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Patent Auctions and Bidding Coalitions: Structuring the Sale of Club Goods 专利拍卖和竞标联盟:组织俱乐部商品的销售
Pub Date : 2020-11-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3736394
John Asker, Mariagiovanna Baccara, SangMok Lee
Auctioneers of patents are observed to allow joint bidding by coalitions of buyers. These auctions are distinguished from standard ones by the patents being non-rivalrous, but still excludable, in consumption--that is, they are club goods. This affects the way coalitional bidding impacts auction performance. We study the implications of coalitions of bidders on second-price (or equivalently, ascending-price) auctions. Although the formation of coalitions per se can benefit the seller, we show that stable coalition profiles tend to consist of excessively large coalitions, to the detriment of both auction revenue and social welfare. We show that limiting the permitted coalition size increases efficiency and confers benefits on the seller. Lastly, we compare the revenues generated by patent auctions and multi-license auctions, and we find that the latter are superior in a large class of environments.
据观察,专利拍卖商允许买家联盟联合竞标。这些拍卖与标准拍卖的区别在于,这些专利在消费方面是非竞争性的,但仍然是排他性的——也就是说,它们是俱乐部商品。这影响了联合投标对拍卖业绩的影响。我们研究了竞标者联盟对二次价格(或等价的,上升价格)拍卖的影响。虽然联盟的形成本身可以使卖方受益,但我们表明,稳定的联盟往往由过大的联盟组成,这对拍卖收入和社会福利都是不利的。我们证明了限制允许的联盟规模可以提高效率并给卖方带来好处。最后,我们比较了专利拍卖和多许可证拍卖产生的收入,我们发现后者在许多环境中都更优越。
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引用次数: 0
Input Price Discrimination with Horizontal Shareholding 横向持股下的投入价格歧视
Pub Date : 2020-11-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3724165
Youping Li, Jie Shuai
Antitrust laws in many countries prohibit the setting of differential prices across buyers who compete against each other. In this paper, we consider a setting in which a downstream manufacturer holds non-controlling stakes in its rival and both buy input from an unptream monopolist. We find that under price discrimination a lower price is charged to the firm that holds the rival's shares so production is shifted toward it. This dampens the anticompetitive effects of horizontal shareholding and results in higher output, lower final good price, and improved consumer, producer and social welfare relative to uniform pricing.
许多国家的反垄断法禁止在相互竞争的买家之间设定差别价格。在本文中,我们考虑了一个下游制造商持有其竞争对手的非控股权,并且都从非流程垄断者那里购买投入的设置。我们发现,在价格歧视的情况下,持有竞争对手股份的公司被收取较低的价格,因此生产向竞争对手转移。这抑制了横向持股的反竞争效应,并导致更高的产出、更低的最终商品价格,以及相对于统一定价改善消费者、生产者和社会福利。
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引用次数: 1
Procurement Auctions with Advised Bidders 采购拍卖与建议投标人
Pub Date : 2020-10-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3720209
A. Malenko, A. Tsoy
In procurement auctions, suppliers' senior managers in charge of bidding often rely on advisors, such as project managers and technical specialists, to evaluate project costs. These advisors may be biased for inflating the costs due to agency or career concerns. We study the procurement agency's choice between sealed-bid static auctions and a dynamic Dutch auction in this setting. If the number of competing suppliers is small, static auctions result in lower expected costs than the Dutch auction. This ranking is reversed if procurement is sufficiently competitive. The Dutch auction is always more efficient regardless of the number of suppliers.
