficiency of such a tool.
{"title":"Tool to Design the Primary Electrical Insulation System of Low Voltage Rotating Machines Fed by Inverters","authors":"Collin Philippe, M. David, L. Yvan","doi":"10.1109/EIC.2018.8481037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2018.8481037","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, we describe a methodologic tool (software) that give instruction to design the coil winding of low voltage machines fed by inverters. The aim of this tool is to bring useful information to the coil manufacturer who has, first, to respect the size of the slots, the total copper section (slot occupancy) and the coil voltage that are imposed by the motor designer. Then, to increase the PDIV between turns and between turns and ground to the highest value. For that purpose, by using a numerical simulation that takes into account the Paschen's law, the developed software will provide how to choose and arrange the enameled wires in the slots: random or form-wound coils, wires shape (round or rectangular), number of wires in parallel by turn, insulation thickness (grade), turns arrangement,… up to find the best solution that allow to respect both motor designer and PDIV constraints. Some practical examples will be given to prove the efficiency of such a tool.","PeriodicalId":184139,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123908480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.2018.8481039
H. Shibata, Toshikatsu Kotsubo, Tatsuhiro Yamauchi, S. Ohtsuka
Insulation diagnosis and partial discharge (PD) test have been performed from the viewpoint of operational reliability and quality evaluation of high-voltage electrical power apparatus. The Ultra high frequency (UHF) method that measures the PD-emitted electromagnetic (EM) waves with UHF band (0.3-3 GHz) components is known as one of powerful methods of insulation diagnosis based on PD detection for highvoltage electrical power apparatus. To improve the UHF method, accurate measurement of PD current pulse is quite important because the PD current is a radiation source of the EM wave. Therefore, we have developed the SHF_PDPW (super high frequency wideband PD current pulse waveform measurement) system that enables us to obtain accurately waveforms up to SHF band (3–30 GHz). Using this system, we have investigated PD characteristics such as PD current pulse waveforms in mineral oil used as insulation oil for transformer. As a result, this system could observe the PD phenomena which were a few tens picoseconds order rise time, i.e. undetectable ones in the conventional measurement band. It is necessary to investigate the insulation oil considering practical operation conditions such as degassing, oil temperature change, generation of the combustible gas by discharge and heating oil, addition of additives like 1,2,3-benzotriazole (BTA) and so on, in order to improve the operation method and the reliability of it. In this study, we constructed the new experimental system which could investigate PD properties under the practical conditions of the power transformer. Then, as a first step, we investigated influence of BTA additive on PD characteristics of insulation oil measured by the SHF-PDPW system. BTA has been widely used in transformer oil in Japan. The BTA addition was specified in the Japanese standard (JIS C 2320) in 1988 in order to decrease electrostatic charging. As a result, it could be confirmed that the usefulness of developed experimental system and the influence of BTA additive on PD characteristics.
从高压电力设备运行可靠性和质量评价的角度，进行了绝缘诊断和局部放电试验。超高频(UHF)方法是利用超高频频段(0.3-3 GHz)分量测量PD发射电磁波的方法，是基于PD检测的高压电力设备绝缘诊断的有力方法之一。由于局部放电电流是电磁波的辐射源，因此精确测量局部放电电流脉冲对改进超高频方法至关重要。因此，我们开发了SHF_PDPW(超高频宽带PD电流脉冲波形测量)系统，使我们能够获得高达SHF频段(3-30 GHz)的精确波形。利用该系统研究了矿物油在变压器绝缘油中的局部放电特性，如局部放电电流脉冲波形。因此，该系统可以观测到几十皮秒级上升时间的局部放电现象，即传统测量波段无法检测到的现象。有必要考虑脱气、油温变化、排放和加热油产生可燃气体、添加1,2,3-苯并三唑(BTA)等添加剂等实际操作条件，对保温油进行研究，以改进其操作方法和可靠性。在本研究中，我们建立了一个新的实验系统，可以研究电力变压器在实际条件下的局部放电特性。然后，作为第一步，我们研究了BTA添加剂对SHF-PDPW系统测量的绝缘油PD特性的影响。BTA在日本变压器油中得到了广泛的应用。1988年，日本标准(JIS C 2320)规定了BTA的添加，以减少静电充电。实验结果证实了所建立的实验体系的有效性以及BTA添加剂对PD特性的影响。
{"title":"Construction of the SHF Test Apparatus to Measure the Partial Discharge Current Waveforms in the Practical Operation Conditions of Power Transformer and Application to Influence of BTA Addition","authors":"H. Shibata, Toshikatsu Kotsubo, Tatsuhiro Yamauchi, S. Ohtsuka","doi":"10.1109/EIC.2018.8481039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2018.8481039","url":null,"abstract":"Insulation diagnosis and partial discharge (PD) test have been performed from the viewpoint of operational reliability and quality evaluation of high-voltage electrical power apparatus. The Ultra high frequency (UHF) method that measures the PD-emitted electromagnetic (EM) waves with UHF band (0.3-3 GHz) components is known as one of powerful methods of insulation diagnosis based on PD detection for highvoltage electrical power apparatus. To improve the UHF method, accurate measurement of PD current pulse is quite important because the PD current is a radiation source of the EM wave. Therefore, we have developed the SHF_PDPW (super high frequency wideband PD current pulse waveform measurement) system that enables us to obtain accurately waveforms up to SHF band (3–30 GHz). Using this system, we have investigated PD characteristics such as PD current pulse waveforms in mineral oil used as insulation oil for transformer. As a result, this system could observe the PD phenomena which were a few tens picoseconds order rise time, i.e. undetectable ones in the conventional measurement band. It is necessary to investigate the insulation oil considering practical operation conditions such as degassing, oil temperature change, generation of the combustible gas by discharge and heating oil, addition of additives like 1,2,3-benzotriazole (BTA) and so on, in order to improve the operation method and the reliability of it. In this study, we constructed the new experimental system which could investigate PD properties under the practical conditions of the power transformer. Then, as a first step, we investigated influence of BTA additive on PD characteristics of insulation oil measured by the SHF-PDPW system. BTA has been widely used in transformer oil in Japan. The BTA addition was specified in the Japanese standard (JIS C 2320) in 1988 in order to decrease electrostatic charging. As a result, it could be confirmed that the usefulness of developed experimental system and the influence of BTA additive on PD characteristics.","PeriodicalId":184139,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117227937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.2018.8480895
