Memory最新文献

The relationship between sports expertise and working memory (WM) has garnered increasing attention in experimental research. However, no meta-analysis has compared WM performance between athletes and non-athletes. This study addresses this gap by comparing WM performance between these groups and investigating potential moderators. A comprehensive literature search identified 21 studies involving 1455 participants from seven databases, including PubMed, Embase, and ProQuest. Athletes primarily engaged in basketball, football, and fencing, while non-athletes included some identified as sedentary. The risk of bias assessment indicated low risk across most domains. Publication bias, assessed through a funnel plot and statistical tests, showed no significant evidence of bias. The forest plot, using a random effects model, revealed moderate heterogeneity. The overall effect size indicated a statistically significant, albeit small, advantage for athletes over non-athletes (Hedges' g = 0.30), persisting across sports types and performance levels. Notably, this advantage was more pronounced when athletes were contrasted with a sedentary population (Hedges' g = 0.63), compared to the analysis where the sedentary population was excluded from the non-athlete reference group (Hedges' g = 0.15). Our findings indicate a consistent link between sports expertise and improved WM performance, while sedentary lifestyles appear to be associated with WM disadvantages.

ABSTRACTProspective memory refers to the ability to remember and execute planned tasks. This ability is associated with certain cognitive processes and personality traits. This study investigated the mediating role of impulsivity facets in the relationship between executive functions and prospective memory. Urmia University students (n = 201) participated in this cross-sectional study conducted from October to December 2023. Cluster sampling was employed for recruitment. Data were collected using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI), and Short UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (S-UPPS-P). Correlational analyses and path analysis were conducted. The path analysis revealed that among impulsivity facets, just lack of perseverance partially mediates the relationship between working memory and prospective memory (β = .062, p < .05), but not between inhibition and prospective memory (β = .010). These findings suggest that working memory deficits contribute to prospective memory failures, with lack of perseverance acting as a single mediator. This highlights the importance of considering both lack of perseverance and working memory for a comprehensive understanding of prospective memory difficulties.

The mechanisms underlying forgetting have been central to theorising about verbal short-term and working memory, and the importance of interference as opposed to decay continues to be vigorously debated. Here, we present two experiments to evaluate the nature and locus of phonological interference as a source of forgetting in serial recall. In these experiments, we replicate studies showing that repetition of phonemes across items impairs recall of the later list item, even with visual presentation and typed recall. In addition, we manipulate the degree of phonemic overlap between a target word and preceding words in the list, and demonstrate that consonants that are only similar, as opposed to identical, to each other can interfere with the recall of other list items. Taken together, the experiments suggest that the primary factor driving phonological interference is the similarity of the articulatory features of the phonemes.

Three experiments examined if deep processing would aid in reducing off-task thoughts during learning. In each experiment, participants learned words or pairs of words under deep or shallow conditions. During learning, participants were periodically presented with thought-probes to examine if they were experiencing off-task thoughts (mind wandering, external distraction, mind blanking). Levels of processing was manipulated both within (Experiment 1) and between subjects (Experiments 2 and 3) using structural, rhyme, and semantic judgements and testing memory with cued-recall (Experiments 1 and 2) or recognition (Experiment 3). All three experiments demonstrated a levels of processing effect on memory with better performance in deep compared to shallow conditions. Importantly, in all three experiments rates of off-task thinking (and mind wandering more specifically) were the same across conditions and Bayes factors suggested moderate evidence in favour of the null hypothesis. The results suggest that deep processing does not necessarily protect against mind wandering and other lapses of attention.

The mnemic neglect effect describes a memory phenomenon in which individuals selectively forget negative information that threatens their core self-beliefs. While most studies support this phenomenon, some have shown that individuals do not always neglect self-relevant negative information and may even focus on it more. This study aims to validate the stability of mnemic neglect and explore the factors contributing to its variability under different conditions. This meta-analysis includes 18 studies with 93 independent samples (N = 4,989). The findings reveal: (1) The overall effect size of mnemic neglect is robust, g = 0.365, with a 95% CI [0.253, 0.476], Z = 6.416, p < 0.001; (2) there is a significant difference between recall performance for central and peripheral information, with individuals exhibiting better recall for self-relevant central information; (3) individuals recall fewer self-relevant central negative information compared to other-relevant central negative information; and (4) subgroup analysis indicates significant moderation of the mnemic neglect effect by anxiety levels and two fundamental dimensions of social cognition. This study provides empirical support for the robustness of mnemic neglect and further explores its underlying motivational mechanisms and influencing factors.

