Damage stability rules and regulations have been continuously tightened up to enhance ship survivability from the deterministic method to the probabilistic approach. Nowadays, environmental conditions such as wind and waves have been considered for dynamic assessment. Nevertheless, the current prescriptive regime still has problems. Fundamentally, it is assumed that ship flooding is taking place up to B/2 penetration. Therefore, transverse bulkheads must be considered to control the amount of flooding to avoid ship loss. Another problem is that the current regulations cannot fully evaluate the contributions for further improvements using innovative risk control options (RCOs) such as crashworthy structures. Therefore, this research suggests a new methodology to address these problems using damage extent estimation derived from crashworthiness analysis of a target vessel. The methodology begins by selecting target subdivision zones where high risk exists deriving from vulnerability assessment. Then, several feasible RCOs are applied to the vulnerable target zones. A collision simulation of the region in question using crashworthiness analysis is followed to determine the damage size in the worst scenario collision case. The collision speed of a striking ship is derived from a series of pre-simulations, and the speed generating B/2 penetration is employed based on the current SOLAS criteria. After that, a cost-benefit analysis is performed for an optimum solution, considering the penetration results and each RCOs’ cost, along with design change effects of each RCO to the target ship. The final RCO can be approved and reflected on the ship design as an alternative solution from the Approval process of Alternative Design and Arrangements (AD&A). In the case of a 65K GT cruise ship collision example against 45K GT Ropax, the most vulnerable subdivision zone is investigated with a series of passive RCOs such as a longitudinal bulkhead implementation, hull thickness increase, and combinations of RCOs. Interestingly, using an RCO with 50T hull thickness no penetration is observed on the hull of target ship, improving the attained index by 0.043, while it requires an additional 280 tonnes of steel. Another feasible RCO with 30T hull thickness and additional longitudinal bulkhead at 6.6m from the hull shows 6.58m penetration. In the latter case, the index A is improved by 0.035, with reduction in steel weight of 145 Ton. In conclusion, this research introduces a new methodology on how to evaluate the contribution of crashworthy structures on damage stability assessment, leading to alternative and innovative design solutions from the current regulatory regime. Especially for the RCOs with a longitudinal bulkhead right after the maximum penetration or over 50T hull thickness, the internal spaces are fully protected from collision damages. Therefore, if they were applied to more than two adjacent zones, a transverse bulkhead between zones might not be neces
{"title":"Alternative Design Approach for Ship Damage Stability Enhancement Based on Crashworthiness","authors":"H. Bae, D. Vassalos, E. Boulougouris","doi":"10.5957/imdc-2022-295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/imdc-2022-295","url":null,"abstract":"Damage stability rules and regulations have been continuously tightened up to enhance ship survivability from the deterministic method to the probabilistic approach. Nowadays, environmental conditions such as wind and waves have been considered for dynamic assessment. Nevertheless, the current prescriptive regime still has problems. Fundamentally, it is assumed that ship flooding is taking place up to B/2 penetration. Therefore, transverse bulkheads must be considered to control the amount of flooding to avoid ship loss. Another problem is that the current regulations cannot fully evaluate the contributions for further improvements using innovative risk control options (RCOs) such as crashworthy structures. Therefore, this research suggests a new methodology to address these problems using damage extent estimation derived from crashworthiness analysis of a target vessel. The methodology begins by selecting target subdivision zones where high risk exists deriving from vulnerability assessment. Then, several feasible RCOs are applied to the vulnerable target zones. A collision simulation of the region in question using crashworthiness analysis is followed to determine the damage size in the worst scenario collision case. The collision speed of a striking ship is derived from a series of pre-simulations, and the speed generating B/2 penetration is employed based on the current SOLAS criteria. After that, a cost-benefit analysis is performed for an optimum solution, considering the penetration results and each RCOs’ cost, along with design change effects of each RCO to the target ship. The final RCO can be approved and reflected on the ship design as an alternative solution from the Approval process of Alternative Design and Arrangements (AD&A). In the case of a 65K GT cruise ship collision example against 45K GT Ropax, the most vulnerable subdivision zone is investigated with a series of passive RCOs such as a longitudinal bulkhead implementation, hull thickness increase, and combinations of RCOs. Interestingly, using an RCO with 50T hull thickness no penetration is observed on the hull of target ship, improving the attained index by 0.043, while it requires an additional 280 tonnes of steel. Another feasible RCO with 30T hull thickness and additional longitudinal bulkhead at 6.6m from the hull shows 6.58m penetration. In the latter case, the index A is improved by 0.035, with reduction in steel weight of 145 Ton. In conclusion, this research introduces a new methodology on how to evaluate the contribution of crashworthy structures on damage stability assessment, leading to alternative and innovative design solutions from the current regulatory regime. Especially for the RCOs with a longitudinal bulkhead right after the maximum penetration or over 50T hull thickness, the internal spaces are fully protected from collision damages. Therefore, if they were applied to more than two adjacent zones, a transverse bulkhead between zones might not be neces","PeriodicalId":184250,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Tue, June 28, 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115488976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sophia Brans, Philip Bronkhorst, Nicole Charisi, Laurentiu Lupoae, Casper van Lynden, I-Ting Kao, Joan le Poole, Jesper Zwaginga