R. Kuppuswamy, Sandy Rainey
Failures in stator windings usually occur due to four factors (the so-called TEAM factor in IEC standard 60505); all of them have the potential to generate partial discharges (PD) and influence the life expectancy of the winding. Assessment of the winding condition using continuous online PD measurements allows early detection of weak spots in the insulation, identify the need for maintenance repairs and therefore reduce the risk of unexpected failures. For example, repairing the junction between the conductive and voltage grading coating is often possible when the underlying mica insulation is not affected. Typical interconnected high voltage assets in a power generation plant are the combination of generator - isolated phase bus - generator step-up transformer. PD activity from interconnected HV assets overlap and can result in false alarms and erroneous conclusions on the origin of the fault sources. This paper starts with a brief description of the permanent online monitoring system used in this study, which uses conventional and unconventional PD sensors configured in a specific manner to capture separately PD activity occurring in different sections of an interconnected HV asset, and use them in PD source characterization and insulation diagnosis. PD patterns measured for normally deteriorated generators are analyzed, and the correlation between the causes of the defects and the PD patterns are shown. Using case examples drawn from several years of experience with continuous online PD measurements, it is shown that it aids not only early detection of faults but also an effective way to reduce required plant maintenance activities, cut operating costs, and prevent unplanned shutdowns.
{"title":"Facilitating Proactive Stator Winding Maintenance Using Partial Discharge Patterns","authors":"R. Kuppuswamy, Sandy Rainey","doi":"10.1109/EIC.2018.8480895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2018.8480895","url":null,"abstract":"Failures in stator windings usually occur due to four factors (the so-called TEAM factor in IEC standard 60505); all of them have the potential to generate partial discharges (PD) and influence the life expectancy of the winding. Assessment of the winding condition using continuous online PD measurements allows early detection of weak spots in the insulation, identify the need for maintenance repairs and therefore reduce the risk of unexpected failures. For example, repairing the junction between the conductive and voltage grading coating is often possible when the underlying mica insulation is not affected. Typical interconnected high voltage assets in a power generation plant are the combination of generator - isolated phase bus - generator step-up transformer. PD activity from interconnected HV assets overlap and can result in false alarms and erroneous conclusions on the origin of the fault sources. This paper starts with a brief description of the permanent online monitoring system used in this study, which uses conventional and unconventional PD sensors configured in a specific manner to capture separately PD activity occurring in different sections of an interconnected HV asset, and use them in PD source characterization and insulation diagnosis. PD patterns measured for normally deteriorated generators are analyzed, and the correlation between the causes of the defects and the PD patterns are shown. Using case examples drawn from several years of experience with continuous online PD measurements, it is shown that it aids not only early detection of faults but also an effective way to reduce required plant maintenance activities, cut operating costs, and prevent unplanned shutdowns.","PeriodicalId":184139,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117279684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.2018.8481066
K. Rapp, A. Sbravati, J. Vandermaar, M. Rave
The use of high temperature transformers, previously limited to special applications, is now being considered for distribution networks. Besides the evaluation of the solid and liquid insulation, it is essential to verify all components of the transformer exposed to temperatures higher than conventional. Sealing gaskets, de-energized tap changers, polymeric bushings and pressure relief valves are some of the items considered critical to be tested. Two standard transformer sizes, of 37.5 kVA and 50 kVA, filled with natural ester liquid, were subjected to extreme overload conditions. The transformers were loaded at 170% of nominal rating during three separate cycles, lasting for 4h, 8h and, finally, 24h. An additional cycle was applied, targeting to reach a hotspot temperature of 180°C, which required 240% of nameplate rating for the 50 kVA and 223% for the 37.5 kVA. Temperatures above 125°C and 160°C were reached respectively for top liquid and average winding. A complete teardown of the transformers was performed, followed by the evaluation of the components. Despite the high temperatures reached there was no evidence of any damage internally or externally except for the wrinkling of external stick-on tank labels.