在采购拍卖中,供应商负责投标的高级管理人员往往依靠项目经理、技术专家等顾问来评估项目成本。这些顾问可能会因为机构或职业方面的考虑而夸大成本。在这种情况下,我们研究了采购机构在密封投标静态拍卖和动态荷兰式拍卖之间的选择。如果竞争供应商的数量较少,静态拍卖的预期成本低于荷兰式拍卖。如果采购具有足够的竞争力,排名就会颠倒过来。无论供应商数量多少,荷兰式拍卖总是更有效率。
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引用次数: 0
Don’t Bite the Hand That Feeds You: Food Pantries and Food Retailer Profitability 不要咬喂你的手:食品储藏室和食品零售商的盈利能力
Pub Date : 2020-10-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3710584
T. Kopp, Lauren Chenarides
This paper examines the extent to which the presence of food pantries diverts food sales from retail grocers. Hunger-relief programs, such as food services provided through food banks, serve as emergency assistance to meet households' temporary food needs, yet a growing population in the United States regularly relies on these services. There is little empirical research that examines just how individuals factor hunger-relief programs into their planning horizons, whether the presence of these organizations diverts sales from grocers, and how that affects food retailers' revenues and profits. Further, the presence of multiple grocers in one market constitutes a common good problem, given that the savings in food waste disposal fees occur for each retailer privately, while a potential reduction of total demand affects all retailers' sales. Using data on the location of food pantries and annual sales volume from retail grocers in Arizona, we measure the statistical relationships between food pantry density and retail grocers' annual sales volume. Preliminary results show that food pantry presence does not statistically, significantly affect retailers' revenues, suggesting that food pantries and food retailers do not directly compete for market share.
本文考察了食品储藏室的存在在多大程度上转移了零售杂货商的食品销售。通过食品银行提供的食品服务等饥饿救济项目是满足家庭临时食品需求的紧急援助,但美国越来越多的人口经常依赖这些服务。很少有实证研究考察个人如何将饥饿救济计划纳入他们的规划视野,这些组织的存在是否会转移杂货商的销售,以及这如何影响食品零售商的收入和利润。此外,考虑到食品垃圾处理费的节省对每个零售商来说都是私人的,而总需求的潜在减少会影响到所有零售商的销售,多个杂货店在一个市场上的存在构成了一个共同的问题。利用亚利桑那州食品储藏室的位置和零售杂货店的年销售额的数据,我们测量了食品储藏室密度和零售杂货店年销售额之间的统计关系。初步结果显示,食品分发处的存在对零售商的收入并没有统计学上的显著影响,这表明食品分发处和食品零售商并不直接竞争市场份额。
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引用次数: 1
Opportunism in Vertical Contracting: A Dynamic Perspective 纵向契约中的机会主义:动态视角
Pub Date : 2020-10-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3709550
Jihwan Do, Jeanine Miklós-Thal
