Pub Date : 2019-08-27DOI: 10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190404.13
W. Lingling, Zuo Zhongguo, Lou Xuan, Huang Jing, Hou Xinxin
Flow pattern and hydraulic parameter characteristics of the different topographic position in the “slope-gully-basin” system under the rainfall intensities of 60, 90 and 120 mm/h using generalized small watershed model with the simulated rainfall experiment. The results show that the increase of the rainfall intensity will result in the increase of the Reynolds number. During the whole experiment, only when the rainfall intensity is 60 mm/h, the flow pattern of the hilly-slope is laminar flow. The flow patterns of the other geomorphic position are all turbulent flow. Moreover, the Reynolds number of slope flow is much less than that of channel flow. With the increase of rainfall intensity, flow patterns of the all different geomorphic position changed from the stratum flow into torrent flow. Furthermore, the Froude number increases first and then decreases with the increase of rainfall intensity. For the resistance coefficient of the overland flow, with the increase of rainfall intensity, the resistance coefficient of overland flow and channel flow decreases obviously. For the spatial distribution of resistance coefficient, the maximum occurs at the hilly-slope and the minimum at the channel.
{"title":"Flow Pattern and Hydraulic Parameter Characteristics of the Different Topographic Position in the Small Catchment","authors":"W. Lingling, Zuo Zhongguo, Lou Xuan, Huang Jing, Hou Xinxin","doi":"10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190404.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190404.13","url":null,"abstract":"Flow pattern and hydraulic parameter characteristics of the different topographic position in the “slope-gully-basin” system under the rainfall intensities of 60, 90 and 120 mm/h using generalized small watershed model with the simulated rainfall experiment. The results show that the increase of the rainfall intensity will result in the increase of the Reynolds number. During the whole experiment, only when the rainfall intensity is 60 mm/h, the flow pattern of the hilly-slope is laminar flow. The flow patterns of the other geomorphic position are all turbulent flow. Moreover, the Reynolds number of slope flow is much less than that of channel flow. With the increase of rainfall intensity, flow patterns of the all different geomorphic position changed from the stratum flow into torrent flow. Furthermore, the Froude number increases first and then decreases with the increase of rainfall intensity. For the resistance coefficient of the overland flow, with the increase of rainfall intensity, the resistance coefficient of overland flow and channel flow decreases obviously. For the spatial distribution of resistance coefficient, the maximum occurs at the hilly-slope and the minimum at the channel.","PeriodicalId":185908,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122015052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-10DOI: 10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190404.11
G. Song, Young-Hoon Moon, Jong-Ho Joo, A-Yeoung Lee, Jae-Bok Lee
In this study, the emission characteristics and heavy metal contents of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants from three thermal power plants in Korea were investigated and compared to the electric production capacity, type of fuel and sort of air-pollution-control device. For the measurement and analysis, Korean standard test method US EPA method were used. The average concentration of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 emitted from Plant A were 7.39, 6.16, 4.83 mg/Sm3, Plant B was 5.82, 4.87, 2.35 mg/Sm3 and Plant C was 1.54, 1.40, 10.02 mg/Sm3, respectively. Plant A that uses heavy oil as the main fuel showed higher TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 than Plant B that uses mostly anthracite coal, and plant B showed higher TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 than Plant C that mainly uses bituminous coal. The concentration of fine particles decreased as electricity-production capacity increased. The fractions of PM10 and PM2.5 in TSP were relatively high in tested plants; this result means that more fine particles than coarse particles were emitted from all stacks. The distribution of heavy metals by particle size showed similar trends in all plants. The concentration of Zn and Mn in TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 showed higher than the others in all plants. These results confirm that the content of heavy metals in the particulate matter is influenced by the fuel that the plant uses.