{"title":"Evaluation of Transformer Components for High Temperature Transformers","authors":"K. Rapp, A. Sbravati, J. Vandermaar, M. Rave","doi":"10.1109/EIC.2018.8481066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2018.8481066","url":null,"abstract":"The use of high temperature transformers, previously limited to special applications, is now being considered for distribution networks. Besides the evaluation of the solid and liquid insulation, it is essential to verify all components of the transformer exposed to temperatures higher than conventional. Sealing gaskets, de-energized tap changers, polymeric bushings and pressure relief valves are some of the items considered critical to be tested. Two standard transformer sizes, of 37.5 kVA and 50 kVA, filled with natural ester liquid, were subjected to extreme overload conditions. The transformers were loaded at 170% of nominal rating during three separate cycles, lasting for 4h, 8h and, finally, 24h. An additional cycle was applied, targeting to reach a hotspot temperature of 180°C, which required 240% of nameplate rating for the 50 kVA and 223% for the 37.5 kVA. Temperatures above 125°C and 160°C were reached respectively for top liquid and average winding. A complete teardown of the transformers was performed, followed by the evaluation of the components. Despite the high temperatures reached there was no evidence of any damage internally or externally except for the wrinkling of external stick-on tank labels.","PeriodicalId":184139,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124614512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.2018.8481046
H. Sim, Yoo-Chang Lee, S. Cha
Enamel coated magnet wire is commonly used for electric motors of automotive engine, e.g. for fuel injector and pump. Polyesterimide (PEI) type of enamel coating can be damaged and brought about the motor's performance drop, in case of using volatile organic solvent (methanol, ethanol) in biofuel applied engine. In this work, The process condition of manufacturing for fuel injector and pump, e.g. temperature and duration, is investigated to know the effect on the coated surfaces. Furthermore diverse volatile organic solvents, e.g. ethanol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), acetone, are tested about those affecting on enameled surfaces. In addition, various factors are varified in terms of electric properties of magnet wires. Typical PEI [tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC)-modified PEI, according to IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 60317–13] has the temperature index of 180-200°C (IEC 60172). To find out the temperature and cooling time effect of PEI during injection molding process, the temperature (280/320/350°C) and cooling time (4/240 s) were varied. At 320°C with cooling time of 240 s, the defects, e.g. voids and pin holes, of PEI coating were accelerated, compared with current condition (280°C, 4 s cooling). As further investigation step, the wound wires were immersed into organic solvents (ethanol, IPA and acetone). Subsequently those surface damages were observed by three-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopy and optical microscopy, and measured those electric resistances as well. Multiple crack lines, in form of surface crazing, were occurred with reaction of IPA, acetone; especially the most severe was acetone. Moreover pre-extended wires were damaged at ethanol, as well. To enhance the chemical resistance of PEI coating, polyamideimide (PAI) is applied and then shows promised results, e.g. thermal and chemical properties and durability. This PAI can be expected to apply in biofuel used engine components and next generation fuel injector and pump.