This paper proposes a dynamic approach to modeling opportunism in bilateral vertical contracting between an upstream monopolist and competing downstream firms. Unlike previous literature on opportunism which has focused on games in which the upstream firm makes simultaneous secret offers to the downstream firms, we model opportunism as a consequence of asynchronous recontracting in an infinite-horizon continuous-time model. We find that the extent of opportunism depends on the absolute and relative reaction speeds of the different bilateral upstream-downstream firm pairs and on the firms' discount rate. Patience, fast reaction speeds, and asymmetries in reaction speeds across upstream-downstream pairs are shown to alleviate the opportunism problem.
本文提出了一个动态的方法来模拟上游垄断者和下游竞争企业之间双边垂直契约中的机会主义。与之前关于机会主义的文献关注的是上游企业同时向下游企业提供秘密报价的博弈不同,我们将机会主义建模为无限视界连续时间模型中异步再承包的结果。我们发现机会主义的程度取决于不同双边上下游企业对的绝对反应速度和相对反应速度以及企业的贴现率。耐心、快速的反应速度和上下游对反应速度的不对称被证明可以缓解机会主义问题。
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引用次数: 2
원청-하청 간 거래관행이 혁신에 미치는 영향: 독일ㆍ미국의 자동차산업을 중심으로 (On the Impact of the Supplier-Buyer Relation on Innovation: Lessons from the German and the U.S. Automobile Industry) 以德国和美国的汽车产业为中心(英语:Impact of Supplier-Buyer Relation On Innovation: Lessons from the German and the u.s. Automobile Industry)
Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3705056
Dong Hee Joe, Gusang Kang, Hyuk Ju Kwon, Seongman Moon
Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 자동차산업에서 완성차기업과 부품기업 간 원-하청 거래관행이 하청 부품기업의 혁신성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 선행연구를 따라 자동차산업 내 원-하청 간 거래관계를 크게 시장거래, 관계계약, 수직통합으로 구분하였다. 이 세 가지 유형은 하청 부품기업이 실시하는 관계특수 투자의 정도, 원-하청 간 정보교류의 정도, 신뢰 수준, 협상력 분포 등에 큰 차이가 있다. 본 연구는 우선 제3장에서 각 거래유형의 특성을 반영한 게임이론 모형을 개발하고, 이어질 사례분석과 실증분석의 지침이 될 이론적 틀을 제시하였다. 다음으로, 제4장에서 자동차 부품산업의 주요국인 독일과 미국의 사례를 분석하여 완성차기업-부품기업 간 거래관계가 특정 유형을 취하게 되는 원인을 분석하였다. 제5장에서 한국과 미국의 관측자료를 이용하여 원-하청 간 거래관행, 특히 하청 부품기업의 매출분산도가 하청 부품기업의 혁신성과에 미치는 영향을 추정하였다. 끝으로 제6장은 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 자동차산업 내에서, 문재인 정부의 주요 경제정책기조인 혁신성장과 공정경제의 관계에 대한 정책시사점을 제공한다. 본 연구에서 고안한 이론모형의 주요 예측은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부품기업-완성차기업 간 일회성 거래(즉 시장거래)에서는, 부품기업이 특정 완성차기업에 납품할 부품의 가치를 높이기 위한 관계특수적 투자를 꺼리게 되는 과소투자문제가 발생한다. 과소투자문제의 심각성은 △ 특정 완성차기업을 위한 투자를 다른 완성차기업을 위해 전용하는 것이 수월할수록 완화되고 △ 부품기업의 투자가 해당 완성차기업에 미치는 영향이 클수록 심해진다. 둘째, 부품기업-완성차기업간 거래관계가 반복적일 경우(즉 관계계약의 경우) 과소투자문제가 완화될 수있다. 반복거래를 통해 과소투자문제가 해결될 여지는 △ 부품기업이 특정 완성차기업을 위해 실시한 투자를 다른 완성차기업에 전용하는 것이 더 수월할수록 △ 부품기업의 투자가 해당 완성차기업의 성과에 미치는 영향이 클수록 △ 투자비용이 적을수록 커진다. 셋째, 수직통합도 과소투자문제를 완화시킨다. 즉 다른 조건이 동일할 때 부품기업과 완성차기업이 공통으로 결합이윤을 극대화하는 경우, 이들이 분리되어 각자의 이윤을 극대화시키는 경우보다 과소투자문제가 덜 심각하다. 수직통합으로 과소투자문제가 해결될 여지는 특정 완성차기업을 위한 투자를 다른 완성차기업을 위해 전용하는 것이 어려울수록 커진다. 본 연구의 사례분석은, 우선 세계 자동차 부품산업의 현황을 경영성과와 연구 개발투자에 집중하여 살펴보았다. 경영성과 면에서는 독일, 미국, 일본을 세계 자동차 부품산업의 3대 주요국으로 꼽을 수 있고, 한국은 이들보다 규모가 현저히 작다. 주요 3개국의 경영성과는 ‘독일 > 일본 > 미국’ 순이다. 