{"title":"TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 Distribution Characteristics in the Thermal Power Plants in Korea","authors":"G. Song, Young-Hoon Moon, Jong-Ho Joo, A-Yeoung Lee, Jae-Bok Lee","doi":"10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190404.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190404.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the emission characteristics and heavy metal contents of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants from three thermal power plants in Korea were investigated and compared to the electric production capacity, type of fuel and sort of air-pollution-control device. For the measurement and analysis, Korean standard test method US EPA method were used. The average concentration of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 emitted from Plant A were 7.39, 6.16, 4.83 mg/Sm3, Plant B was 5.82, 4.87, 2.35 mg/Sm3 and Plant C was 1.54, 1.40, 10.02 mg/Sm3, respectively. Plant A that uses heavy oil as the main fuel showed higher TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 than Plant B that uses mostly anthracite coal, and plant B showed higher TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 than Plant C that mainly uses bituminous coal. The concentration of fine particles decreased as electricity-production capacity increased. The fractions of PM10 and PM2.5 in TSP were relatively high in tested plants; this result means that more fine particles than coarse particles were emitted from all stacks. The distribution of heavy metals by particle size showed similar trends in all plants. The concentration of Zn and Mn in TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 showed higher than the others in all plants. These results confirm that the content of heavy metals in the particulate matter is influenced by the fuel that the plant uses.","PeriodicalId":185908,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132525472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190403.11
Haidy Amer
This paper examines the impact of electricity generation on economic growth using data for a panel of 12 countries elected from MENA region over the period 2005-2014. The paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, in contrast to the present literature which focuses on electricity consumption, this paper focuses on the impact of electricity generation on economic growth. This is because not all of the electricity that is generated is eventually consumed, due to dissemination losses, stolen power and the other so called “non-technical losses” which makes it necessary to examine the impact of electricity generation on economic growth. Second, we disaggregate the influence of total electricity generation on growth into renewable and non-renewable effects. The fact that the renewable electricity is gaining a great importance and the global care for its implementation makes it necessary to study its effect in the MENA region given the great potential of these sources in the region. Never the less, the effect of such sources of electricity on the economic growth is being investigated while at the same time using control variables like trade openness, financial development and CO2 emissions. Third, the study is different from previous studies in focusing on granger causality and/or cointegration by estimating the effect of electricity generation on growth using the System Generalized Method of Moments(GMM). GMM is being used given that electricity generation and many of the other regressors in the model may be jointly determined with GDP growth and thus be treated as endogenous variables a matter that can be handled by the GMM. Our results indicate a strong negative and statistically significant relationship between renewable and non-renewable electricity generation indicating the possibility of substitution between the two sources in these selected countries, yet with different impact on the economic growth.
本文利用2005-2014年期间中东和北非地区选出的12个国家的数据，考察了发电对经济增长的影响。这篇论文在几个方面对文献有贡献。首先，与现有文献关注电力消费不同，本文关注的是发电对经济增长的影响。这是因为，由于传播损失、电力被盗和其他所谓的“非技术损失”，并非所有产生的电力最终都被消耗，因此有必要审查发电对经济增长的影响。其次，我们将总发电量对经济增长的影响分为可再生和不可再生两类。可再生电力越来越重要，全球对其实施的关注使得有必要研究其在中东和北非地区的影响，因为这些资源在该地区具有巨大的潜力。尽管如此，这些电力来源对经济增长的影响仍在研究中，同时使用了贸易开放、金融发展和二氧化碳排放等控制变量。第三，与以往的研究不同，本研究侧重于格兰杰因果关系和/或协整，利用系统广义矩量法(System Generalized Method of Moments, GMM)估计发电对生长的影响。使用GMM是考虑到发电量和模型中的许多其他回归量可能与GDP增长共同决定，因此被视为内生变量，可以由GMM处理。我们的研究结果表明，可再生能源和不可再生能源发电之间存在很强的负相关关系，这表明在这些选定的国家，两种能源之间存在替代的可能性，但对经济增长的影响不同。
{"title":"The Impact of Disaggregated Electricity Generation on Economic Growth: MENA Countries (2005-2014)","authors":"Haidy Amer","doi":"10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190403.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190403.11","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of electricity generation on economic growth using data for a panel of 12 countries elected from MENA region over the period 2005-2014. The paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, in contrast to the present literature which focuses on electricity consumption, this paper focuses on the impact of electricity generation on economic growth. This is because not all of the electricity that is generated is eventually consumed, due to dissemination losses, stolen power and the other so called “non-technical losses” which makes it necessary to examine the impact of electricity generation on economic growth. Second, we disaggregate the influence of total electricity generation on growth into renewable and non-renewable effects. The fact that the renewable electricity is gaining a great importance and the global care for