Metabolic engineering最新文献

{"title":"Metabolic flux and resource balance in the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula toruloides","authors":"Eric J. Mooney ,&nbsp;Patrick F. Suthers ,&nbsp;Wheaton L. Schroeder ,&nbsp;Hoang V. Dinh ,&nbsp;Xi Li ,&nbsp;Yihui Shen ,&nbsp;Tianxia Xiao ,&nbsp;Catherine M. Call ,&nbsp;Heide Baron ,&nbsp;Arjuna M. Subramanian ,&nbsp;Daniel R. Weilandt ,&nbsp;Felix C. Keber ,&nbsp;Martin Wühr ,&nbsp;Joshua D. Rabinowitz ,&nbsp;Costas D. Maranas","doi":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The yeast <em>Rhodotorula toruloides</em> is a promising bioproduction organism due to its high lipid yields and ability to grow on cheap and abundant substrates. Quantitative, systems-level assessment of its metabolic activity is accordingly merited. Resource-balance analysis (RBA) models capture not only reaction stoichiometry but also enzyme requirements for catalysis, providing valuable tools for understanding metabolic trade-offs and optimizing metabolic engineering strategies. Here, we present systems-level measurements of <em>R. toruloides</em> metabolic flux based on isotope tracing and metabolic flux analysis. In combination with new proteomic measurements, these flux data are used to parameterize a genome-scale resource balance model rtRBA. We find that <em>S. cerevisiae</em> and <em>R. toruloides</em> grow at nearly indistinguishable rates using similar biosynthetic but dramatically different central metabolic programs. <em>R. toruloides</em> consumes one-fifth as much glucose, which it metabolizes primarily via the pentose phosphate pathway and TCA cycle unlike primarily glycolysis in <em>S. cerevisiae.</em> Overall, across these two divergent yeasts, protein abundances aligned more closely than metabolic flux. Resource balance modeling of these metabolic programs predicts superior theoretical yields but lower productivities in <em>R. toruloides</em> than <em>S. cerevisiae</em> for industrial chemicals, highlighting the value of rapid glucose uptake for productivity but respiratory metabolism for yields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18483,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic engineering","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 169-181"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot production of P(3HB-co-4HB) by engineered Halomonas bluephagenesis harboring an endogenous plasmid grown on glucose","authors":"Rou Wen ,&nbsp;Yiling Chen ,&nbsp;Jiale Wang ,&nbsp;Weinan Yang ,&nbsp;Fang Yang ,&nbsp;Qiong Wu ,&nbsp;Fuqing Wu ,&nbsp;Xu Yan ,&nbsp;Guo-Qiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate<em>-co</em>-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P (3HB-<em>co</em>-4HB) or P34HB) is a promising biopolyester for applications in food packaging, medical sutures, drug delivery, and tissue engineering due to its tunable thermomechanical properties. However, industrial-scale production of P34HB from glucose remains challenging. In this study, scalable P34HB production by engineered <em>Halomonas bluephagenesis</em> was developed. A <em>de novo</em> 4HB synthesis pathway was introduced into an endogenous toxin-antitoxin plasmid, enabling stable expression in the absence of antibiotics. Promoter engineering and pathway optimization fine-tuned 4HB molar ratio in P34HB from 18 to 39 mol%. The engineered <em>H. bluephagenesis</em> WR3 demonstrated successful scale-up from 7-L to 100-L and 5000-L bioreactors, achieving a maximum cell dry weight (CDW) of 72 g/L and 84% P (3HB-<em>co</em>-30 mol% 4HB) from the cultures in 7-L bioreactor. In further scale-up studies, <em>H. bluephagenesis</em> WR3 maintained comparable 4HB ratios, producing 69 g/L and 71 g/L CDW containing 74% and 61% P34HB copolymer in 100-L and 5000-L scale bioreactors, respectively. The amorphous P (3HB-<em>co</em>-30 mol% 4HB) exhibited high ductility, with an elongation at break of over 800% and a Young's modulus of 164 MPa. Additionally, morphology engineering and a controllable cell lysis were applied to enhance downstream processing efficiency. The optimized <em>H. bluephagenesis</em> WR25 produced 97 g/L CDW containing 83% P (3HB-<em>co</em>-20 mol% 4HB) in 7-L bioreactor, and 83 g/L CDW with 80% P34HB in 100-L bioreactor, while maintaining a consistently high glucose to P34HB conversion efficiency of 37%. This study provides a robust and cost-effective platform for industrial P34HB production from glucose harboring the toxin-antitoxin stable plasmid encoded with the 4HB pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18483,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic engineering","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 153-168"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145619676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the potential of unique genes in cyanobacterial alkane synthesis","authors":"Humaira Parveen ,&nbsp;Vineesha Garg ,&nbsp;Piyush Pachauri ,&nbsp;Mohd Azeem Khan ,&nbsp;Syed Shams Yazdani","doi":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.016","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Alkanes are considered among the most promising candidates for next-generation biofuels. Amongst various pathways discovered for alkane production, the cyanobacterial AAR (acyl ACP reductase) - ADO (aldehyde deformylating oxygenase) pathway has been the most studied pathway. Considering that cyanobacteria have the innate ability to produce alkanes, they can serve as an excellent chassis for sustainable biofuel production. In the first report of the AAR-ADO pathway, it was recorded that there are 17 unique genes present in the genome of only alkane-producing cyanobacteria. However, except for the role of AAR and ADO, none of the other genes have been implicated in alkane production so far. In this study, we performed overexpression and/or deletion of all 17 unique genes in &lt;em&gt;Synechococcus elongatus&lt;/em&gt; PCC7942 and evaluated their role in growth, photosynthetic efficiency and alkane production. Based on the essentiality feature of genes in the cell survival of PCC7942, 9 essential genes were overexpressed, and 8 non-essential genes were knocked out in PCC7942. Among the essential genes that made a significant impact on alkane production, the overexpression of &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_1772&lt;/em&gt; (encoding small subunit ribosomal protein) and &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_2212&lt;/em&gt; (encoding large subunit ribosomal protein) led to ∼3.3-fold and ∼4.1-fold increased alkane production, respectively, suggesting a previously unrecognized link between translational machinery and metabolic pathway, while co-expression of &lt;em&gt;aar&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;ado&lt;/em&gt; together increased alkane production by ∼5-fold. For the non-essential genes, the deletion of &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_0452&lt;/em&gt; (encoding hypothetical protein), &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_1223&lt;/em&gt; (encoding DevC), and &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_1918&lt;/em&gt; (encoding UDP‐glucose: tetrahydro biopterin glucosyltransferase) led to the complete abolition of alkane production, indicating their critical roles. On the other hand, the deletion of &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_0544&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_0619,&lt;/em&gt; both encoding hypothetical proteins, led to a ∼5.6-fold and ∼4.4-fold increase in intracellular alkane production, respectively. Measurement of photosynthetic efficiency via Dual PAM (Pulse-Amplitude Modulated) fluorometry revealed a correlation between higher alkane production and increased photosynthetic efficiency, which the genome-scale metabolic model of PCC7942 also validated. Upon further detailed investigation of the genes making a large impact on alkane production, we identified &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_0619&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_1223&lt;/em&gt; gene products as potential transporters based on the AlphaFold structure model and TMHMM (Transmembrane Hidden Markov Model) plot. The &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_0619&lt;/em&gt; encodes a DedA family transporter whose overexpression led to ∼1.5-fold higher extracellular alkane production, while deletion had a reverse effect. On the other hand, &lt;em&gt;Synpcc7942_1223&lt;/em&gt; encodes the DevC component of the tripartite efflux system, whose overexpression inc","PeriodicalId":18483,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic engineering","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 136-152"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-guided metabolic engineering of 2-phenylethanol in Arabidopsis","authors":"Joseph H. Lynch ,&nbsp;Shaunak Ray ,&nbsp;Clint Chapple ,&nbsp;Natalia Dudareva ,&nbsp;John A. Morgan","doi":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a natural aromatic compound with properties that make it a potential biological oxygenate for petroleum-derived gasoline. In plants, 2-PE biosynthesis competes with the phenylpropanoid pathway for the common precursor, phenylalanine (Phe). The phenylpropanoid pathway directs significant carbon