ABSTRACTDespite literature showing that errorful generation with corrective feedback enhances retention better than mere studying, it is unclear if this benefit depends on the composition of the learning list (pure error generation/read versus mixed). Here, we investigated whether the mnemonic advantage and metamnemonic evaluation of errorful generation generalise beyond mixed-list designs. Experiment 1 used a free-recall test, while Experiments 2 and 3 used a cued-recall test, with Experiment 3 also including a judgment of learning (JOL) assessment. Only when memory was tested via free recall did the benefit of errorful generation depend on experimental design, with the effect being most robust in mixed lists. Replicating past research, we too found that despite a clear mnemonic benefit for error generation in cued-recall tests, participants predicted better memory following read-only trials, and that this effect was not contingent on list composition. At the practical level, these findings demonstrate instances in which errorful generation is beneficial for memory and learning. At the theoretical level, the results fit nicely within the item-order framework in accounting for commonly observed design effects in free recall.

Retelling an event in a social setting often means talking about it less factually than we might if trying to recall it as accurately as possible. These distortions that arise from socially oriented retellings could affect the ability to later recall the same event accurately. Does retelling a story in a social situation impair memory compared to not retelling it at all? Or could retrieving the memory, even with a socially oriented mindset, still improve memory? We explored social retelling's effect on memory in a two-session study. Participants heard two stories twice and, after a distractor task, retold the stories according to one of three randomly assigned conditions: social retelling (retell the stories as if talking to friends), accuracy retelling (retell the stories as accurately as possible), or no retelling. A day later, everyone retold the stories as accurately as possible. Participants in the accuracy retelling group included more specific details in their session two retellings than did the social retelling group, which included more specific details than the no retelling group. Elaborations in session two did not differ across groups. Findings suggest retelling a story in a social situation benefits memory, though not as much as retelling a story accurately does.

We know much about people's problematic reactions-such as distressing intrusions-to negative, stressful, or traumatic past events. But emerging evidence suggests people react similarly to negative and potentially-traumatic future events. Given similar processes underlie remembering the past and imagining the future more generally, we wondered how similar involuntary memories, or intrusions, are for experienced vs. anticipated events. We focused primarily on intrusions because they are a transdiagnostic reaction to traumatic events. We asked subjects to report either a very stressful event they had experienced in the past 6 months, or one they anticipated they could experience in the next 6 months. We measured the frequency of intrusions about these reported events, and intrusions' phenomenological characteristics (such as emotional intensity), negative appraisals about their meaning, and reactions to them more generally. Overall, we found intrusions about experienced vs. anticipated autobiographical events were similarly troubling. This pattern supports the idea that anticipating the future can be aversive and elicit post-traumatic-stress-like symptoms, just as remembering the past can. Our findings have implications for theoretical models of traumatic-stress and treatment of traumatic-stress symptoms.

This research comprises three studies centered on the development and validation of a self-report measure of psychological closure and resolution, the Closure and Resolution Scale (CRS). Study 1 used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in two samples to probe the factor structure for closure using original (Study 1a N = 284) and revised (Study 1b N = 158) item pools. Study 2 (N = 159) examined model fit using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and revealed a good-fitting simple structural solution. The CRS consists of 34 items assessing six facets of event resolution: (1) finality, (2) understanding, (3) felt distance, (4) emotional relief, (5) mental release, and (6) behavioural deactivation. Study 3 (N = 182) examined convergent and discriminant validity for the CRS and provided evidence of construct validity. Participants resided in North America and primarily identified as White (68.7%-77.5%), male (44.3%-59.3%) or female (40.1%-55.7%), with post-secondary education (69.3%-71.7%). We offer a novel measure of psychological closure and resolution with preliminary evidence of good psychometric properties.

Age-related losses in executive control are widely assumed to contribute to prospective memory (PM) lapses in late adulthood, but to date, this assumption has gained only inconsistent support from lab-based studies. The present study tested whether age indirectly affects PM via (1) individual differences in specific executive control operations (a parallel mediated model), or (2) a serially mediated model, with processing speed as the first mediator. Older adults (n = 166) completed four measures of PM that had higher ecological validity than standard lab-based paradigms, as well as measures of executive function and other cognitive abilities. The results showed that, although age was a significant predictor of reduced performance on three of the PM measures, particularly time-based tasks, these negative age associations were only slightly diminished when executive functions were controlled for. Performance on the PM task with the greatest ecological validity (MEMO) was independent of age and measures of executive function but positively related to both learning and retention. Processing speed was a poor predictor of PM performance on all measures (accounting for between 0% and 4% of variance). Taken together, these results highlight the need for circumspection in generalising the role of executive control in age-related prospective memory performance.