its implementation makes it necessary to study its effect in the MENA region given the great potential of these sources in the region. Never the less, the effect of such sources of electricity on the economic growth is being investigated while at the same time using control variables like trade openness, financial development and CO2 emissions. Third, the study is different from previous studies in focusing on granger causality and/or cointegration by estimating the effect of electricity generation on growth using the System Generalized Method of Moments(GMM). GMM is being used given that electricity generation and many of the other regressors in the model may be jointly determined with GDP growth and thus be treated as endogenous variables a matter that can be handled by the GMM. Our results indicate a strong negative and statistically significant relationship between renewable and non-renewable electricity generation indicating the possibility of substitution between the two sources in these selected countries, yet with different impact on the economic growth.","PeriodicalId":185908,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115623051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190402.12
Degarege Anteneh, B. Khan
Most of developing country including Ethiopia distribution systems has received considerably less of the attention to reliability modeling and evaluation than have generating and transmitting systems. Now a day life is directly or indirectly depends on electric power so that utility should deliver reliable power every day for 24 hours and each year for 8760 hours to satisfy human needs and to perform their works as much as possible with less economy. This paper focuses on enhancement of distribution system of Debre Berhan distribution network. The reliability assessment has been done on four feeders of 15kV and 33 kV to assess the performance of the existing system and to predict the reliability analysis for the future. The interruption data of two years 2017-2018 G.C has been used as a base year. Different alternatives have been assessed using heuristic (trial and error) method and the alternative with low SAIDI, SAIFI and EENS with a reasonable cost has been preferred. The reliability of the Debre Berhan distribution system has been enhanced significantly by implementing reliability improvement solutions that are justified economically. Even if the uncertainty of the input data is taken into account, SAIFI has been reduced by 77.33% as compared with the average reliability indices values of the system in the base years. In the similar way SAIDI and EENS have been decreased by 80% and 77.77% respectively.
{"title":"Reliability Enhancement of Distribution Substation by Using Network Reconfiguration a Case Study at Debre Berhan Distribution Substation","authors":"Degarege Anteneh, B. Khan","doi":"10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190402.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190402.12","url":null,"abstract":"Most of developing country including Ethiopia distribution systems has received considerably less of the attention to reliability modeling and evaluation than have generating and transmitting systems. Now a day life is directly or indirectly depends on electric power so that utility should deliver reliable power every day for 24 hours and each year for 8760 hours to satisfy human needs and to perform their works as much as possible with less economy. This paper focuses on enhancement of distribution system of Debre Berhan distribution network. The reliability assessment has been done on four feeders of 15kV and 33 kV to assess the performance of the existing system and to predict the reliability analysis for the future. The interruption data of two years 2017-2018 G.C has been used as a base year. Different alternatives have been assessed using heuristic (trial and error) method and the alternative with low SAIDI, SAIFI and EENS with a reasonable cost has been preferred. The reliability of the Debre Berhan distribution system has been enhanced significantly by implementing reliability improvement solutions that are justified economically. Even if the uncertainty of the input data is taken into account, SAIFI has been reduced by 77.33% as compared with the average reliability indices values of the system in the base years. In the similar way SAIDI and EENS have been decreased by 80% and 77.77% respectively.","PeriodicalId":185908,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130743639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190402.11
Xi Wang
The study investigated the electrochemical reduction performances of NO and O2 on Pt symmetric electrode with Ba adsorption layer. The temperature varied from 350°C to 550°C. The experimental Ba (NO3)2 solution was impregnated in the Pt electrode. For the NO performance, the polarization curves and CV tests showed that the Pt-BaO electrode showed higher electrochemical performance than Pt electrode. EIS results revealed that the Pt-BaO electrode exhibited higher activity than the Pt electrode. It was due to the decreased polarization resistance in the low-frequency region that dominated the electrochemical impedance spectra. The increase of temperature strengthened the effect of adsorption layer on NO electrochemical performance. The EIS results were fitted well with the equivalent circuit model indicating that the improved mechanism with the Ba adsorption layer may be related with the NO oxidation to NO2 on the Pt surface, the formation of Ba (NO3)2 in the adsorption layer and the reduction of the reaction path from the direct Ba (NO3)2 decomposition.
