Memory最新文献

Short-form video domains, such as TikTok, may have a degenerate impact on Prospective Memory (PM) performance. This is due to the fast context-switching features that short-form videos present. This study examines the hypothesis that fast context-switching while watching short-form videos contributes to a cognitive decline. The pace of context-switching is the speed at which participants switch between videos. A between-groups design was used with three conditions that varied the pace of context-switching: (1) unlimited context-switching, (2) limited context-switching and (3) control (no short-form video stimulus). Participants' cognitive ability was measured pre and post-video viewing through a combined Lexical Decision (LD) and PM task. Participants (N = 45) were recruited using an experimental participation scheme. To test the hypothesis, linear mixed models were conducted, with LD and PM task response time and accuracy as the criterion and the three context-switching conditions as the predictors. Participants in the unlimited context-switching condition had significantly deteriorated PM performance post-interruption, whereas the limited switching condition had significantly improved PM performance post-interruption. Therefore, fast context-switching is identified as an underlying factor behind PM decline following short-form video use. This could inform the case for the regulation of media platforms with fast context-switching features.

Psychological science on eyewitness suspect identification has a long and rich history. A few decades ago, modal expert opinion emphasised eyewitnesses' fallibility, and it was widely held that identifications made with high confidence are only slightly more likely to be accurate than those made with low confidence. The authors of this invited Contemporary Discussion agree that current science compels a more nuanced perspective in which the relationship between eyewitnesses' confidence and their accuracy varies predictably depending on specifics of how the suspect was selected, how the identification test was designed, when and how it was administered, and when confidence was assessed. We tender claims regarding conditions under which we believe lineup identification responses can be strongly inculpating. We also articulate claims regarding conditions under which we believe identification responses can be strongly exculpating. While most of the claims described herein were previously advanced by individual scientists, what is new - and important - is that they now reflect an emerging scientific consensus. We do not assert that every claim is firmly established, but we advance arguments for believing they are true. In addition, we propose multiple lines of laboratory and field studies aimed at advancing understanding of these issues.

Given the magnitude of errors in the criminal justice system, it is vital to increase our capacity to predict when an eyewitness is likely to be accurate. The aim of this work was to examine cognitive processes important for correct lineup responses and to develop a theoretically-driven model of the relative strength of these processes and the interactions between them for predicting the likelihood of an accurate lineup decision. We used sleep to manipulate memory strength and assessed decision process objectively, using eye tracking, and subjectively, using a questionnaire. We then modelled the influence of memory strength and decision process on correct identifications in a target-present lineup (Experiment 1) and correct rejections in a target-absent lineup (Experiment 2). Our subjective measure of decision process was the only predictor of correct identifications. Memory strength and decision process predicted the likelihood of correct rejections, and did so largely independently from one another, but the subjective measure was the stronger predictor. Combining the data from both experiments suggested that decision processes mediate the relationship between memory strength and identification accuracy. These results can inform theories of how cognitive processes interact to influence lineup decisions.

The global introduction of coercive control laws addressing patterns of psychological abuse in intimate partner violence has made it increasingly important to understand the cognitive impacts of tactics like gaslighting. Gaslighting directly targets cognitive processes involved in evaluating memories, potentially undermining victim-survivors' recollection, confidence, and self-trust, which are critical in forensic processes such as testimony. This study examined the effects of partner-led challenges on autobiographical memories within close relationships (i.e., friends and couples). It adapted memory conformity paradigms to capture gaslighting dynamics, where one partner pressures the other to adopt a different recollection of shared events. The study assessed how this pressure influences recall, confidence, self-perception, and wellbeing. It also explored how relationship factors (e.g., closeness, length) predict changes in recall. Results showed pressure from close partners increased misinformation acceptance, emphasising the role of interpersonal dynamics in memory conformity and the potential for abusive partners to manipulate recollections. While recall confidence decreased, self-esteem and mood showed positive trends, indicating complex interactions in processing memory challenges. These findings highlight the need for further research into psychological manipulation's effect on memory and self-trust in IPV, with focus on improving forensic responses and interventions for victim-survivors of psychological abuse.