본 연구의 이론적 틀이 예측한 바와 같이 매출액의 지역 간 분산도가 낮을수록, 즉 매출이 특정지역에 더 의존하고 있을수록 경영성과가 저조한 경향이 있다. 연구개발투자에 있어서도 독일, 미국, 일본을 주요 3개국으로 꼽을 수 있고, 이들의 연구개발투자 수준은 경영성과와 마찬가지로 ‘독일 > 일본 > 미국’ 순이다. 또한 본 연구의 이론적 틀이 예측했듯이 매출의 지역 간 분산도가 클수록 연구개발투자가 더 활발할 뿐만 아니라 설비투자와 비교할 때, 즉 상대적으로도 더 활발한 경향이 있다. 독일은 자동차 부품산업이 세계에서 가장 오래된 편이고, 경영성과와 혁신성과가 가장 뛰어나며 연구개발투자도 가장 활발하다. 또한 완성차기업보다 부품기업이 혁신을 주도하는 경우가 더 많다. 독일 자동차 부품산업의 뛰어난 경영성과와 혁신활동의 배경으로 역사적 특수성에 따라 부품기업-완성차기업 간 관계에서 부품기업이 높은 협상력을 가지는 점과 부품기업-완성차기업 간 높은 신뢰수준을 꼽을 수 있다. 미국 또한 세계 100대 자동차 부품기업을 가장 많이 보유하고 있는 강국인데, 완성차기업-부품기업 간 관계가 독일과는 다른 특징을 보인다. 미국 자동차산업의 발전과정은 앞서 언급한 세 가지 거래형태를 모두 보여주는데, 특히 ‘시장거래 및 수직통합 → 관계계약’으로 변해왔다. 자동차산업의 초기에는 다수의 영세 완성차기업들이 난립하였다가 Ford, GM, Chrysler의 3대 기업으로 정리되었다. 이들은 1970년대까지는 시장거래와 수직통합을 병행하며 하청 부품기업에 대한 높은 협상력을 유지하였다. 그러나 1970년대 이후 일본 완성차기업들의 진출이 확대되어 경쟁이 심화되었고, 전기ㆍ전자 산업의 혁신이 자동차에 적용되었다. 이에 따라 완성차기업-부품기업 간 정보교류를 통한 혁신의 필요가 높아졌고, 그 결과 관계계약이 보편화되었다. 본 연구의 실증분석은 매출분산도가 클수록 혁신성과가 좋아진다는 것을 한국과 미국에서 모두 발견하였다. 즉 다수의 원청 완성차기업으로부터 고르게 매출을 발생시키는 하청 부품기업일수록 혁신성과가 더 좋다는 것이다. 이 결과는 하청기업이 특정 원청기업을 위해 실시한 관계특수적 투자를 다른 원청기업을 위해 전용하는 것이 수월할수록 하청기업의 투자가 증가하고, 따라서 혁신성과가 좋아질 것이라는 이론적 예측을 뒷받침한다. 또한 한국의 관측자료가 제공하는 추가적인 정보를 이용하여 외상결제비율, 계열사 여부 등 한국 자동차산업의 특성에 대한 분석도 실시하였다. 그 결과 외상결제는 하청 부품기업의 혁신성과에 부정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 한국의 정책당국이 하도급거래의 주요 문제로 외상결제를 꼽고 있는 것을 뒷받침한다. 또한 원-하청 간 거래관행이 하청기업의 혁신성과에 미치는 영향이 해당 하청기업의 자산규모, 계열사 여부 등에 따라 달라진다는 것도 발견하였다.

English Abstract: This study analyzes the impact of buyer-supplier relation on supplier’s innovation in the automobile industry. Following previous studies, this study categorizes the buyer-supplier relation
Korean Abstract:本研究分析了汽车产业中整车企业和零部件企业间的元-包交易惯例对转包零部件企业革新成果产生的影响。本研究根据先行研究,将汽车产业内原-转包之间的交易关系大致分为市场交易、关系合同、垂直整合。这三种类型在转包配件企业实施的关系特殊投资程度、原-转包间信息交流程度、信赖水平、协商能力分布等方面存在很大差异。本研究首先在第三章开发了反映各交易类型特性的游戏理论模型,并提出了作为接下来事例分析和实证分析指南的理论框架。其次,在第四章,通过分析汽车零部件产业的主要国家德国和美国的事例,分析整车企业与零部件企业之间交易关系采取特定类型的原因。第五章利用韩国和美国的观测资料,推定原-转包交易惯例,特别是转包零部件企业的销售分配度对转包零部件企业革新成果产生的影响。最后,第六章将以本研究的结果为基础,在汽车产业内部,对政府的主要经济政策基调——革新增长和公平经济的关系提供政策启示。本研究得出的理论模型的主要预测如下。第一,在配件企业和整车企业之间的一次性交易(即市场交易)中,会发生配件企业为了提高向特定整车企业供货的配件价值而不愿意进行特殊投资的“短期投资”问题。投资问题的严重性;针对特定整车企业的投资转移到其他整车企业越容易缓和;配件企业的投资对相关整车企业的影响越大越严重。第二,零配件企业与整车企业之间的交易关系反复(即关系合同),投资问题可能会得到缓解。通过反复交易更加薄弱问题得到解决的余地△零部件企业为特定整车企业实施的投资是专门用于其他整车企业,越容易△零部件企业的投资相当于对整车企业的成果的影响越大,△投资费用越少越变越大。第三,垂直整合也缓解投资问题。也就是说,在其他条件相同的情况下,零部件企业和整车企业共同实现结合利润最大化时,与它们分离并将各自的利润最大化时相比,投资问题不那么严重。垂直整合可能会解决投资问题的特定整车企业的投资,如果很难专门用于其他整车企业,投资规模就会越大。本研究的事例分析,首先集中考察了世界汽车配件产业的现状。在经营成果方面,德国、美国、日本是世界汽车配件产业的三大主要国家,韩国的规模明显小于这些国家。三个主要国家的经营成果是德国>日本& gt;其次是美国。正如本研究的理论框架所预测的那样,销售额的地区间分散度越低,即销售额越依赖于特定地区,经营成果就越低。在研究开发投资上,德国、美国、日本也可以选为主要3个国家,他们的研究开发投资水平和经营成果一样,都是“德国>”日本& gt;其次是美国。