{"title":"Effects of the Ba Impregnation on Pt Electrode on NO Electrochemical Reduction Mechanism","authors":"Xi Wang","doi":"10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190402.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190402.11","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigated the electrochemical reduction performances of NO and O2 on Pt symmetric electrode with Ba adsorption layer. The temperature varied from 350°C to 550°C. The experimental Ba (NO3)2 solution was impregnated in the Pt electrode. For the NO performance, the polarization curves and CV tests showed that the Pt-BaO electrode showed higher electrochemical performance than Pt electrode. EIS results revealed that the Pt-BaO electrode exhibited higher activity than the Pt electrode. It was due to the decreased polarization resistance in the low-frequency region that dominated the electrochemical impedance spectra. The increase of temperature strengthened the effect of adsorption layer on NO electrochemical performance. The EIS results were fitted well with the equivalent circuit model indicating that the improved mechanism with the Ba adsorption layer may be related with the NO oxidation to NO2 on the Pt surface, the formation of Ba (NO3)2 in the adsorption layer and the reduction of the reaction path from the direct Ba (NO3)2 decomposition.","PeriodicalId":185908,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134170464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-30DOI: 10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190401.13
Chen Ling-ling, Wang Wen-Jun
There are direct as well as indirect linkages between economic policy uncertainty and carbon market through the channels of market fundamentals. This paper theoretically analyzes the linkages between economic policy uncertainty and carbon price and empirically examines the impact of Chinese economic policy uncertainty on Hubei carbon prices. A two-regime Markov-Switching process is introduced into the VAR model to examine the impact of economic policy uncertainty during different regimes of the carbon market. The empirical results show that the two-regime Markov-Switching model applies well in modelling the return series from Hubei carbon market during April 2014 to December 2017. Under the two different regimes, although the impacts from economic policy uncertainty are both significantly positive, the magnitude of the impacts differs. The impact of Chinese economic policy uncertainty on Hubei carbon price is larger during the low volatility period on carbon market than that during the high volatility period on carbon market.
{"title":"Impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty on Chinese Carbon Price","authors":"Chen Ling-ling, Wang Wen-Jun","doi":"10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190401.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190401.13","url":null,"abstract":"There are direct as well as indirect linkages between economic policy uncertainty and carbon market through the channels of market fundamentals. This paper theoretically analyzes the linkages between economic policy uncertainty and carbon price and empirically examines the impact of Chinese economic policy uncertainty on Hubei carbon prices. A two-regime Markov-Switching process is introduced into the VAR model to examine the impact of economic policy uncertainty during different regimes of the carbon market. The empirical results show that the two-regime Markov-Switching model applies well in modelling the return series from Hubei carbon market during April 2014 to December 2017. Under the two different regimes, although the impacts from economic policy uncertainty are both significantly positive, the magnitude of the impacts differs. The impact of Chinese economic policy uncertainty on Hubei carbon price is larger during the low volatility period on carbon market than that during the high volatility period on carbon market.","PeriodicalId":185908,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment","volume":"337 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134205486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190401.11
Kapalasa Eliya, Demo Paul, Nyekanyeka Ted, Okero Julius
Cultivation of improved varieties is one way of increasing productivity of many crops especially in developing countries where there is pressure of land due to high population growth. Adoption studies have proved to be helpful in giving the picture of the performance of technologies amongst users like farmers and in line with this the study was carried out to assess the factors that influence a farmer to adopt improved potato varieties using cross-sectional data that was collected from 300 households by the International Potato Center (CIP) in 2013. The study used a Hurdle Poisson model to effectively assess the socio-economic and demographic characteristics that influence farmers to adopt improved potato varieties. The results of the study show that amongst the household socio-economic characteristics that were included in the model, age of the household head and farm size were significant at 5 percent level of significance whilst access to information through extension agents and distance to the market were the institutional factors that significantly influence a farmer. The results further show that the variety characteristics that were significant in influencing adoption of improved potato varieties included high yield, early maturity and larger tuber size that were preferred variety characteristics. Results of the decision on how many potato varieties individual farmer decides to grow shows that age of the household head, access to information and varieties that are high yielding had a significant influence. To increase adoption of recommended potato production practices, it was recommended that extension agents should be well involved in disseminating these production practices by using open field days, demonstration and control plots to encourage farmers to adopt the production practices. Secondly, the study also recommended that Government and other stakeholders need to also invest in extension service in sensitizing potato farmers in key potato production areas especially on production practices that have potential to increase level of adoption as well as farmer’s productivity and income.