This paper describes changes that have been implemented to an obligatory MSc course on advanced ship design techniques at Delft University of Technology. These changes have been brought about due to three separate causes: 1) COVID and virtual learning, 2) the desire to introduce gamification into active teaching and learning of ship design, and 3) changing market needs. These three very different drivers meant that a new design activity had to be developed, which included a new case study, and new teaching methods incorporating both gamification and virtual learning. Two case studies will be discussed. First, a smaller case study will discuss the introduction of a new hybrid format (in-person and virtual participation) game designed to teach students modular design for offshore support vessels (OSVs). This hybrid game was developed by an MSc student and co-author, Laurentiu Lupoae, during an independent research assignment under the supervision of lead author Assistant Professor Austin Kana and ran during the original submarine design project for the fall of 2020. To support this game, a modular design Excel tool was developed and the details will be discussed in the paper. Second, after implementing lessons learned from the first case study, the course design project for the fall of 2021 was redeveloped to cover the design of a small fleet of modular offshore service vessels (OSVs) for offshore wind. The growth of the offshore wind market and industry push towards developing service vessels to support the energy transition, especially in North Sea, were some of the key reasons behind selecting this as a case study for the design project. The structure of the new design project and the bespoke educational design tools developed for the project will be discussed. Both developments were supported heavily by PhD researchers and MSc students working on either an independent research assignment or their MSc thesis. In this sense, both the development of these activities and the execution of them during the course were learning opportunities for the researchers and MSc students. The paper will conclude with lessons learned focused on improving graduate education for masters students studying ship design.
{"title":"Development and Lessons Learned of New Modular Ship Design Activities for Graduate Education During COVID","authors":"Sophia Brans, Philip Bronkhorst, Nicole Charisi, Laurentiu Lupoae, Casper van Lynden, I-Ting Kao, Joan le Poole, Jesper Zwaginga","doi":"10.5957/imdc-2022-225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/imdc-2022-225","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes changes that have been implemented to an obligatory MSc course on advanced ship design techniques at Delft University of Technology. These changes have been brought about due to three separate causes: 1) COVID and virtual learning, 2) the desire to introduce gamification into active teaching and learning of ship design, and 3) changing market needs. These three very different drivers meant that a new design activity had to be developed, which included a new case study, and new teaching methods incorporating both gamification and virtual learning. Two case studies will be discussed. First, a smaller case study will discuss the introduction of a new hybrid format (in-person and virtual participation) game designed to teach students modular design for offshore support vessels (OSVs). This hybrid game was developed by an MSc student and co-author, Laurentiu Lupoae, during an independent research assignment under the supervision of lead author Assistant Professor Austin Kana and ran during the original submarine design project for the fall of 2020. To support this game, a modular design Excel tool was developed and the details will be discussed in the paper. Second, after implementing lessons learned from the first case study, the course design project for the fall of 2021 was redeveloped to cover the design of a small fleet of modular offshore service vessels (OSVs) for offshore wind. The growth of the offshore wind market and industry push towards developing service vessels to support the energy transition, especially in North Sea, were some of the key reasons behind selecting this as a case study for the design project. The structure of the new design project and the bespoke educational design tools developed for the project will be discussed. Both developments were supported heavily by PhD researchers and MSc students working on either an independent research assignment or their MSc thesis. In this sense, both the development of these activities and the execution of them during the course were learning opportunities for the researchers and MSc students. The paper will conclude with lessons learned focused on improving graduate education for masters students studying ship design.","PeriodicalId":184250,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Tue, June 28, 2022","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125279399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Vassalos, D. Paterson, F. Mauro, A. Murphy, Mujeeb Ahmed, Romain Michalec, E. Boulougouris
Against the background of using the Index of Subdivision as reference to address the safety level of ships when damaged, following primarily collision incidents, the EC-funded FLARE project is making inroads towards a direct assessment of flooding risk, which is ship, operating environment, and ancient type specific by addressing all the underlying elements, using a two-level approach; level 1 being semi-empirical with risk models informed through a newly composed accident database and level 2 with flooding risk, in the form of Potential Loss of Life, calculated from first principles, using time-domain flooding simulation tools and evacuation analyses in pertinent emergencies. In addition to addressing all accident types and modes of loss, the FLARE framework and methodology target active and passive measures of risk prevention and control, hence with application potential to both new buildings and existing ships as well as facilitate real-time flooding risk evaluation for risk monitoring and effective control in emergencies. A key objective of the FLARE project is to provide the technical basis and a proposal for the revision of relevant IMO regulations towards a risk-based approach to contain and control flooding emergencies. The paper provides a complete example of one cruise ship and one RoPax where levels 1 and 2 of flooding risk evaluation is presented and discussed, leading to conclusions and recommendations for the way forward.