另外,正如本研究的理论框架所预测的那样,销售额的地区间分散度越大,研究开发投资就越活跃,而且与设备投资相比,也就是相对更活跃。德国的汽车配件产业在世界上历史最悠久,经营成果和革新成果最突出,研究开发投资也最活跃。另外,比起整车企业,零部件企业主导革新的情况更多。德国汽车配件产业出色的经营成果和革新活动的背景是,根据历史特殊性,配件企业和整车企业之间的关系中,配件企业具有较高的协商能力,配件企业和整车企业之间的信赖水平较高。美国也是拥有世界100大汽车零部件企业最多的强国,整车企业和零部件企业之间的关系表现出与德国不同的特点。美国汽车产业的发展过程体现了前面提到的三种交易形式,特别是转变为“市场交易及垂直整合→关系合同”。汽车产业初期,多数小型整车企业林立,后来被整顿为Ford、GM、Chrysler的三大企业。直到20世纪70年代,他们在市场交易和垂直整合的同时,对转包零部件企业保持着很高的谈判能力。但20世纪70年代以后,日本整车企业的进军范围扩大,竞争加剧,电气、电子产业的革新被应用于汽车领域。因此整车企业和配件企业之间通过信息交流提高了革新的必要性,其结果关系合同普遍化。本研究的实证分析在韩国和美国都发现,销售分散度越大,创新成果就越好。也就是说,越是从多数申请整车企业平均产生销售的转包配件企业,革新成果就越好。这一结果证明了转包企业将为特定承包企业实施的关系特殊投资转用于其他承包企业越容易,转包企业的投资就会增加,从而革新成果就会越好的理论预测。另外,利用韩国观测资料提供的追加信息,对赊账结算比率、是否有子公司等韩国汽车产业的特性进行了分析。结果显示,赊账结算对转包配件企业的革新成果产生了负面影响。这有力地证明了韩国政策当局将赊账结算视为转包交易的主要问题。同时还发现,原-转包交易惯例对转包企业革新成果的影响,取决于该转包企业的资产规模、是否为子公司等。English Abstract: This study analyzes the impact of buyer-supplier relation on supplier ' s innovation in the automobile industry。Following previous studies, this study categorizes the buyer-supplier relation into 3 types: market transaction (or one-shot transaction);relational contract (or repeated transaction);and vertical integration。These 3 types differ from one another in such aspects as the level of relation-specific investments by supplier, the distribution of bargaining power and the degree of information sharing and trust。This study first presents a theoretical framework for these 3 types of the relation in Chapter 3, which then serves as a guideline for the case studies and empirical analyses that follow。looks at the cases of Germany and the u.s., aiming to shed some light on the determinants of the relation type。第,5页,第5页estimates the impact of the buyer-supplier relation, especially of the degree of dispersion of supplier ' s sales, on the supplier ' s innovation outcomesthe data from Korea and the u.s. Based on these results, Chapter 6 discusses policy implications for the relationship between the Innovative Growth
{"title":"원청-하청 간 거래관행이 혁신에 미치는 영향: 독일ㆍ미국의 자동차산업을 중심으로 (On the Impact of the Supplier-Buyer Relation on Innovation: Lessons from the German and the U.S. Automobile Industry)","authors":"Dong Hee Joe, Gusang Kang, Hyuk Ju Kwon, Seongman Moon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3705056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3705056","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Korean Abstract:</b> 본 연구는 자동차산업에서 완성차기업과 부품기업 간 원-하청 거래관행이 하청 부품기업의 혁신성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 선행연구를 따라 자동차산업 내 원-하청 간 거래관계를 크게 시장거래, 관계계약, 수직통합으로 구분하였다. 이 세 가지 유형은 하청 부품기업이 실시하는 관계특수 투자의 정도, 원-하청 간 정보교류의 정도, 신뢰 수준, 협상력 분포 등에 큰 차이가 있다. 