{"title":"Assessing Factors Influencing Farmers Adoption of Improved Potato Varieties in Malawi","authors":"Kapalasa Eliya, Demo Paul, Nyekanyeka Ted, Okero Julius","doi":"10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190401.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJEEE.20190401.11","url":null,"abstract":"Cultivation of improved varieties is one way of increasing productivity of many crops especially in developing countries where there is pressure of land due to high population growth. Adoption studies have proved to be helpful in giving the picture of the performance of technologies amongst users like farmers and in line with this the study was carried out to assess the factors that influence a farmer to adopt improved potato varieties using cross-sectional data that was collected from 300 households by the International Potato Center (CIP) in 2013. The study used a Hurdle Poisson model to effectively assess the socio-economic and demographic characteristics that influence farmers to adopt improved potato varieties. The results of the study show that amongst the household socio-economic characteristics that were included in the model, age of the household head and farm size were significant at 5 percent level of significance whilst access to information through extension agents and distance to the market were the institutional factors that significantly influence a farmer. The results further show that the variety characteristics that were significant in influencing adoption of improved potato varieties included high yield, early maturity and larger tuber size that were preferred variety characteristics. Results of the decision on how many potato varieties individual farmer decides to grow shows that age of the household head, access to information and varieties that are high yielding had a significant influence. To increase adoption of recommended potato production practices, it was recommended that extension agents should be well involved in disseminating these production practices by using open field days, demonstration and control plots to encourage farmers to adopt the production practices. Secondly, the study also recommended that Government and other stakeholders need to also invest in extension service in sensitizing potato farmers in key potato production areas especially on production practices that have potential to increase level of adoption as well as farmer’s productivity and income.","PeriodicalId":185908,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124522050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.ijeee.20210605.11
E. Bryndin
Energy resources are key to the economy. Firstly, any processes in the production sector are associated with energy consumption. Energy costs permeate all areas of material production, are the most important and integral part of both core and working capital. Secondly, energy resources are currently scarce and define the limits of economic development. At present, the issues of improving energy efficiency from the sectors of the economy are given great attention. For the implementation of programs to increase economic efficiency, the development of theoretical provisions and methodological foundations of energy economic assessment of production is of great importance, There is a variation in the energy equivalents per waste of production resources offered by standards for different types of energy. Considering energy issues in economic systems, economic energy is not found in the relevant classifications, but experts consider the allocation of such a category in the theory of economic development to be timely, and this category fully meets all economic indicators. To do this, it is necessary to determine the energy equivalent for each energy source. The article assumes the calculation of energy equivalents expressed by rational numbers. The use of energy equivalents allows you to move to a single measure of energy for all types. A single measure of energy allows you to move to a single international currency for financial and economic international cooperation.
{"title":"Transition to International Energy Economic Equivalent of Future Economy","authors":"E. Bryndin","doi":"10.11648/j.ijeee.20210605.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20210605.11","url":null,"abstract":"Energy resources are key to the economy. Firstly, any processes in the production sector are associated with energy consumption. Energy costs permeate all areas of material production, are the most important and integral part of both core and working capital. Secondly, energy resources are currently scarce and define the limits of economic development. At present, the issues of improving energy efficiency from the sectors of the economy are given great attention. For the implementation of programs to increase economic efficiency, the development of theoretical provisions and methodological foundations of energy economic assessment of production is of great importance, There is a variation in the energy equivalents per waste of production resources offered by standards for different types of energy. Considering energy issues in economic systems, economic energy is not found in the relevant classifications, but experts consider the allocation of such a category in the theory of economic development to be timely, and this category fully meets all economic indicators. To do this, it is necessary to determine the energy equivalent for each energy source. The article assumes the calculation of energy equivalents expressed by rational numbers. The use of energy equivalents allows you to move to a single measure of energy for all types. A single measure of energy allows you to move to a single international currency for financial and economic international cooperation.","PeriodicalId":185908,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114643791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.ijeee.20210604.12
Mahmud Mohammed Imam, F. Abubakar, Z. Muhammad
: This study is aimed at ascertaining the levels of pollution of borehole and well water of selected motor parks in Kaduna, Nigeria. Borehole and well water samples from Abuja junction, Sabo garage, Television garage, Shaba modern market park, Kawo garage, Mando park were collected and analyzed for lead, cobalt, nickel and cadmium using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique. Results showed varying concentrations based on location. The results obtained were compared with WHO/NSDWQ standards. Lead was found in excessive levels above the recommended safe limit in the range of 0.04-0.07 mg/l. Nickel and cobalt were within the recommended safe limit in the range of 0.01-0.02 mg/l and 0.002-0.05 mg/l. Cadmium was found in high concentration above safe limits in the range of 0.002-0.012 mg/l. High levels of metals might be associated to the mechanical activities, high vehicle exhaust, municipal waste and other anthropogenic activities within the busy motor parks. The results indicate that most of the samples are contaminated with abnormal levels of lead and cadmium capable of causing health hazards to consumers of the water; this suggests that water found in motor parks require further treatment before consumption.