Autobiographical memory specificity commonly declines with age, but the role of emotion in modulating this deficit is unclear. Prior studies have typically used the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) paradigm and have asked younger and older participants to produce autobiographical memories in response to emotional and neutral cue words. However, these studies have often confounded cue valence with cue concreteness. To address this problem, in this study younger and older adults completed an AMT task that used negative, neutral, and positive cue words, which were either abstract or concrete. Results showed an age-related decline in autobiographical memory specificity, but the magnitude of this deficit depended upon cue type. For abstract cue words, older adults' autobiographical memory specificity was lower than that of younger adults for the negative and neutral cues, but there was no age difference in specificity for the positive cues, a finding that aligns with other reports of age-related positivity effects. In contrast, for concrete cue words, cue valence did not impact autobiographical memory specificity, with similar age differences in specificity for all three cue valences. These findings highlight the importance of considering characteristics of the AMT cues when evaluating autobiographical memory specificity for younger and older adults.

Human memory is susceptible to various biases, often resulting from social interaction and communication. One example is the "saying-is-believing" (SIB) effect, where a communicator's memory is evaluatively biased by the previous tuning of messages about a target towards their audience's attitude, an effect explained by the communicator's shared reality creation with the audience. According to previous theorising (Echterhoff & Higgins, 2017), the communicators' initial, audience-independent judgments of a target are also likely to affect the evaluative tone of their subsequent memory. We investigated, for the first time, the role of the communicator's own judgment (OJ) as a possible moderator of the audience-congruent memory bias. Across three studies (total N = 1,070 participants), participants' OJs shaped the evaluative tone of their memory. However, there was no evidence that the audience-congruent recall bias depended on whether participants had initially formed a neutral or a valenced (positive or negative) own judgment of a target person. Hence, the audience-congruent memory bias persisted regardless of communicators' own initial judgments. We discuss implications for the study of memory and social influence. The findings are relevant for everyday life, given that people often talk about topics about which they have already formed their own judgment.

The significance of moral conflicts that emerge during traumatic events and their influence on posttraumatic stress (PTS) and related symptoms are increasingly recognised. However, characteristics of the memories of these conflicts and how central these memories are within autobiographical memory remain largely unclear. In this study, students recalling trauma memories with a moral conflict were compared to students whose trauma memories did not include a moral conflict, in terms of the event-centrality of the trauma memory, memory characteristics, current emotional distress, and PTS. Additionally, we examined to what extent event-centrality was associated with PTS and memory characteristics. Participants recalling trauma memories with a moral conflict referred to these memories as more central, self-defining, and were more often recalled from observer perspective with greater self-distance compared to participants recalling trauma memories without moral conflict. The former group experienced more shame, guilt, disgust, and horror during the traumatic event and reported more PTS and current emotional distress. Event-centrality was positively correlated with PTS. This study highlights that event-centrality and memory characteristics play an important role in trauma memories with moral conflict.

Research has shown that lying can affect memory differently depending on the type of strategy (e.g., false denials, feigning amnesia, fabrication). At present, no studies have investigated how using different strategies simultaneously while replying to questions concerning the event impacts on memory. Hence, in the present experiment, participants watched a mock crime video, then they either told the truth (i.e., truth-telling group) or lied about the crime by adopting the three deceptive strategies (i.e., mixed lying group). We also included a third group that did not answer any question (i.e., delayed testing-only control group). After one-week, all participants provided an honest account of their memory for the interview and the crime, along with memory and belief ratings. Lying exerted an undermining effect on memory. That is, liars reported an impaired recall (i.e., fewer correct details and higher commissions) of the event and the interview as compared with those in the truth-telling group. However, the delayed testing-only control group reported a higher impairment than liars and truth-tellers. These findings provide insightful information on the possible mechanisms behind the effects of lying on memory (e.g., lack of rehearsal).

Culture and gender influence adults' ability to retrieve early memories. Previous research has mainly focused on White and Asian samples, leaving Black Americans understudied despite distinctive socialisation practices that could influence memory retrieval within and across gender. This study examined memory retrieval in Black (n = 97, 67% female) and White (n = 98, 77% female) participants (M_age = 21.65 years). Participants were given five minutes to recall memories from their first five years. They then estimated their age at each event and rated the memories on various dimensions. We hypothesised that Black participants and women would retrieve more and earlier memories and rate them as more robust but less independently remembered, with more pronounced gender differences in the White sample. Results partially supported our hypotheses. Black participants recalled more memories, marginally earlier first memories, and rated their memories as more important and independently remembered than White participants. White men reported the lowest scores for memory rehearsal and vividness. These patterns also varied by memory age. This study is the first to compare early memory retrieval between Black and White Americans using a memory fluency task, revealing previously undocumented autobiographical memory differences.