본 연구는 우선 제3장에서 각 거래유형의 특성을 반영한 게임이론 모형을 개발하고, 이어질 사례분석과 실증분석의 지침이 될 이론적 틀을 제시하였다. 다음으로, 제4장에서 자동차 부품산업의 주요국인 독일과 미국의 사례를 분석하여 완성차기업-부품기업 간 거래관계가 특정 유형을 취하게 되는 원인을 분석하였다. 제5장에서 한국과 미국의 관측자료를 이용하여 원-하청 간 거래관행, 특히 하청 부품기업의 매출분산도가 하청 부품기업의 혁신성과에 미치는 영향을 추정하였다. 끝으로 제6장은 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 자동차산업 내에서, 문재인 정부의 주요 경제정책기조인 혁신성장과 공정경제의 관계에 대한 정책시사점을 제공한다. 본 연구에서 고안한 이론모형의 주요 예측은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부품기업-완성차기업 간 일회성 거래(즉 시장거래)에서는, 부품기업이 특정 완성차기업에 납품할 부품의 가치를 높이기 위한 관계특수적 투자를 꺼리게 되는 과소투자문제가 발생한다. 과소투자문제의 심각성은 △ 특정 완성차기업을 위한 투자를 다른 완성차기업을 위해 전용하는 것이 수월할수록 완화되고 △ 부품기업의 투자가 해당 완성차기업에 미치는 영향이 클수록 심해진다. 둘째, 부품기업-완성차기업간 거래관계가 반복적일 경우(즉 관계계약의 경우) 과소투자문제가 완화될 수있다. 반복거래를 통해 과소투자문제가 해결될 여지는 △ 부품기업이 특정 완성차기업을 위해 실시한 투자를 다른 완성차기업에 전용하는 것이 더 수월할수록 △ 부품기업의 투자가 해당 완성차기업의 성과에 미치는 영향이 클수록 △ 투자비용이 적을수록 커진다. 셋째, 수직통합도 과소투자문제를 완화시킨다. 즉 다른 조건이 동일할 때 부품기업과 완성차기업이 공통으로 결합이윤을 극대화하는 경우, 이들이 분리되어 각자의 이윤을 극대화시키는 경우보다 과소투자문제가 덜 심각하다. 수직통합으로 과소투자문제가 해결될 여지는 특정 완성차기업을 위한 투자를 다른 완성차기업을 위해 전용하는 것이 어려울수록 커진다. 본 연구의 사례분석은, 우선 세계 자동차 부품산업의 현황을 경영성과와 연구 개발투자에 집중하여 살펴보았다. 경영성과 면에서는 독일, 미국, 일본을 세계 자동차 부품산업의 3대 주요국으로 꼽을 수 있고, 한국은 이들보다 규모가 현저히 작다. 주요 3개국의 경영성과는 ‘독일 &gt; 일본 &gt; 미국’ 순이다. 본 연구의 이론적 틀이 예측한 바와 같이 매출액의 지역 간 분산도가 낮을수록, 즉 매출이 특정지역에 더 의존하고 있을수록 경영성과가 저조한 경향이 있다. 연구개발투자에 있어서도 독일, 미국, 일본을 주요 3개국으로 꼽을 수 있고, 이들의 연구개발투자 수준은 경영성과와 마찬가지로 ‘독일 &gt; 일본 &gt; 미국’ 순이다. 또한 본 연구의 이론적 틀이 예측했듯이 매출의 지역 간 분산도가 클수록 연구개발투자가 더 활발할 뿐만 아니라 설비투자와 비교할 때, 즉 상대적으로도 더 활발한 경향이 있다. 독일은 자동차 부품산업이 세계에서 가장 오래된 편이고, 경영성과와 혁신성과가 가장 뛰어나며 연구개발투자도 가장 활발하다. 또한 완성차기업보다 부품기업이 혁신을 주도하는 경우가 더 많다. 독일 자동차 부품산업의 뛰어난 경영성과와 혁신활동의 배경으로 역사적 특수성에 따라 부품기업-완성차기업 간 관계에서 부품기업이 높은 협상력을 가지는 점과 부품기업-완성차기업 간 높은 신뢰수준을 꼽을 수 있다. 미국 또한 세계 100대 자동차 부품기업을 가장 많이 보유하고 있는 강국인데, 완성차기업-부품기업 간 관계가 독일과는 다른 특징을 보인다. 미국 자동차산업의 발전과정은 앞서 언급한 세 가지 거래형태를 모두 보여주는데, 특히 ‘시장거래 및 수직통합 → 관계계약’으로 변해왔다. 자동차산업의 초기에는 다수의 영세 완성차기업들이 난립하였다가 Ford, GM, Chrysler의 3대 기업으로 정리되었다. 이들은 1970년대까지는 시장거래와 수직통합을 병행하며 하청 부품기업에 대한 높은 협상력을 유지하였다. 그러나 1970년대 이후 일본 완성차기업들의 진출이 확대되어 경쟁이 심화되었고, 전기ㆍ전자 산업의 혁신이 자동차에 적용되었다. 이에 따라 완성차기업-부품기업 간 정보교류를 통한 혁신의 필요가 높아졌고, 그 결과 관계계약이 보편화되었다. 본 연구의 실증분석은 매출분산도가 클수록 혁신성과가 좋아진다는 것을 한국과 미국에서 모두 발견하였다. 즉 다수의 원청 완성차기업으로부터 고르게 매출을 발생시키는 하청 부품기업일수록 혁신성과가 더 좋다는 것이다. 이 결과는 하청기업이 특정 원청기업을 위해 실시한 관계특수적 투자를 다른 원청기업을 위해 전용하는 것이 수월할수록 하청기업의 투자가 증가하고, 따라서 혁신성과가 좋아질 것이라는 이론적 예측을 뒷받침한다. 또한 한국의 관측자료가 제공하는 추가적인 정보를 이용하여 외상결제비율, 계열사 여부 등 한국 자동차산업의 특성에 대한 분석도 실시하였다. 그 결과 외상결제는 하청 부품기업의 혁신성과에 부정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 한국의 정책당국이 하도급거래의 주요 문제로 외상결제를 꼽고 있는 것을 뒷받침한다. 또한 원-하청 간 거래관행이 하청기업의 혁신성과에 미치는 영향이 해당 하청기업의 자산규모, 계열사 여부 등에 따라 달라진다는 것도 발견하였다.