flux towards the formation of lignin, a major biopolymer in plant cell walls that impedes the process of biofuel production. Prior genetic engineering in Arabidopsis used acetaldehyde synthase (AAS) in tandem with phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR) to redirect part of the carbon flux from lignin towards 2-PE production as a value-added product. To identify the bottleneck(s) in 2-PE biosynthesis, we established a baseline by generating transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing AAS and PAR. Next, fluxes to 2-PE and lignin were calculated based on the time course of isotopic enrichment of downstream metabolites after feeding with ¹³C₆-ring labeled Phe, which revealed a limitation in Phe precursor availability. To increase substrate availability in plants, we tested two independent strategies by crossing lines with the highest <em>AAS/PAR</em> expression to: (1) Arabidopsis overexpressing a feedback-insensitive 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase known to increase Phe production, and (2) the <em>pal1/pal2</em> double mutant known to reduce the activity of the competing enzyme, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Although both strategies increased 2-PE production in both Arabidopsis stem and leaves, the second strategy had a higher impact. To identify additional metabolic targets, we performed a metabolic control analysis, which revealed that the plastidial Phe transporter limits flux towards 2-PE formation. To avoid this transport step, the PAR/AAS tandem construct was fused to a sequence encoding a chloroplast signal peptide to target 2-PE biosynthesis to plastids. The direct availability of Phe to AAS in plastids combined with the lack of competition with cytosolic PAL resulted in significantly elevated 2-PE levels. Thus, integrating metabolic control analysis with experimental validation of model predictions establishes a foundation for the rational engineering of 2-PE in plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18483,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic engineering","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 124-135"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145567417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering amino acid-derived malonyl-CoA pathways to boost polyketide production in Yarrowia lipolytica","authors":"Jinpeng Wang ,&nbsp;Yuxiang Hong ,&nbsp;Zizhao Wu ,&nbsp;Ayelet Fishman ,&nbsp;Peng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malonyl-CoA is a central precursor involved in the synthesis of various bio-based chemicals, including polyketides, fatty acids, and flavonoids. However, the production of these chemicals is often limited by the availability of malonyl-CoA. Based on retrosynthesis principles, we designed two thermodynamically favorable malonyl-CoA pathways using L-glutamate and L-aspartate as substrates. The novel pathways leverage oxidative deamination and decarboxylation reactions and efficiently channel metabolic flux toward malonyl-CoA, resulting in increased production of total polyketides beyond the capacity of the native acetyl-CoA carboxylase route using glucose as substrate. We also discovered a new-to-nature polyketide (4-hydroxy-6-hydroxyethyl-2-pyrone) derived from the side activity of the TAL pathway, reaching 6.4 g/L in <em>Y. lipolytica</em>. This work highlights the utility of the novel malonyl-CoA pathways in enhancing polyketide production, and the possibility of upcycling abundant amino acids or protein waste in the animal farming or meat industry to produce high-value nonnatural polyketides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18483,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic engineering","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 99-109"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145553880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the itaconic acid pathway dynamics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","authors":"Roy Eerlings ,&nbsp;Tobias Karmainski ,&nbsp;Andreas Müsgens ,&nbsp;Philipp Demling ,&nbsp;Samira van den Bogaard ,&nbsp;Makarius Baier ,&nbsp;Alexander Deitert ,&nbsp;Amila Vejzovic ,&nbsp;Vanessa Veccari ,&nbsp;Lillith Yöndem ,&nbsp;Tobias Alter ,&nbsp;Lars M. Blank","doi":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Itaconic acid, a versatile platform chemical, has garnered significant attention due to its broad use in polymers, resins, and bio-based materials. Although fungi, especially <em>Aspergillus</em> and <em>Ustilago</em>, are the main producers of itaconic acid, reprogramming yeast species like <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> and <em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em> as alternative production platforms offers advantages for industrial bioproduction, including rapid growth, accessible genetic tools, and well-established fermentation methods. In this study, we systematically investigated the fungal itaconic acid pathway dynamics in <em>S. cerevisiae</em>, identifying the <em>Ustilago</em> metabolic route and mitochondrial transport mechanism as the most efficient. Notably, the heterologous produced itaconic acid was predominantly secreted by the yeast transformants. With <em>in silico</em> methods, we confirmed the role of Aqr1p, Dtr1p, and Qdr3p in itaconic acid transport in <em>S. cerevisiae</em>. Significant increases in itaconic acid biosynthesis were obtained when the main promiscuous itaconic acid transporter Dtr1p was swapped with the specialized <em>Ustilago</em> itaconic acid transporter Itp1, reaching titers of up to 1.3 g/L in shake flask cultivations. Transferring to 3.8 L bioreactor fermentations achieved a final titer of 4.7 g/L, the highest itaconic acid titer reported in <em>S. cerevisiae</em> to date. Although current yeast production levels are still below those of natural fungal producers, the molecular and mechanistic insights gained here are useful for improving itaconic acid biosynthesis, both in yeast and in the existing fungal production systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18483,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic engineering","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 110-123"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145559771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for vitamin B12-independent production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid","authors":"Cheon Woo Moon ,&nbsp;Mohammad Rifqi Ghiffary ,&nbsp;Cindy Pricilia Surya Prabowo ,&nbsp;Hyun Uk Kim ,&nbsp;Sang Yup Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is a versatile platform chemical with broad applications, serving as a precursor for the synthesis of value-added chemicals as well as the biodegradable polymers. However, current industrial production of 3-HP relies on chemical synthesis, which requires harmful raw materials and harsh reaction conditions. As a sustainable alternative, microbial biosynthesis of 3-HP has gained increasing attention. Yet, most reported pathways remain constrained by their dependence on vitamin B₁₂, a costly cofactor that limits scalability in industrial applications. Here, we report the development of a <em>Corynebacterium glutamicum</em> strain capable of high-level fermentative production of 3-HP from glucose via the introduction of a vitamin B₁₂-independent, β-alanine-derived pathway. Candidate genes for the conversion of β-alanine to 3-HP were first screened, and the optimized pathway was subsequently introduced into a previously developed β-alanine-overproducing BAL10 strain. By eliminating competing pathways to increase precursor availability, redirecting carbon flux through the pentose phosphate pathway to improve cofactor balance, strengthening the β-alanine biosynthetic pathway, and identifying a previously uncharacterized 3-HP transporter followed by fine-tuning its expression, the final engineered strain produced 126.3 g/L of 3-HP in high-inoculum fed-batch fermentation, with a yield of 0.36 g/g glucose and an overall productivity of 1.75 g/L/h. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a vitamin B₁₂-independent pathway for high-level 3-HP production, highlighting its potential for sustainable and scalable industrial application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18483,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic engineering","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 90-98"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145536194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining HexR regulatory landscape in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 through integrative systems biology","authors":"Linh Khanh Nong,&nbsp;Chandran Sathesh-Prabu,&nbsp;Sung Kuk Lee,&nbsp;Donghyuk Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Pseudomonas putida</em> strains are prized biocatalysts, renowned for their versatility in degrading diverse chemicals, tolerating organic solvents, and withstanding environmental stressors. Central to their adaptive success is the precise regulation of primary carbon metabolism, with HexR emerging as a key regulator. While previous research has explored HexR binding through <em>in vitro</em> assays and comparative transcriptomics, the <em>in vivo</em> binding