{"title":"A Multi-Level Approach to Flooding Risk Estimation of Passenger Ships","authors":"D. Vassalos, D. Paterson, F. Mauro, A. Murphy, Mujeeb Ahmed, Romain Michalec, E. Boulougouris","doi":"10.5957/imdc-2022-329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/imdc-2022-329","url":null,"abstract":"Against the background of using the Index of Subdivision as reference to address the safety level of ships when damaged, following primarily collision incidents, the EC-funded FLARE project is making inroads towards a direct assessment of flooding risk, which is ship, operating environment, and ancient type specific by addressing all the underlying elements, using a two-level approach; level 1 being semi-empirical with risk models informed through a newly composed accident database and level 2 with flooding risk, in the form of Potential Loss of Life, calculated from first principles, using time-domain flooding simulation tools and evacuation analyses in pertinent emergencies. In addition to addressing all accident types and modes of loss, the FLARE framework and methodology target active and passive measures of risk prevention and control, hence with application potential to both new buildings and existing ships as well as facilitate real-time flooding risk evaluation for risk monitoring and effective control in emergencies. A key objective of the FLARE project is to provide the technical basis and a proposal for the revision of relevant IMO regulations towards a risk-based approach to contain and control flooding emergencies. The paper provides a complete example of one cruise ship and one RoPax where levels 1 and 2 of flooding risk evaluation is presented and discussed, leading to conclusions and recommendations for the way forward.","PeriodicalId":184250,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Tue, June 28, 2022","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117020786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is growing interest in the use of wargaming as an educational tool. Typically this has been used to train military personnel or students of defence or international relations, with a focus on the decisions made during a conflict. Wargaming offers several advantages as a pedagogical tool, in particular that it immerses students in a decision-making process in a way which can help develop deeper understanding. UCL has been using wargaming as a teaching tool within its Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering MSc programs for several years. They are used to develop student awareness of the naval domain, to explore the sensitivity of warship capabilities to various design choices, and to informally assess the capability of students’ final capstone designs. This requires wargames which reflect the impact of detailed design decisions like watertight subdivision, damaged stability performance and arrangement of auxiliary supplies and distribution networks. Since no commercially available wargames could be found that offered sufficient granularity in those areas, a family of architecture-focussed wargames was developed in-house between 2015 and 2021. These games were used in teaching seminars, in student study groups and in informal class-wide wargame nights at the end of design exercises. This paper presents a summary of the UCL wargame development program and draws out lessons learned and suggestions for educators considering a similar approach.