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This study analyzes the impact of buyer-supplier relation on supplier’s innovation in the automobile industry. Following previous studies, this study categorizes the buyer-supplier relation","PeriodicalId":18516,"journal":{"name":"Microeconomics: Production","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80908527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
AHEAD: Ad Hoc Electronic Auction Design 前方:特设电子拍卖设计
Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3705514
Joffrey Derchu, P. Guillot, Thibaut Mastrolia, M. Rosenbaum
We introduce a new matching design for financial transactions in an electronic market. In this mechanism, called ad-hoc electronic auction design (AHEAD), market participants can trade between themselves at a fixed price and trigger an auction when they are no longer satisfied with this fixed price. In this context, we prove that a Nash equilibrium is obtained between market participants. Furthermore, we are able to assess quantitatively the relevance of ad-hoc auctions and to compare them with periodic auctions and continuous limit order books. We show that from the investors' viewpoint, the microstructure of the asset is usually significantly improved when using AHEAD.
本文介绍了一种新的电子市场金融交易匹配设计。在这种机制中,被称为临时电子拍卖设计(AHEAD),市场参与者可以在他们之间以固定价格进行交易,当他们不再满意这个固定价格时触发拍卖。在这种情况下,我们证明了市场参与者之间的纳什均衡。此外,我们能够定量评估临时拍卖的相关性,并将其与定期拍卖和连续限价订单进行比较。我们表明,从投资者的角度来看,使用AHEAD通常会显著改善资产的微观结构。
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引用次数: 2
Corporation-Startup Alliance Portfolios in Entrepreneurial Settings 创业环境下的公司-创业联盟投资组合
Pub Date : 2020-09-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3758098
S. Prashantham, A. Madhok
Startups partnering with corporations compete with one another for the latter’s attention. Based on an inductive study of concurrent partnerships between startups and one established firm as part of a programmatic initiative of the latter, we explore how startups differ in terms of (i) attention received from the corporation, (ii) actions on their part to attract and sustain such attention, and (iii) the impact of such attention dynamics on how the partnership unfolds. We find that too much attention too soon can ultimately jeopardize relational outcomes by provoking more self-oriented partnering actions. Conversely, difficulty in attracting attention initially elicits self-reflective and more oblique, other-oriented partnering actions ultimately leading to more valued relational outcomes. We highlight the dark side of both attention and direct relational action.