{"title":"Studies on Surface Defects of Enamel Coated Magnet Wires","authors":"H. Sim, Yoo-Chang Lee, S. Cha","doi":"10.1109/EIC.2018.8481046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2018.8481046","url":null,"abstract":"Enamel coated magnet wire is commonly used for electric motors of automotive engine, e.g. for fuel injector and pump. Polyesterimide (PEI) type of enamel coating can be damaged and brought about the motor's performance drop, in case of using volatile organic solvent (methanol, ethanol) in biofuel applied engine. In this work, The process condition of manufacturing for fuel injector and pump, e.g. temperature and duration, is investigated to know the effect on the coated surfaces. Furthermore diverse volatile organic solvents, e.g. ethanol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), acetone, are tested about those affecting on enameled surfaces. In addition, various factors are varified in terms of electric properties of magnet wires. Typical PEI [tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC)-modified PEI, according to IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 60317–13] has the temperature index of 180-200°C (IEC 60172). To find out the temperature and cooling time effect of PEI during injection molding process, the temperature (280/320/350°C) and cooling time (4/240 s) were varied. At 320°C with cooling time of 240 s, the defects, e.g. voids and pin holes, of PEI coating were accelerated, compared with current condition (280°C, 4 s cooling). As further investigation step, the wound wires were immersed into organic solvents (ethanol, IPA and acetone). Subsequently those surface damages were observed by three-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopy and optical microscopy, and measured those electric resistances as well. Multiple crack lines, in form of surface crazing, were occurred with reaction of IPA, acetone; especially the most severe was acetone. Moreover pre-extended wires were damaged at ethanol, as well. To enhance the chemical resistance of PEI coating, polyamideimide (PAI) is applied and then shows promised results, e.g. thermal and chemical properties and durability. This PAI can be expected to apply in biofuel used engine components and next generation fuel injector and pump.","PeriodicalId":184139,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128959936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.2018.8481055
T. Murray, Marc Barmeier, S. Tuckwell
Flexible materials used as electrical insulation are of three main types: papers, film, and laminate structures. Aramid fiber paper has been the industry standard for the past 50 years and has a thermal class of 200 but suffers from moisture absorption and orientation limitations. Hence, insulation technologies developed laminates with high thermal capability aramid papers on low thermal class PET films. While these products have been on the market for many years, there has been a need for technologically improved products to overcome the deficiencies of laminates, papers, and film. The technical paper introduces a newly developed product, a composite film substrate with better electrical and mechanical properties to overcome the present limitations in laminates. The paper will cover the product description, its comparative advantages over present laminates, and the benefits for the electrical industry in total.
{"title":"Composite Film Technology, the Next Breakthrough in Flexible Electrical Insulating Materials","authors":"T. Murray, Marc Barmeier, S. Tuckwell","doi":"10.1109/EIC.2018.8481055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2018.8481055","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible materials used as electrical insulation are of three main types: papers, film, and laminate structures. Aramid fiber paper has been the industry standard for the past 50 years and has a thermal class of 200 but suffers from moisture absorption and orientation limitations. Hence, insulation technologies developed laminates with high thermal capability aramid papers on low thermal class PET films. While these products have been on the market for many years, there has been a need for technologically improved products to overcome the deficiencies of laminates, papers, and film. The technical paper introduces a newly developed product, a composite film substrate with better electrical and mechanical properties to overcome the present limitations in laminates. The paper will cover the product description, its comparative advantages over present laminates, and the benefits for the electrical industry in total.","PeriodicalId":184139,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131462277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EIC.2018.8480892
P. Tavares, J. Villibor, G. Lopes, G. Faria, Matheus Pereira, E. W. Neto
This paper aims to develop and validate black-box models for distribution transformers using the vector fitting methodology on Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) results. Thirteen single-phase distribution transformers were evaluated using the FRA. The black-box models obtained by vector fitting were firstly validated on frequency domain through FRA tests. Afterwards, Alternative Transients Program (ATP) simulations were used to compare the model response on time domain - where the transformer models are submitted to the standard lightning impulse shape - with actual recordings of lightning impulse tests on LAT-EFEI High Voltage Laboratory.
{"title":"Evaluation of Vector Fitting Methodology on Distribution Transformers Modelling Based on Lightning Impulse Test Results","authors":"P. Tavares, J. Villibor, G. Lopes, G. Faria, Matheus Pereira, E. W. Neto","doi":"10.1109/EIC.2018.8480892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EIC.2018.8480892","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to develop and validate black-box models for distribution transformers using the vector fitting methodology on Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) results. Thirteen single-phase distribution transformers were evaluated using the FRA. The black-box models obtained by vector fitting were firstly validated on frequency domain through FRA tests. Afterwards, Alternative Transients Program (ATP) simulations were used to compare the model response on time domain - where the transformer models are submitted to the standard lightning impulse shape - with actual recordings of lightning impulse tests on LAT-EFEI High Voltage Laboratory.","PeriodicalId":184139,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC)","volume":"283 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122956165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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