{"title":"Naval Wargaming as a Teaching Tool for Warship Design Engineers","authors":"N. Bradbeer","doi":"10.5957/imdc-2022-276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/imdc-2022-276","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing interest in the use of wargaming as an educational tool. Typically this has been used to train military personnel or students of defence or international relations, with a focus on the decisions made during a conflict. Wargaming offers several advantages as a pedagogical tool, in particular that it immerses students in a decision-making process in a way which can help develop deeper understanding. UCL has been using wargaming as a teaching tool within its Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering MSc programs for several years. They are used to develop student awareness of the naval domain, to explore the sensitivity of warship capabilities to various design choices, and to informally assess the capability of students’ final capstone designs. This requires wargames which reflect the impact of detailed design decisions like watertight subdivision, damaged stability performance and arrangement of auxiliary supplies and distribution networks. Since no commercially available wargames could be found that offered sufficient granularity in those areas, a family of architecture-focussed wargames was developed in-house between 2015 and 2021. These games were used in teaching seminars, in student study groups and in informal class-wide wargame nights at the end of design exercises. This paper presents a summary of the UCL wargame development program and draws out lessons learned and suggestions for educators considering a similar approach.","PeriodicalId":184250,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Tue, June 28, 2022","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114359404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. O. Brett, Jose Jorge Garcia Agis, A. Ebrahimi, S. O. Erikstad, B. Asbjørnslett
Years of volatile shipping market dynamics have intensified the need for more effective handling of uncertainty in conceptual and basic ship design processes. More recently, necessary climate remedial efforts in shipping have revealed the complexity associated with the facts-based selection of proper “green” technologies and ship design solutions, the control of their resulting extra costs and operational and commercial consequences. Naval architects and marine engineers and their ship design firms or shipyard affiliations, more than ever, have seen their expertise, knowledge, work practices, toolboxes and business concepts challenged - to the extent of capacity limits and perhaps beyond? Thus, the development of more advanced tools, more effective business concepts and efficient work procedures becomes increasingly important. Improved design processes must come, hand-with-hand, with new and refreshed expertise. This paper builds on the premise that uncertainty and complexity influence the effectiveness of the decision-making process in ship design. We argue, therefore, that to improve the way daily ship design activities are carried out it is necessary to better understand the influence of uncertainty and complexity on such transactions and to implement methods and tools to eliminate or reduce the associated detrimental effects on design quality and efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to explore, contrast, discuss and provide quantitative facts as to what are these inherent uncertainties and complexities and how do they influence effective decision making relating to conceptual ship design approaches and their design firms’ competitiveness. This complementary research work combines, summarizes and reports the research findings from two recent finalized PhD Thesis; Effectiveness in Decision-Making in Ship Design under Uncertainty and Handling Ship Design Complexity to enhance Competitiveness in Ship Design. The research work is well-grounded in the systems theory paradigm and this paper presents its results in the form of specific ways in which a revised systemic ship design approach can help ship designers and their firms to better handle uncertainty and complexity in their future dealings with a dynamic market situation and immature “greening” technologies based on the findings in the PhD Thesis.
{"title":"A Rational Approach to Handle Uncertainty and Complexity in Marine Systems Design","authors":"P. O. Brett, Jose Jorge Garcia Agis, A. Ebrahimi, S. O. Erikstad, B. Asbjørnslett","doi":"10.5957/imdc-2022-270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/imdc-2022-270","url":null,"abstract":"Years of volatile shipping market dynamics have intensified the need for more effective handling of uncertainty in conceptual and basic ship design processes. More recently, necessary climate remedial efforts in shipping have revealed the complexity associated with the facts-based selection of proper “green” technologies and ship design solutions, the control of their resulting extra costs and operational and commercial consequences. Naval architects and marine engineers and their ship design firms or shipyard affiliations, more than ever, have seen their expertise, knowledge, work practices, toolboxes and business concepts challenged - to the extent of capacity limits and perhaps beyond? Thus, the development of more advanced tools, more effective business concepts and efficient work procedures becomes increasingly important. Improved design processes must come, hand-with-hand, with new and refreshed expertise. This paper builds on the premise that uncertainty and complexity influence the effectiveness of the decision-making process in ship design. We argue, therefore, that to improve the way daily ship design activities are carried out it is necessary to better understand the influence of uncertainty and complexity on such transactions and to implement methods and tools to eliminate or reduce the associated detrimental effects on design quality and efficiency.\u0000 The purpose of this paper is to explore, contrast, discuss and provide quantitative facts as to what are these inherent uncertainties and complexities and how do they influence effective decision making relating to conceptual ship design approaches and their design firms’ competitiveness. This complementary research work combines, summarizes and reports the research findings from two recent finalized PhD Thesis; Effectiveness in Decision-Making in Ship Design under Uncertainty and Handling Ship Design Complexity to enhance Competitiveness in Ship Design.\u0000 The research work is well-grounded in the systems theory paradigm and this paper presents its results in the form of specific ways in which a revised systemic ship design approach can help ship designers and their firms to better handle uncertainty and complexity in their future dealings with a dynamic market situation and immature “greening” technologies based on the findings in the PhD Thesis.","PeriodicalId":184250,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Tue, June 28, 2022","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133890710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For decades, the performance and efficiency of High Speed Craft (HSC) have been tested and evaluated in towing tanks; these tests are performed under ideal conditions. During towed testing the scaled model is often only free to move in heave and pitch and the effect of surge cannot be evaluated. Self propelled tests are rare meaning the drag, noise and turbulence of the thruster propellers are not considered. This paper presents a detailed step by step workflow of designing and manufacturing a self-propelled (HSC) to be tested in a calm water free running test in the Offshore Technology Research Center (OTRC) wave basin in Texas A&M University. The paper shows the hull parametric design, thruster and propeller selection and the data acquisition system design. The study includes a quantitative and qualitative comparison for the effect of the propeller hull interaction, results are compared with exciting towing tank data for the same hull geometry. An experimental straight forward motion step response is implemented to identify the vehicle speed transfer function for closed loop forward speed controller design. The paper also presents the use of computer vision applications in the experiment measurements such as the Visual-SLAM algorithm for the accurate 6-DOF HSC motion tracking and the use of the stereo-vision for studying the wave pattern downstream of the hull quantitatively and qualitatively.