与大公司合作的初创公司相互竞争,以吸引后者的注意力。基于对初创公司和一家成熟公司之间的合作伙伴关系的归纳研究,我们探讨了初创公司在以下方面的差异:(i)从公司获得的关注,(ii)他们吸引和维持这种关注的行动,以及(iii)这种关注动态对合作关系如何展开的影响。我们发现,过多的关注和过早的行为最终会引发更多以自我为导向的合作行为,从而危及关系的结果。相反,吸引注意力的困难最初会引起自我反思和更倾斜的,以他人为导向的伙伴关系行为,最终导致更有价值的关系结果。我们强调了关注和直接关系行为的阴暗面。
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引用次数: 0
The Dynamics of Single- and Multi-Sided Platform Monopolies 单边和多边平台垄断的动态
Pub Date : 2020-09-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3692861
Rosa M. Abrantes-Metz, Albert D. Metz
In this paper we develop a general model of one-sided and two-sided platform businesses and apply it to a monopolist framework. We have a particular interest in how the social loss and other metrics depend on the strength of the network (direct or indirect) effect. We study how network effects impact monopoly power, how the deadweight loss decomposes between market power and the unpriced network externality, and how cross-subsidies relate to the strength of the network effects. We find that the stronger the network effect, the larger the optimal size of the platform and the greater the deadweight loss, while the smaller is the monopolist’s profit margin. In the two-sided setting, we explore the social benefits of allowing positive profit on one side to subsidize price on the other side below cost. We find that under some of the more extreme parameterizations we consider, a regulated platform required to break-even on both sides of the platform (rather than just in total) could be socially less desirable than the unregulated monopolist. This result obtains infrequently across the parameterizations we study, but it is a possibility.
在本文中,我们建立了一个单边和双边平台业务的一般模型,并将其应用于垄断框架。我们对社会损失和其他指标如何依赖于网络的强度(直接或间接)效应特别感兴趣。我们研究了网络效应如何影响垄断力,无谓损失如何在市场力和未定价的网络外部性之间分解,以及交叉补贴如何与网络效应的强度相关。我们发现,网络效应越强,平台的最优规模越大,无谓损失越大,而垄断者的利润率越小。在双边环境下,我们探讨了允许一方的正利润补贴另一方低于成本的价格的社会效益。我们发现,在我们考虑的一些更极端的参数化情况下,一个需要在平台两侧(而不仅仅是全部)实现收支平衡的受监管平台,在社会上可能比不受监管的垄断者更不可取。这个结果在我们研究的参数化中很少得到,但这是一种可能性。
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引用次数: 2
When and Who Do Platform Companies Acquire? Understanding the Role of Acquisitions in the Growth of Platform Companies 平台公司何时收购谁?了解收购在平台公司成长中的作用
Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3784359
M. Miric, Margherita Pagani, O. E. Sawy
The success of platform companies often depends on their ability to “scale” their customer and supplier base. Existing studies have focused on a variety of approaches that platforms may use to scale but have not systematically considered that platforms might acquire other companies as part of this growth strategy. In this paper, we study the acquisition patterns of digital platform companies and contrast these with the acquisition patterns of digital non-platform companies. We find that platform companies acquire earlier (shortly after founding) when compared with non-platform companies, and they often first acquire competing platform companies from the same market niche. As platform companies mature, they begin to acquire non-platform companies from other market niches. This contrasts with how acquisitions are made by non-platform companies, as shown in our analysis.
平台公司的成功通常取决于他们“扩展”客户和供应商基础的能力。现有的研究主要集中在平台可能用于扩展的各种方法上,但没有系统地考虑到平台可能会收购其他公司作为其增长战略的一部分。本文研究了数字平台公司的收购模式,并将其与数字非平台公司的收购模式进行了对比。我们发现,与非平台公司相比,平台公司的收购时间更早(成立后不久),而且它们通常会先收购来自同一细分市场的竞争对手平台公司。随着平台公司的成熟,他们开始从其他细分市场收购非平台公司。正如我们的分析所示,这与非平台公司的收购方式形成鲜明对比。
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引用次数: 15
期刊
Microeconomics: Production
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