sites and genome-scale regulon remain uncharted. This study presents a comparative analysis of <em>P. putida</em> KT2440, comparing expression profiles of wild-type and <em>hexR</em> deletion mutant strains across distinct growth substrates: glucose (glycolytic), acetate, succinate (gluconeogenic), and glycerol (inducing both metabolic responses). Our findings revealed an extensive regulatory role of HexR in acetate metabolism, simultaneously suppressing the glycolytic pathway while enhancing pyruvate metabolism, glyoxylate shunt, and gluconeogenesis to support growth. Integration of ChIP-exo data identified 29 HexR binding locations in the KT2440 strain grown on acetate, directly regulating 75 genes. Complementing these findings, model-based <em>in silico</em> simulations provided contextual insight into metabolic flux states, deepening our understanding of carbon metabolism orchestrated by this transcription factor. This study thus offers a holistic view of the HexR regulatory landscape, highlighting its relevance in <em>P. putida</em> KT2440 metabolism and laying the groundwork for future metabolic engineering efforts in this versatile organism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18483,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic engineering","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 77-89"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145536219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Microbial production of propionic acid through a novel β-alanine route” [Metabol. Eng. (2026) 219–231 93]","authors":"Da-Hee Ahn ,&nbsp;Yoo-Sung Ko ,&nbsp;Cindy Pricilia Surya Prabowo ,&nbsp;Sang Yup Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18483,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic engineering","volume":"94 ","pages":"Page 35"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145509381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered plants for the production of the antioxidants arbutin and gallate","authors":"Sami Kazaz ,&nbsp;Yu-Ton Chen ,&nbsp;Senri Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Yang Tian ,&nbsp;Chien-Yuan Lin ,&nbsp;Dylan Chin ,&nbsp;İrem Pamukçu ,&nbsp;Ibraheem Mohammed Al Shammaa ,&nbsp;Yusuf Selman Akbas ,&nbsp;Monikaben Nimavat ,&nbsp;Emine Akyuz Turumtay ,&nbsp;Edward E.K. Baidoo ,&nbsp;Albert P. Kausch ,&nbsp;Yuki Tobimatsu ,&nbsp;Aymerick Eudes","doi":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ymben.2025.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The shikimate pathway is a crucial metabolic route for the biosynthesis of numerous valuable chemicals. In this study, we engineered the shikimate pathway in plants via expression of microbial enzymes to produce the two important antioxidants gallate and arbutin. The engineered pathways utilize the aromatics protocatechuate and 4-hydroxybenzoate as metabolic intermediates. Through transient expression in <em>Nicotiana benthamiana</em> leaves, we first identified biosynthetic routes for the production of gallate from either chorismate or 3-dehydroshikimate. Gallate production was then achieved in Arabidopsis using a genetic background that overproduces protocatechuate and via expression of a mutated version of the 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase PobA from <em>Pseudomonas</em> sp. Arbutin production was obtained in Arabidopsis using a genetic background that overproduces 4-hydroxybenzoate and via expression of the monooxygenase MNX1 from <em>Candida parapsilosis</em>. The best Arabidopsis transgenic lines accumulated gallate and arbutin in the range of 0.25 and 0.93 dry weight % (dwt%), respectively. Using sorghum for large-scale <em>in planta</em> production, the titers of gallate and arbutin produced from the intermediate 4-hydroxybenzoate reached 0.58 dwt% and 0.50 dwt%, respectively, in mature transgenic plants, surpassing levels typically observed in plants that naturally produce these compounds. Gallate and arbutin were readily extracted from plant tissues using methanol solvent. Analysis of extractive-free biomass showed only trace amounts of gallate and its precursors 4-hydroxybenzoate and protocatechuate crosslinked to cell walls, suggesting that they mainly occur as soluble conjugated forms stored in the vacuole. This study presents alternative synthesis routes using plant hosts for the eco-friendly production of gallate and arbutin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18483,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic engineering","volume":"94 ","pages":"Pages 57-66"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145492048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}