{"title":"Determination of Some Heavy Metals from Ground Water Samples Obtained from Selected Motor Parks in Kaduna, Nigeria","authors":"Mahmud Mohammed Imam, F. Abubakar, Z. Muhammad","doi":"10.11648/j.ijeee.20210604.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20210604.12","url":null,"abstract":": This study is aimed at ascertaining the levels of pollution of borehole and well water of selected motor parks in Kaduna, Nigeria. Borehole and well water samples from Abuja junction, Sabo garage, Television garage, Shaba modern market park, Kawo garage, Mando park were collected and analyzed for lead, cobalt, nickel and cadmium using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique. Results showed varying concentrations based on location. The results obtained were compared with WHO/NSDWQ standards. Lead was found in excessive levels above the recommended safe limit in the range of 0.04-0.07 mg/l. Nickel and cobalt were within the recommended safe limit in the range of 0.01-0.02 mg/l and 0.002-0.05 mg/l. Cadmium was found in high concentration above safe limits in the range of 0.002-0.012 mg/l. High levels of metals might be associated to the mechanical activities, high vehicle exhaust, municipal waste and other anthropogenic activities within the busy motor parks. The results indicate that most of the samples are contaminated with abnormal levels of lead and cadmium capable of causing health hazards to consumers of the water; this suggests that water found in motor parks require further treatment before consumption.","PeriodicalId":185908,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129827699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.ijeee.20210603.12
Markos Mamude, Girmachew Alemu
Resettlement program is a measure taken to reduce the problems of food insecurity and household income diversification. However, improper implementations of the program have negative impact on socio-economic and environmental related issues particularly natural resource degradation which causes LU/LC change in the study area. In the context Ethiopian, resettlement has been carried out both voluntary and involuntary nature. Voluntary resettlement program occurred with the individual interest without any external influences, whereas involuntary is related with massively implemented through government policy. This study was carried out to analyze impact of resettlement program on livelihood of indigenous community in Esira district, Dawuro zone. The livelihood strategies of indigenous community before and after resettlement program where assessed using questionnaire, key informant interviews and filed observations. The finding of this study shows that, after resettlement program the indigenous community faces the problems of access to communal resource utilizations such as common grazing area and Forest, limitation of cattle number, limited annual source of income and shifting of economic activates. On other, the resettlement program brought positive impacts for indigenous community by introducing some of fruits like avocado, mango, banana and ginger which is not familiar before the resettlement program in the study area. Based on finding, it is recommended that well planned resettlement program by considering the existed indigenous community and the newly settler through mutual benefit natural resource.
{"title":"The Impact of Resettlement Program on Livelihoods of Indigenous Community, the Case of Esira District in Dawuro Zone, SNNPRS","authors":"Markos Mamude, Girmachew Alemu","doi":"10.11648/j.ijeee.20210603.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20210603.12","url":null,"abstract":"Resettlement program is a measure taken to reduce the problems of food insecurity and household income diversification. However, improper implementations of the program have negative impact on socio-economic and environmental related issues particularly natural resource degradation which causes LU/LC change in the study area. In the context Ethiopian, resettlement has been carried out both voluntary and involuntary nature. Voluntary resettlement program occurred with the individual interest without any external influences, whereas involuntary is related with massively implemented through government policy. This study was carried out to analyze impact of resettlement program on livelihood of indigenous community in Esira district, Dawuro zone. The livelihood strategies of indigenous community before and after resettlement program where assessed using questionnaire, key informant interviews and filed observations. The finding of this study shows that, after resettlement program the indigenous community faces the problems of access to communal resource utilizations such as common grazing area and Forest, limitation of cattle number, limited annual source of income and shifting of economic activates. On other, the resettlement program brought positive impacts for indigenous community by introducing some of fruits like avocado, mango, banana and ginger which is not familiar before the resettlement program in the study area. Based on finding, it is recommended that well planned resettlement program by considering the existed indigenous community and the newly settler through mutual benefit natural resource.","PeriodicalId":185908,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126217940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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