{"title":"The Development of a Planning Boat Model and Environmental Measurements for Free Running Model Tests","authors":"Xing-shen Wang, David L. Moulton, M. Fürth","doi":"10.5957/imdc-2022-266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/imdc-2022-266","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, the performance and efficiency of High Speed Craft (HSC) have been tested and evaluated in towing tanks; these tests are performed under ideal conditions. During towed testing the scaled model is often only free to move in heave and pitch and the effect of surge cannot be evaluated. Self propelled tests are rare meaning the drag, noise and turbulence of the thruster propellers are not considered. This paper presents a detailed step by step workflow of designing and manufacturing a self-propelled (HSC) to be tested in a calm water free running test in the Offshore Technology Research Center (OTRC) wave basin in Texas A&M University. The paper shows the hull parametric design, thruster and propeller selection and the data acquisition system design. The study includes a quantitative and qualitative comparison for the effect of the propeller hull interaction, results are compared with exciting towing tank data for the same hull geometry. An experimental straight forward motion step response is implemented to identify the vehicle speed transfer function for closed loop forward speed controller design. The paper also presents the use of computer vision applications in the experiment measurements such as the Visual-SLAM algorithm for the accurate 6-DOF HSC motion tracking and the use of the stereo-vision for studying the wave pattern downstream of the hull quantitatively and qualitatively.","PeriodicalId":184250,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Tue, June 28, 2022","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121452127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Vassalos, George Atzampos, D. Paterson, F. Mauro
Ships are designed on the basis of three basic objectives pertaining to ship performance, functionally and safety, all dictated by external shape, internal layout, deadweight, payload, permeable volume and their distributions. All, with the exception of one are calculated to extremely small tolerances and are subjected to rules and regulations that have been evolving for thousands of years. The exception, which is of the same magnitude as weight and buoyancy is the permeable volume, namely the internal free space in the ship hull and superstructure (available for flooding). Over the years, some generalised approximations have been adopted for principal ship spaces without differentiating between ship types, leading to gross approximations when calculating, in particular, ship damage stability and survivability. In the latter case, the amount and distribution of residual permeable volume (together with buoyancy and weight), dictate whether a ship may sink or capsize (buoyancy/stability). Yet, all is calculated to extreme accuracy whilst permeable volume and its distribution is calculated with naïve approximation. To demonstrate the impact of such approximations a passenger ship is considered in the paper, offering unique insight on the key influence of permeability on ship safety when considered as an option to reducing and controlling flooding risk.
{"title":"Permeable Volume – The Forgotten “Galaxy” in Ship Design","authors":"D. Vassalos, George Atzampos, D. Paterson, F. Mauro","doi":"10.5957/imdc-2022-291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/imdc-2022-291","url":null,"abstract":"Ships are designed on the basis of three basic objectives pertaining to ship performance, functionally and safety, all dictated by external shape, internal layout, deadweight, payload, permeable volume and their distributions. All, with the exception of one are calculated to extremely small tolerances and are subjected to rules and regulations that have been evolving for thousands of years. The exception, which is of the same magnitude as weight and buoyancy is the permeable volume, namely the internal free space in the ship hull and superstructure (available for flooding). Over the years, some generalised approximations have been adopted for principal ship spaces without differentiating between ship types, leading to gross approximations when calculating, in particular, ship damage stability and survivability. In the latter case, the amount and distribution of residual permeable volume (together with buoyancy and weight), dictate whether a ship may sink or capsize (buoyancy/stability). Yet, all is calculated to extreme accuracy whilst permeable volume and its distribution is calculated with naïve approximation. To demonstrate the impact of such approximations a passenger ship is considered in the paper, offering unique insight on the key influence of permeability on ship safety when considered as an option to reducing and controlling flooding risk.","PeriodicalId":184250,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Tue, June 28, 2022","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115989786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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